Among 141 consecutive patients with neuro-psychiatric abnormalities due to cobalamin deficiency, we found that 40 (28 percent) had no anemia or macrocytosis. The hematocrit was normal in 34, the mean cell volume was normal in 25, and both tests were normal in 19. Characteristic features in such patients included paresthesia, sensory loss, ataxia, dementia, and psychiatric disorders; longstanding neurologic symptoms without anemia; normal white-cell and platelet counts and serum bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase levels; and markedly elevated serum concentrations of methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine. Serum cobalamin levels were above 150 pmol per liter (200 pg per milliliter) in 2 patients, between 75 and 150 pmol per liter (100 and 200 pg per milliliter) in 16, and below 75 pmol per liter (100 pg per milliliter) in only 22. Except for one patient who died during the first week of treatment, every patient in this group benefited from cobalamin therapy. Responses included improvement in neuropsychiatric abnormalities (39 of 39), improvement (often within the normal range) in one or more hematologic findings (36 of 39), and a decrease of more than 50 percent in levels of serum methylmalonic acid, total homocysteine, or both (31 of 31). We conclude that neuropsychiatric disorders due to cobalamin deficiency occur commonly in the absence of anemia or an elevated mean cell volume and that measurements of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine both before and after treatment are useful in the diagnosis of these patients.
Source Information
Department of Medicine, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Pflipsen, M. C., Oh, R. C., Saguil, A., Seehusen, D. A., Topolski, R.
(2009). The Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Am Board Fam Med
22: 528-534
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dogan, M., Ozdemir, O., Sal, E. A., Dogan, S. Z., Ozdemir, P., Cesur, Y., Caksen, H.
(2009). Psychotic Disorder and Extrapyramidal Symptoms Associated with Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency. J Trop Pediatr
55: 205-207
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vogiatzoglou, A., Smith, A D., Nurk, E., Berstad, P., Drevon, C. A, Ueland, P. M, Vollset, S. E, Tell, G. S, Refsum, H.
(2009). Dietary sources of vitamin B-12 and their association with plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in the general population: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
89: 1078-1087
[Abstract][Full Text]
Selhub, J., Morris, M. S., Jacques, P. F, Rosenberg, I. H
(2009). Folate-vitamin B-12 interaction in relation to cognitive impairment, anemia, and biochemical indicators of vitamin B-12 deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
89: 702S-706S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, Y. K., Kim, H.-S., Kang, H. J.
(2009). Holotranscobalamin as an Indicator of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Gastrectomized Patients. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science
39: 361-366
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chan, J C W, Liu, H S Y, Kho, B C S, Lau, T K H, Li, V L, Chan, F H Y, Leong, I S, Pang, H K, Lee, C K, Liang, Y S
(2008). Longitudinal study of Chinese patients with pernicious anaemia. Postgrad. Med. J.
84: 644-650
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vakur Bor, M., Cetin, M., Aytac, S., Altay, C., Ueland, P. M., Nexo, E.
(2008). Long term biweekly 1 mg oral vitamin B12 ensures normal hematological parameters, but does not correct all other markers of vitamin B12 deficiency. A study in patients with inherited vitamin B12 deficiency. haematol
93: 1755-1758
[Full Text]
Villamor, E., Mora-Plazas, M., Forero, Y., Lopez-Arana, S., Baylin, A.
(2008). Vitamin B-12 Status Is Associated with Socioeconomic Level and Adherence to an Animal Food Dietary Pattern in Colombian School Children. J. Nutr.
138: 1391-1398
[Abstract][Full Text]
Garrod, M. G., Green, R., Allen, L. H., Mungas, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Haan, M. N., Miller, J. W.
(2008). Fraction of Total Plasma Vitamin B12 Bound to Transcobalamin Correlates with Cognitive Function in Elderly Latinos with Depressive Symptoms. Clin. Chem.
54: 1210-1217
[Abstract][Full Text]
McLean, R. R., Jacques, P. F., Selhub, J., Fredman, L., Tucker, K. L., Samelson, E. J., Kiel, D. P., Cupples, L. A., Hannan, M. T.
(2008). Plasma B Vitamins, Homocysteine, and Their Relation with Bone Loss and Hip Fracture in Elderly Men and Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 2206-2212
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wong, S H, Boggild, M, Enevoldson, T P, Fletcher, N A
(2008). Myelopathy but normal MRI: where next?. PN
8: 90-102
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brust, J. C. M.
(2008). A 74-Year-Old Man With Memory Loss and Neuropathy Who Enjoys Alcoholic Beverages. JAMA
299: 1046-1054
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brady, J., Wilson, L., McGregor, L., Valente, E., Orning, L.
(2008). Active B12: A Rapid, Automated Assay for Holotranscobalamin on the Abbott AxSYM Analyzer. Clin. Chem.
54: 567-573
[Abstract][Full Text]
De Block, C. E. M., De Leeuw, I. H., Van Gaal, L. F.
(2008). Autoimmune Gastritis in Type 1 Diabetes: A Clinically Oriented Review. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 363-371
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wong, C. L. MD, Van Spall, H. G.C. MD, Hassan, K. A. MB, Coret-Simon, J. MD, Sahlas, D. J. MD, Shumak, S. L. MD
(2008). A young man with deep vein thrombosis, hyperhomocysteinemia and cobalamin deficiency. CMAJ
178: 279-281
[Full Text]
Ozcan, O., Ipcioglu, O. M., Gultepe, M., Basoglu, C.
(2008). Altered red cell membrane compositions related to functional vitamin B12 deficiency manifested by elevated urine methylmalonic acid concentrations in patients with schizophrenia. Ann Clin Biochem
45: 44-49
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, R., Birks, J., Nexo, E., Ueland, P. M, Schneede, J., Scott, J., Molloy, A., Evans, J. G.
(2007). Low vitamin B-12 status and risk of cognitive decline in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 1384-1391
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Leeuwen, R., Eijkemans, M. J C, Vingerling, J. R, Hofman, A., de Jong, P. T V M, Simonsz, H. J
(2007). Risk of bilateral visual impairment in individuals with amblyopia: the Rotterdam study. Br J Ophthalmol
91: 1450-1451
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hao, L., Ma, J., Zhu, J., Stampfer, M. J., Tian, Y., Willett, W. C., Li, Z.
(2007). Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Is Prevalent in 35- to 64-Year-Old Chinese Adults. J. Nutr.
137: 1278-1285
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, R., Sherliker, P., Hin, H., Nexo, E., Hvas, A. M., Schneede, J., Birks, J., Ueland, P. M., Emmens, K., Scott, J. M., Molloy, A. M., Grimley Evans, J.
(2007). Detection of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Older People by Measuring Vitamin B12 or the Active Fraction of Vitamin B12, Holotranscobalamin. Clin. Chem.
53: 963-970
[Abstract][Full Text]
McLean, E. D., Allen, L. H., Neumann, C. G., Peerson, J. M., Siekmann, J. H., Murphy, S. P., Bwibo, N. O., Demment, M. W.
(2007). Low Plasma Vitamin B-12 in Kenyan School Children Is Highly Prevalent and Improved by Supplemental Animal Source Foods. J. Nutr.
137: 676-682
[Abstract][Full Text]
Misra, U K, Kalita, J
(2007). Comparison of clinical and electrodiagnostic features in B12 deficiency neurological syndromes with and without antiparietal cell antibodies. Postgrad. Med. J.
83: 124-127
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miller, J. W
(2006). Assessing the association between vitamin B-12 status and cognitive function in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 1259-1260
[Full Text]
McCracken, C., Hudson, P., Ellis, R., McCaddon, A., the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function an,
(2006). Methylmalonic acid and cognitive function in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 1406-1411
[Abstract][Full Text]
Devalia, V.
(2006). Diagnosing vitamin B-12 deficiency on the basis of serum B-12 assay. BMJ
333: 385-386
[Full Text]
Eussen, S. J, de Groot, L. C, Joosten, L. W, Bloo, R. J, Clarke, R., Ueland, P. M, Schneede, J., Blom, H. J, Hoefnagels, W. H, van Staveren, W. A
(2006). Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 361-370
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hin, H., Clarke, R., Sherliker, P., Atoyebi, W., Emmens, K., Birks, J., Schneede, J., Ueland, P. M., Nexo, E., Scott, J., Molloy, A., Donaghy, M., Frost, C., Evans, J. G.
(2006). Clinical relevance of low serum vitamin B12 concentrations in older people: the Banbury B12 study. Age Ageing
35: 416-422
[Abstract][Full Text]
McMahon, J. A., Green, T. J., Skeaff, C. M., Knight, R. G., Mann, J. I., Williams, S. M.
(2006). A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance.. NEJM
354: 2764-2772
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kozak, N., Schattner, A.
(2006). 'Mobile phone sign' in early vitamin B12 deficiency. QJM
99: 273-273
[Full Text]
Miller, J. W., Garrod, M. G., Rockwood, A. L., Kushnir, M. M., Allen, L. H., Haan, M. N., Green, R.
(2006). Measurement of Total Vitamin B12 and Holotranscobalamin, Singly and in Combination, in Screening for Metabolic Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Clin. Chem.
52: 278-285
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bor, M. V., Lydeking-Olsen, E., Moller, J., Nexo, E.
(2006). A daily intake of approximately 6 {micro}g vitamin B-12 appears to saturate all the vitamin B-12-related variables in Danish postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
83: 52-58
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A., van Zutphen, M., de Groot, L. C., Eussen, S. J., Blom, H. J, van Staveren, W. A
(2005). Effect of supplementation with cobalamin carried either by a milk product or a capsule in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
82: 568-574
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carmel, R., Solomon, L. R.
(2005). Is testing for clinical cobalamin deficiency truly unreliable?. Blood
106: 1136-1138
[Full Text]
Eussen, S. J. P. M., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Clarke, R., Schneede, J., Ueland, P. M., Hoefnagels, W. H. L., van Staveren, W. A.
(2005). Oral Cyanocobalamin Supplementation in Older People With Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Dose-Finding Trial. Arch Intern Med
165: 1167-1172
[Abstract][Full Text]
Solomon, L. R.
(2005). Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood
105: 978-985
[Abstract][Full Text]
Valdmanis, P N, Simoes Lopes, A A, Gros-Louis, F, Stewart, J D, Rouleau, G A, Dupre, N
(2004). A novel neurodegenerative disease characterised by posterior column ataxia and pyramidal tract involvement maps to chromosome 8p12-8q12.1. J. Med. Genet.
41: 634-639
[Full Text]
Wright, C. B., Lee, H. -S., Paik, M. C., Stabler, S. P., Allen, R. H., Sacco, R. L.
(2004). Total homocysteine and cognition in a tri-ethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology
63: 254-260
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mills, J. L., Signore, C. C., Quinlivan, E. P., Gregory, J. F. III, Czeizel, A. E., Wald, N. J.
(2004). Folic Acid and the Prevention of Neural-Tube Defects. NEJM
350: 2209-2211
[Full Text]
Tucker, K. L, Olson, B., Bakun, P., Dallal, G. E, Selhub, J., Rosenberg, I. H
(2004). Breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 increases vitamin concentrations and reduces homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
79: 805-811
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, R., Evans, J. G.
(2004). Reply to NJ Wald et al. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
79: 338-339
[Full Text]
Refsum, H., Smith, A. D., Ueland, P. M., Nexo, E., Clarke, R., McPartlin, J., Johnston, C., Engbaek, F., Schneede, J., McPartlin, C., Scott, J. M.
(2004). Facts and Recommendations about Total Homocysteine Determinations: An Expert Opinion. Clin. Chem.
50: 3-32
[Abstract][Full Text]
Roze, E., Gervais, D., Demeret, S., Ogier de Baulny, H., Zittoun, J., Benoist, J.-F., Said, G., Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Bolgert, F.
(2003). Neuropsychiatric Disturbances in Presumed Late-Onset Cobalamin C Disease. Arch Neurol
60: 1457-1462
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bjelland, I., Tell, G. S., Vollset, S. E., Refsum, H., Ueland, P. M.
(2003). Folate, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and the MTHFR 677C->T Polymorphism in Anxiety and Depression: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry
60: 618-626
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, R., Refsum, H., Birks, J., Evans, J. G., Johnston, C., Sherliker, P., Ueland, P. M, Schneede, J., McPartlin, J., Nexo, E., Scott, J. M
(2003). Screening for vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in older persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
77: 1241-1247
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mason, J. B.
(2003). Biomarkers of Nutrient Exposure and Status in One-Carbon (Methyl) Metabolism. J. Nutr.
133: 941S-947
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rogers, L. M, Boy, E., Miller, J. W, Green, R., Sabel, J. C., Allen, L. H
(2003). High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Guatemalan schoolchildren: associations with low plasma holotranscobalamin II and elevated serum methylmalonic acid and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
77: 433-440
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rampersaud, G. C., Kauwell, G. P.A., Bailey, L. B.
(2003). Folate: A Key to Optimizing Health and Reducing Disease Risk in the Elderly. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
22: 1-8
[Abstract][Full Text]
Endo, J. O., Chen, S., Potter, J. F., Ranno, A. E., Asadullah, S., Lahiri, P.
(2002). Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Incontinence: Is There an Association?. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
57: M583-587
[Abstract][Full Text]
Morris, M. S., Jacques, P. F., Rosenberg, I. H., Selhub, J.
(2002). Elevated Serum Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations Are Common among Elderly Americans ,. J. Nutr.
132: 2799-2803
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weiss, N., Keller, C., Hoffmann, U., Loscalzo, J.
(2002). Endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Vasc Med
7: 227-239
[Abstract]
Kwan, L. L., Bermudez, O. I., Tucker, K. L.
(2002). Low Vitamin B-12 Intake and Status Are More Prevalent in Hispanic Older Adults of Caribbean Origin Than in Neighborhood-Matched Non-Hispanic Whites. J. Nutr.
132: 2059-2064
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bryan, J., Calvaresi, E., Hughes, D.
(2002). Short-Term Folate, Vitamin B-12 or Vitamin B-6 Supplementation Slightly Affects Memory Performance But Not Mood in Women of Various Ages. J. Nutr.
132: 1345-1356
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pittock, S. J., Payne, T. A., Harper, C. M.
(2002). Reversible Myelopathy in a 34-Year-Old Man With Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc.
77: 291-294
[Abstract]
Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Selhub, J., Jacques, P. F., Rosenberg, I. H., D'Agostino, R. B., Wilson, P. W.F., Wolf, P. A.
(2002). Plasma Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. NEJM
346: 476-483
[Abstract][Full Text]
Franz, M. J., Bantle, J. P., Beebe, C. A., Brunzell, J. D., Chiasson, J.-L., Garg, A., Holzmeister, L. A., Hoogwerf, B., Mayer-Davis, E., Mooradian, A. D., Purnell, J. Q., Wheeler, M.
(2002). Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications. Diabetes Care
25: 148-198
[Full Text]
Monsen, A.-L. B., Ueland, P. M., Vollset, S. E., Guttormsen, A. B., Markestad, T., Solheim, E., Refsum, H.
(2001). Determinants of Cobalamin Status in Newborns. Pediatrics
108: 624-630
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tucker, K. L., Buranapin, S.
(2001). Nutrition and Aging in Developing Countries. J. Nutr.
131: 2417S-2423
[Abstract][Full Text]
Refsum, H., Yajnik, C. S, Gadkari, M., Schneede, J., Vollset, S. E, Orning, L., Guttormsen, A. B, Joglekar, A., Sayyad, M. G, Ulvik, A., Ueland, P. M
(2001). Hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated methylmalonic acid indicate a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Asian Indians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
74: 233-241
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hvas, A.-M., Ellegaard, J., Nexo, E.
(2001). Vitamin B12 Treatment Normalizes Metabolic Markers But Has Limited Clinical Effect: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Study. Clin. Chem.
47: 1396-1404
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vollset, S. E., Refsum, H., Tverdal, A., Nygard, O., Nordrehaug, J. E., Tell, G. S, Ueland, P. M.
(2001). Plasma total homocysteine and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
74: 130-136
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hvas, A.-M., Ellegaard, J., Nexo, E.
(2001). Increased Plasma Methylmalonic Acid Level Does Not Predict Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Arch Intern Med
161: 1534-1541
[Abstract][Full Text]
Whittaker, P., Tufaro, P. R., Rader, J. I.
(2001). Iron and Folate in Fortified Cereals. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
20: 247-254
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lookk, J., Nilsson, M., Norberg, B., Hultdin, J., Sandstrom, H., Westman, G.
(2001). Shifts in B12 opinions in primary health care of Sweden. Scand J Public Health
29: 122-128
[Abstract]
Jacques, P. F, Bostom, A. G, Wilson, P. W., Rich, S., Rosenberg, I. H, Selhub, J.
(2001). Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
73: 613-621
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, R.
(2001). Prevention of vitamin B-12 deficiency in old age. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
73: 151-152
[Full Text]
Carpenter, C. L., Patalas, E. D.
(2000). Case 40-2000- A 38-Year-Old Woman with Gastric Adenocarcinoma. NEJM
343: 1951-1958
[Full Text]
Bolann, B. J., Solli, J. D., Schneede, J., Grottum, K. A., Loraas, A., Stokkeland, M., Stallemo, A., Schjoth, A., Bie, R. B., Refsum, H., Ueland, P. M.
(2000). Evaluation of Indicators of Cobalamin Deficiency Defined as Cobalamin-induced Reduction in Increased Serum Methylmalonic Acid. Clin. Chem.
46: 1744-1750
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lowenthal, E. A., Mayo, M. S., Cornwell, P. E., Thornley-Brown, D.
(2000). Homocysteine Elevation in Sickle Cell Disease. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
19: 608-612
[Abstract][Full Text]
Diaz-Arrastia, R.
(2000). Homocysteine and Neurologic Disease. Arch Neurol
57: 1422-1427
[Abstract][Full Text]
Minet, J.-C., Bisse, E., Aebischer, C.-P., Beil, A., Wieland, H., Lutschg, J.
(2000). Assessment of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 status and relation to sulfur amino acid metabolism in neonates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
72: 751-757
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bottiglieri, T., Laundy, M., Crellin, R., Toone, B. K, Carney, M. W P, Reynolds, E. H
(2000). Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
69: 228-232
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tucker, K. L, Rich, S., Rosenberg, I., Jacques, P., Dallal, G., Wilson, P. W., Selhub, J.
(2000). Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations relate to intake source in the Framingham Offspring Study1. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
71: 514-522
[Abstract][Full Text]
Selhub, J., Bagley, L. C, Miller, J., Rosenberg, I. H
(2000). B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderly1. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
71: 614s-620s
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindeman, R. D., Romero, L. J., Koehler, K. M., Liang, H. C., LaRue, A., Baumgartner, R. N., Garry, P. J.
(2000). Serum Vitamin B12, C and Folate Concentrations in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey: Correlations with Cognitive and Affective Functions. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
19: 68-76
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weeks, R. A., Valentine, A., Savy, L., Wilson, L. A.
(1999). Mild Tactile Disturbance and a Lhermitte Phenomenon in a Middle-aged Man. Arch Neurol
56: 1515-1516
[Full Text]
Stabler, S. P, Allen, R. H, Fried, L. P, Pahor, M., Kittner, S. J, Penninx, B. W., Guralnik, J. M
(1999). Racial differences in prevalence of cobalamin and folate deficiencies in disabled elderly women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
70: 911-919
[Abstract][Full Text]
Selhub, J., Jacques, P. F., Rosenberg, I. H., Rogers, G., Bowman, B. A., Gunter, E. W., Wright, J. D., Johnson, C. L.
(1999). Serum Total Homocysteine Concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994): Population Reference Ranges and Contribution of Vitamin Status to High Serum Concentrations. ANN INTERN MED
131: 331-339
[Abstract][Full Text]
Haddad, E. H, Berk, L. S, Kettering, J. D, Hubbard, R. W, Peters, W. R
(1999). Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
70: 586S-593
[Abstract][Full Text]
Snow, C. F.
(1999). Laboratory Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency: A Guide for the Primary Care Physician. Arch Intern Med
159: 1289-1298
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Dusseldorp, M., Schneede, J., Refsum, H., Ueland, P. M, Thomas, C. M., de Boer, E., van Staveren, W. A
(1999). Risk of persistent cobalamin deficiency in adolescents fed a macrobiotic diet in early life. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
69: 664-671
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jacques, P. F, Rosenberg, I. H, Rogers, G., Selhub, J., Bowman, B. A, Gunter, E. W, Wright, J. D, Johnson, C. L
(1999). Serum total homocysteine concentrations in adolescent and adult Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
69: 482-489
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holleland, G., Schneede, J., Ueland, P. M., Lund, P. K., Refsum, H., Sandberg, S.
(1999). Cobalamin Deficiency in General Practice. Assessment of the Diagnostic Utility and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Methylmalonic Acid Determination in Relation to Current Diagnostic Strategies. Clin. Chem.
45: 189-198
[Abstract][Full Text]
Andrade Juguan, J., Lukito, W., Schultink, W.
(1999). Thiamine Deficiency is Prevalent in a Selected Group of Urban Indonesian Elderly People. J. Nutr.
129: 366-371
[Abstract][Full Text]
Malinow, M. R., Bostom, A. G., Krauss, R. M.
(1999). Homocyst(e)ine, Diet, and Cardiovascular Diseases : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation
99: 178-182
[Full Text]
Carmel;, R., Kuzminski, A. M., Del Giacco, E. J., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P.
(1998). Oral Cobalamin Therapy in Patients Who Absorb It Normally. Blood
92: 4879-4880
[Full Text]
Hemmer, B, Glocker, F X, Schumacher, M, Deuschl, G, Lücking, C H
(1998). Subacute combined degeneration: clinical, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
65: 822-827
[Abstract][Full Text]
Catalano, G., Catalano, M. C., Rosenberg, E. I., Embi, P. J., Embi, C. S.
(1998). Catatonia: Another Neuropsychiatric Presentation of Vitamin B12 Deficiency?. Psychosomatics
39: 456-460
[Full Text]
Perkin, G D, Murray-Lyon, I
(1998). Neurology and the gastrointestinal system. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
65: 291-300
[Full Text]
Deutsch, J. C., Bisping, J. S., Kolhouse, J. F., Perez-Escamilla, R., Grunwald, H. W., Rosner, F., Duell, P. B., Malinow, M. R., Oakley, G. P.
(1998). Plasma Homocyst(e)ine Levels and Folic Acid Supplementation. NEJM
339: 475-477
[Full Text]
Zimhony, O., Toh, B.-H., van Driel, I. R., Gleeson, P. A.
(1998). Pernicious Anemia. NEJM
338: 995-995
[Full Text]
Collaboration, H. L. T.
(1998). Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ
316: 894-898
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baschetti, R., Chester, A. C., Devitt, N. F., Komaroff, A. L.
(1998). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. JAMA
279: 431-433
[Full Text]
Clarke, R., Woodhouse, P., Ulvik, A., Frost, C., Sherliker, P., Refsum, H., Ueland, P. M., Khaw, K.-T.
(1998). Variability and determinants of total homocysteine concentrations in plasma in an elderly population. Clin. Chem.
44: 102-107
[Abstract][Full Text]
Majors, A., Ehrhart, L. A., Pezacka, E. H.
(1997). Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Vascular Disease : Enhanced Collagen Production and Accumulation by Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
17: 2074-2081
[Abstract][Full Text]
Casterline, J. E., Allen, L. H., Ruel, M. T.
(1997). Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Is Very Prevalent in Lactating Guatemalan Women and Their Infants at Three Months Postpartum. J. Nutr.
127: 1966-1972
[Abstract][Full Text]
D'Angelo, A., Selhub, J.
(1997). Homocysteine and Thrombotic Disease. Blood
90: 1-11
[Full Text]
Previous
