We conducted a prospective investigation of the effect of coffee consumption on coronary heart disease in 1130 male medical students who were followed for 19 to 35 years. Changes in coffee consumption and cigarette smoking during follow-up were examined in relation to the incidence of clinically evident coronary disease in comparisons of three measures of coffee intake--base-line intake, average intake, and most recent intake reported before the manifestation of coronary disease. Clinical evidence of coronary disease included myocardial infarction, angina, and sudden cardiac death. In separate analyses for each measure of coffee intake, the relative risks for men drinking five or more cups of coffee per day, as compared with nondrinkers, were approximately 2.80 for all three measures in the univariate analyses (maximum width of 95 percent confidence intervals, 1.27 to 6.51). After adjustment for age, current smoking, hypertension status, and base-line level of serum cholesterol, the estimated relative risk for men drinking five or more cups of coffee per day (using the most recent coffee intake measure), as compared with those drinking none, was 2.49 (maximum width of 95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 5.77). The association between coffee and coronary disease was strongest when the time between the reports of coffee intake and the coronary event was shortest. These findings support an independent, dose-responsive association of coffee consumption with clinically evident coronary heart disease, which is consistent with a twofold to threefold elevation in risk among heavy coffee drinkers.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Vlachopoulos, C., Alexopoulos, N., Dima, I., Aznaouridis, K., Andreadou, I., Stefanadis, C.
(2006). Acute Effect of Black and Green Tea on Aortic Stiffness and Wave Reflections. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
25: 216-223
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cornelis, M. C., El-Sohemy, A., Kabagambe, E. K., Campos, H.
(2006). Coffee, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAMA
295: 1135-1141
[Abstract][Full Text]
Namdar, M., Koepfli, P., Grathwohl, R., Siegrist, P. T., Klainguti, M., Schepis, T., Delaloye, R., Wyss, C. A., Fleischmann, S. P., Gaemperli, O., Kaufmann, P. A.
(2006). Caffeine Decreases Exercise-Induced Myocardial Flow Reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol
47: 405-410
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vlachopoulos, C., Panagiotakos, D., Ioakeimidis, N., Dima, I., Stefanadis, C.
(2005). Chronic coffee consumption has a detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
81: 1307-1312
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vlachopoulos, C., Kosmopoulou, F., Panagiotakos, D., Ioakeimidis, N., Alexopoulos, N., Pitsavos, C., Stefanadis, C.
(2004). Smoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections. J Am Coll Cardiol
44: 1911-1917
[Abstract][Full Text]
Happonen, P., Voutilainen, S., Salonen, J. T.
(2004). Coffee Drinking Is Dose-Dependently Related to the Risk of Acute Coronary Events in Middle-Aged Men. J. Nutr.
134: 2381-2386
[Abstract][Full Text]
Corti, R., Binggeli, C., Sudano, I., Spieker, L., Hanseler, E., Ruschitzka, F., Chaplin, W. F., Luscher, T. F., Noll, G.
(2002). Coffee Acutely Increases Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure Independently of Caffeine Content: Role of Habitual Versus Nonhabitual Drinking. Circulation
106: 2935-2940
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brown, J., Kreiger, N., Darlington, G. A., Sloan, M.
(2001). Misclassification of Exposure: Coffee as a Surrogate for Caffeine Intake. Am J Epidemiol
153: 815-820
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stensvold, I., Tverdal, A.
(1995). The Relationship of Coffee Consumption to Various Self-Reported Cardiovascular Events in Middle-Aged Norwegian Men and Women. Scand J Public Health
23: 103-109
[Abstract]
Klag, M. J., Ford, D. E., Mead, L. A., He, J., Whelton, P. K., Liang, K.-Y., Levine, D. M.
(1993). Serum Cholesterol in Young Men and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM
328: 313-318
[Abstract][Full Text]
Myers, M. G., Basinski, A.
(1992). Coffee and Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Intern Med
152: 1767-1772
[Abstract]
Wilson, P. W. F., Garrison, R. J., Kannel, W. B., McGee, D. L., Castelli, W. P.
(1989). Is Coffee Consumption a Contributor to Cardiovascular Disease? Insights From the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med
149: 1169-1172
[Abstract]
Graboys, T. B., Blatt, C. M., Lown, B.
(1989). The Effect of Caffeine on Ventricular Ectopic Activity in Patients With Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmia. Arch Intern Med
149: 637-639
[Abstract]
Myers, M. G.
(1988). Effects of Caffeine on Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med
148: 1189-1193
[Abstract]
