During a 2 1/2-year period, we studied 386 University of Washington students with acute respiratory disease, to determine whether a Chlamydia psittaci strain, here designated TWAR, is an important respiratory pathogen. Serologic evidence of recent TWAR infection was found in 13 students, and the organism was isolated from 8 of these. TWAR infection occurred in 12 percent of the students who had pneumonia (9 of 76), 5 percent of those with bronchitis (3 of 63), and 1 percent of those with pharyngitis (1 of 150). The TWAR infections occurred throughout the study period. Pharyngitis, often accompanied by laryngitis, was a common first symptom. Clinically, the infections resembled those with Myco-plasma pneumoniae; therefore, the patients were given courses of erythromycin used for the treatment of M. pneumoniae infections. This therapy proved to be inadequate. The limited data available suggest that the TWAR strain is a "human" C. psittaci that is spread from human to human, without a bird or animal host.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Polkinghorne, A., Ziegler, U., Gonzalez-Hernandez, Y., Pospischil, A., Timms, P., Vaughan, L.
(2008). Chlamydophila pneumoniae HflX belongs to an uncharacterized family of conserved GTPases and associates with the Escherichia coli 50S large ribosomal subunit. Microbiology
154: 3537-3546
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yamaguchi, H., Kamiya, S., Uruma, T., Osaki, T., Taguchi, H., Hanawa, T., Fukuda, M., Kawakami, H., Goto, H., Friedman, H., Yamamoto, Y.
(2008). Chlamydia pneumoniae Growth Inhibition in Cells by the Steroid Receptor Antagonist RU486 (Mifepristone). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
52: 1991-1998
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alamowitch, S, Labreuche, J, Touboul, P-J, Eb, F, Amarenco, P, for the GENIC Investigators,
(2008). Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity in aetiological subtypes of brain infarction and carotid atherosclerosis: a case control study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
79: 147-151
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sutherland, E. R., Martin, R. J.
(2007). Asthma and Atypical Bacterial Infection. Chest
132: 1962-1966
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sidal, M., Kilic, A., Unuvar, E., Oguz, F., Onel, M., Agacfidan, A., Aydin, D., Koksalan, K., Beka, H.
(2007). Frequency of Clamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Children. J Trop Pediatr
53: 225-231
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eickhoff, M., Thalmann, J., Hess, S., Martin, M., Laue, T., Kruppa, J., Brandes, G., Klos, A.
(2007). Host Cell Responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae in Gamma Interferon-Induced Persistence Overlap Those of Productive Infection and Are Linked to Genes Involved in Apoptosis, Cell Cycle, and Metabolism. Infect. Immun.
75: 2853-2863
[Abstract][Full Text]
Iyoda, M., Kuroki, A., Sugisaki, T.
(2007). Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 965-966
[Full Text]
Krull, M., Bockstaller, P., Wuppermann, F. N., Klucken, A. C., Muhling, J., Schmeck, B., Seybold, J., Walter, C., Maass, M., Rosseau, S., Hegemann, J. H., Suttorp, N., Hippenstiel, S.
(2006). Mechanisms of Chlamydophila pneumoniae-Mediated GM-CSF Release in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
34: 375-382
[Abstract][Full Text]
Elkind, M. S.V., Tondella, M. L. C., Feikin, D. R., Fields, B. S., Homma, S., Di Tullio, M. R.
(2006). Seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae Is Associated With Risk of First Ischemic Stroke. Stroke
37: 790-795
[Abstract][Full Text]
Uruma, T., Yamaguchi, H., Fukuda, M., Kawakami, H., Goto, H., Kishimoto, T., Yamamoto, Y., Tomoda, A., Kamiya, S.
(2005). Chlamydia pneumoniae growth inhibition in human monocytic THP-1 cells and human epithelial HEp-2 cells by a novel phenoxazine derivative. J Med Microbiol
54: 1143-1149
[Abstract][Full Text]
Paldanius, M., Bloigu, A., Alho, M., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P.
(2005). Prevalence and Persistence of Chlamydia pneumoniae Antibodies in Healthy Laboratory Personnel in Finland. CVI
12: 654-659
[Abstract][Full Text]
Biscione, G.L., Corne, J., Chauhan, A.J., Johnston, S.L.
(2004). Increased frequency of detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in asthma. Eur Respir J
24: 745-749
[Abstract][Full Text]
Solomon, A. W., Peeling, R. W., Foster, A., Mabey, D. C. W.
(2004). Diagnosis and Assessment of Trachoma. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
17: 982-1011
[Abstract][Full Text]
Blasi, F.
(2004). Atypical pathogens and respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J
24: 171-182
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Zandbergen, G., Gieffers, J., Kothe, H., Rupp, J., Bollinger, A., Aga, E., Klinger, M., Brade, H., Dalhoff, K., Maass, M., Solbach, W., Laskay, T.
(2004). Chlamydia pneumoniae Multiply in Neutrophil Granulocytes and Delay Their Spontaneous Apoptosis. J. Immunol.
172: 1768-1776
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ewig, S., Torres, A.
(2003). Is Chlamydia pneumoniae an important pathogen in patients with community-acquired pneumonia?. Eur Respir J
21: 741-742
[Full Text]
Marrie, T.J., Peeling, R.W., Reid, T., De Carolis, E., the Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Investig,
(2003). Chlamydia species as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Canada. Eur Respir J
21: 779-784
[Abstract][Full Text]
Airaksinen, U., Penttila, T., Wahlstrom, E., Vuola, J. M., Puolakkainen, M., Sarvas, M.
(2003). Production of Chlamydia pneumoniae Proteins in Bacillus subtilis and Their Use in Characterizing Immune Responses in the Experimental Infection Model. CVI
10: 367-375
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yoneda, H., Miura, K., Matsushima, H., Sugi, K., Murakami, T., Ouchi, K., Yamashita, K., Itoh, H., Nakazawa, T., Suzuki, M., Shirai, M.
(2003). Aspirin inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced NF-{kappa}B activation, cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis and attenuates chlamydial growth. J Med Microbiol
52: 409-415
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ishida, O, Oku, H, Ikeda, T, Nishimura, M, Kawagoe, K, Nakamura, K
(2003). Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration?. Br. J. Ophthalmol.
87: 523-524
[Full Text]
Heine, R. P., Ness, R. B., Roberts, J. M.
(2003). Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in Women With Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol
101: 221-226
[Abstract][Full Text]
Karunakaran, K. P., Blanchard, J. F., Raudonikiene, A., Shen, C., Murdin, A. D., Brunham, R. C.
(2002). Molecular Detection and Seroepidemiology of the Chlamydia pneumoniae Bacteriophage ({Phi}Cpn1). J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 4010-4014
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koh, W. P., Taylor, M. B, Hughes, K., Chew, S K, Fong, C W, Phoon, M C, Kang, K L, Chow, V. T.
(2002). Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae in Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians in Singapore. Int J Epidemiol
31: 1001-1007
[Abstract][Full Text]
Woodhead, M.
(2002). Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns. Eur Respir J
20: 20S-27s
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hermann, C., Graf, K., Groh, A., Straube, E., Hartung, T.
(2002). Comparison of Eleven Commercial Tests for Chlamydia pneumoniae-Specific Immunoglobulin G in Asymptomatic Healthy Individuals. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 1603-1609
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rajalingam, K., Al-Younes, H., Muller, A., Meyer, T. F., Szczepek, A. J., Rudel, T.
(2001). Epithelial Cells Infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) Are Resistant to Apoptosis. Infect. Immun.
69: 7880-7888
[Abstract][Full Text]
Katsenis, C., Kouskouni, E., Kolokotronis, L., Rizos, D., Dimakakos, P.
(2001). The Significance of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis. ANGIOLOGY
52: 615-619
[Abstract]
Johnston, S. L.
(2001). Is Chlamydia pneumoniae Important in Asthma? . The First Controlled Trial of Therapy Leaves the Question Unanswered. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
164: 513-514
[Full Text]
Niederman, M. S., Mandell, L. A., Anzueto, A., Bass, J. B., Broughton, W. A., Campbell, G. D., Dean, N., File, T., Fine, M. J., Gross, P. A., Martinez, F., Marrie, T. J., Plouffe, J. F., Ramirez, J., Sarosi, G. A., Torres, A., Wilson, R., Yu, V. L.
(2001). Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia . Diagnosis, Assessment of Severity, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Prevention. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
163: 1730-1754
[Full Text]
VALASSINA, M., MIGLIORINI, L., SANSONI, A., SANI, G., CORSARO, D., CUSI, M. G., VALENSIN, P. E., CELLESI, C.
(2001). Search for Chlamydia pneumoniae genes and their expression in atherosclerotic plaques of carotid arteries. J Med Microbiol
50: 228-232
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gonzales, R., Sande, M. A.
(2000). Uncomplicated Acute Bronchitis. ANN INTERN MED
133: 981-991
[Abstract][Full Text]
Siscovick, D. S., Schwartz, S. M., Corey, L., Grayston, J. T., Ashley, R., Wang, S.-P., Psaty, B. M., Tracy, R. P., Kuller, L. H., Kronmal, R. A.
(2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, and Cytomegalovirus and Incident Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Heart Disease Death in Older Adults : The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation
102: 2335-2340
[Abstract][Full Text]
Muhlestein, J. B., Anderson, J. L., Carlquist, J. F., Salunkhe, K., Horne, B. D., Pearson, R. R., Bunch, T. J., Allen, A., Trehan, S., Nielson, C.
(2000). Randomized Secondary Prevention Trial of Azithromycin in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease : Primary Clinical Results of the ACADEMIC Study. Circulation
102: 1755-1760
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chierichetti, F., Arbustini, E., Arici, V., Moghadam, S. P., Conti, B., Bagliani, A.
(2000). Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in Carotid Plaques. ANGIOLOGY
51: 827-830
[Abstract]
Elkind, M. S. V., Lin, I-F., Grayston, J. T., Sacco, R. L.
(2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae and the Risk of First Ischemic Stroke : The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke
31: 1521-1525
[Abstract][Full Text]
MYGIND, P., CHRISTIANSEN, G., PERSSON, K., BIRKELUND, S.
(2000). Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies in human sera by recombinant major outer-membrane protein polyantigens. J Med Microbiol
49: 457-465
[Abstract][Full Text]
STRACHAN, D. P., CARRINGTON, D., MENDALL, M., BUTLAND, B. K., YARNELL, J. W. G., ELWOOD, P.
(2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae Serology, Lung Function Decline, and Treatment for Respiratory Disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
161: 493-497
[Abstract][Full Text]
Quaschning, T., Wanner, C.
(1999). The role of Chlamydia in coronary heart disease--fact or fiction?. Nephrol Dial Transplant
14: 2800-2803
[Full Text]
Shor, A., Phillips, J. I.
(1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae and Atherosclerosis. JAMA
282: 2071-2073
[Full Text]
Pruckler, J. M., Masse, N., Stevens, V. A., Gang, L., Yang, Y., Zell, E. R., Dowell, S. F., Fields, B. S.
(1999). Optimizing Culture of Chlamydia pneumoniae by Using Multiple Centrifugations. J. Clin. Microbiol.
37: 3399-3401
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grayston, J. T.
(1999). Does Chlamydia pneumoniae Cause Atherosclerosis?. Arch Surg
134: 930-934
[Full Text]
Strachan, D. P, Carrington, D., Mendall, M. A, Ballam, L., Morris, J., Butland, B. K, Sweetnam, P. M, Elwood, P. C, West, R. R
(1999). Relation of Chlamydia pneumoniae serology to mortality and incidence of ischaemic heart disease over 13 years in the Caerphilly prospective heart disease study • Commentary: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and ischaemic heart disease. BMJ
318: 1035-1040
[Abstract][Full Text]
Krull, M., Klucken, A. C., Wuppermann, F. N., Fuhrmann, O., Magerl, C., Seybold, J., Hippenstiel, S., Hegemann, J. H., Jantos, C. A., Suttorp, N.
(1999). Signal Transduction Pathways Activated in Endothelial Cells Following Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. J. Immunol.
162: 4834-4841
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grayston, J. T.
(1999). Antibiotic Treatment Trials for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease Events. Circulation
99: 1538-1539
[Full Text]
Anderson, J. L., Muhlestein, J. B., Carlquist, J., Allen, A., Trehan, S., Nielson, C., Hall, S., Brady, J., Egger, M., Horne, B., Lim, T.
(1999). Randomized Secondary Prevention Trial of Azithromycin in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Serological Evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection : The Azithromycin in Coronary Artery Disease: Elimination of Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) Study. Circulation
99: 1540-1547
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wong, Y-K, Gallagher, P J, Ward, M E
(1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Heart
81: 232-238
[Abstract][Full Text]
Murray, L J, O'Reilly, D P J, Ong, G M L, O'Neill, C, Evans, A E, Bamford, K B
(1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. Heart
81: 239-244
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meier, C. R., Derby, L. E., Jick, S. S., Vasilakis, C., Jick, H.
(1999). Antibiotics and Risk of Subsequent First-time Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA
281: 427-431
[Abstract][Full Text]
Folsom, A. R., Nieto, F. J., Sorlie, P., Chambless, L. E., Graham, D. Y.
(1998). Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence. Circulation
98: 845-850
[Abstract][Full Text]
Peterson, E. M., de la Maza, L. M., Brade, L., Brade, H.
(1998). Characterization of a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Directed at the Lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Infect. Immun.
66: 3848-3855
[Abstract][Full Text]
Verkooyen, R. P., Willemse, D., Hiep-van Casteren, S. C. A. M., Mousavi Joulandan, S. A., Snijder, R. J., van den Bosch, J. M. M., van Helden, H. P. T., Peeters, M. F., Verbrugh, H. A.
(1998). Evaluation of PCR, Culture, and Serology for Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Respiratory Infections. J. Clin. Microbiol.
36: 2301-2307
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jantos, C. A., Roggendorf, R., Wuppermann, F. N., Hegemann, J. H.
(1998). Rapid Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay. J. Clin. Microbiol.
36: 1890-1894
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mygind, P., Christiansen, G., Persson, K., Birkelund, S.
(1998). . CVI
5: 313-318
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cook, P J, Davies, P, Tunnicliffe, W, Ayres, J G, Honeybourne, D, Wise, R
(1998). Chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma. Thorax
53: 254-259
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cook, P. J., Honeybourne, D., Lip, G. Y. H., Beevers, D. G., Wise, R., Davies, P.
(1998). Chlamydia pneumoniae Antibody Titers Are Significantly Associated With Acute Stroke and Transient Cerebral Ischemia : The West Birmingham Stroke Project. Stroke
29: 404-410
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cook, P. J., Lip, G. Y. H., Davies, P., Beevers, D. G., Wise, R., Honeybourne, D.
(1998). Chlamydia pneumoniae Antibodies in Severe Essential Hypertension. Hypertension
31: 589-594
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brade, H., Brabetz, W., Brade, L., Hoist, O., Lobau, S., Lucakova, M., Mamat, U., Rozalski, A., Zych, K., Kosma, P.
(1997). Review: Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. Innate Immunity
4: 67-84
Wimmer, M. L.J., Sandmann-Strupp, R., Saikku, P., Haberl, R. L.
(1996). Association of Chlamydial Infection With Cerebrovascular Disease. Stroke
27: 2207-2210
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wylie, J. L., Wang, L. L., Tipples, G., McClarty, G.
(1996). A Single Point Mutation in CTP Synthetase of Chlamydia trachomatis Confers Resistance to Cyclopentenyl Cytosine. J. Biol. Chem.
271: 15393-15400
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C.-c., Coulson, A. S., Campbell, L. A., Lawrence, R. D., Lee, M. J., Strandness, E. D., Wang, S.-p.
(1995). Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in Atherosclerosis of the Carotid Artery. Circulation
92: 3397-3400
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thom, D.
(1994). Lower Respiratory Tract Infection With Chlamydia pneumoniae. Arch Fam Med
3: 828-832
[Abstract]
Previous
