To test the hypothesis that maximal androgen blockade improves the effectiveness of the treatment of prostatic cancer, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial in patients with disseminated, previously untreated prostate cancer (stage D2). All 603 men received leuprolide, an analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone that inhibits the release of gonadotropins, in combination with either placebo or flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen that inhibits the binding of androgens to the cell nucleus. As compared with the 300 patients receiving leuprolide and placebo, the 303 patients randomly assigned to receive leuprolide and flutamide had a longer progression-free survival (16.5 vs. 13.9 months; P = 0.039) and an increase in the median length of survival (35.6 vs. 28.3 months; P = 0.035). The differences between the treatments were particularly evident for men with minimal disease and good performance status; however, further studies should be conducted in this subgroup. Symptomatic improvement was greatest during the first 12 weeks of the combined androgen blockade, when leuprolide alone often produces a painful flare in the disease. We conclude that in patients with advanced prostate cancer, treatment with leuprolide and flutamide is superior to treatment with leuprolide alone.
Source Information
Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Vasaitis, T., Belosay, A., Schayowitz, A., Khandelwal, A., Chopra, P., Gediya, L. K., Guo, Z., Fang, H.-B., Njar, V. C.O., Brodie, A. M.H.
(2008). Androgen receptor inactivation contributes to antitumor efficacy of 17{alpha}-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase inhibitor 3{beta}-hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene in prostate cancer. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
7: 2348-2357
[Abstract][Full Text]
Diallo, J.-S., Aldejmah, A., Mouhim, A. F., Peant, B., Fahmy, M. A., Koumakpayi, I. H., Sircar, K., Begin, L. R., Mes-Masson, A.-M., Saad, F.
(2007). NOXA and PUMA Expression Add to Clinical Markers in Predicting Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer Patients in a Survival Tree Model. Clin. Cancer Res.
13: 7044-7052
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shimazui, T., Kawai, K., Miyanaga, N., Kojima, T., Sekido, N., Hinotsu, S., Oikawa, T., Joraku, A., Akaza, H.
(2007). Three-weekly Docetaxel with Prednisone is Feasible for Japanese Patients with Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Comparative Study with Weekly Docetaxel Alone. Jpn J Clin Oncol
0: hym071v1-6
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, Z., Chang, Y.-J., Miyamoto, H., Yeh, S., Yao, J. L., di Sant'Agnese, P. A., Tsai, M.-Y., Chang, C.
(2007). Suppression of Androgen Receptor Transactivation and Prostate Cancer Cell Growth by Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 via Interaction with Androgen Receptor Coregulator ARA54. Endocrinology
148: 1340-1349
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, Z., Chang, Y.-J., Miyamoto, H., Ni, J., Niu, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, Y.-L., Yao, J. L., di Sant'Agnese, P. A., Chang, C.
(2007). Transgelin Functions as a Suppressor via Inhibition of ARA54-Enhanced Androgen Receptor Transactivation and Prostate Cancer Cell Growth. Mol. Endocrinol.
21: 343-358
[Abstract][Full Text]
Heymann, J. J., Benson, M. C., O'Toole, K. M., Malyszko, B., Brody, R., Vecchio, D., Schiff, P. B., Mansukhani, M. M., Ennis, R. D.
(2007). Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Followed by External-Beam Radiotherapy With 9 Months of Androgen Deprivation for Intermediate- to High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer. JCO
25: 77-84
[Abstract][Full Text]
Peant, B., Diallo, J.-S., Lessard, L., Delvoye, N., Le Page, C., Saad, F., Mes-Masson, A.-M.
(2007). Regulation of I{kappa}B Kinase {varepsilon} Expression by the Androgen Receptor and the Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Transcription Factor in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res
5: 87-94
[Abstract][Full Text]
Coleman, R. E.
(2006). Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity.. Clin. Cancer Res.
12: 6243s-6249s
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shahinian, V. B., Kuo, Y.-F., Freeman, J. L., Goodwin, J. S.
(2006). Determinants of androgen deprivation therapy use for prostate cancer: role of the urologist.. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
98: 839-845
[Abstract][Full Text]
Berry, D. L., Moinpour, C. M., Jiang, C. S., Ankerst, D. P., Petrylak, D. P., Vinson, L. V., Lara, P. N., Jones, S., Taplin, M. E., Burch, P. A., Hussain, M. H.A., Crawford, E. D.
(2006). Quality of Life and Pain in Advanced Stage Prostate Cancer: Results of a Southwest Oncology Group Randomized Trial Comparing Docetaxel and Estramustine to Mitoxantrone and Prednisone. JCO
24: 2828-2835
[Abstract][Full Text]
Huh, J., Liepins, A., Zielonka, J., Andrekopoulos, C., Kalyanaraman, B., Sorokin, A.
(2006). Cyclooxygenase 2 Rescues LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells from Sanguinarine-Induced Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity.. Cancer Res.
66: 3726-3736
[Abstract][Full Text]
Labrie, F, Luu-The, V, Belanger, A, Lin, S-X, Simard, J, Pelletier, G, Labrie, C
(2005). Is dehydroepiandrosterone a hormone?. J Endocrinol
187: 169-196
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hero, M., Janne, O. A., Nanto-Salonen, K., Dunkel, L., Raivio, T.
(2005). Circulating Antiandrogenic Activity in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia during Peroral Flutamide Treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
90: 5141-5145
[Abstract][Full Text]
Febbo, P. G., Richie, J. P., George, D. J., Loda, M., Manola, J., Shankar, S., Szot Barnes, A., Tempany, C., Catalona, W., Kantoff, P. W., Oh, W. K.
(2005). Neoadjuvant Docetaxel before Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 5233-5240
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sharifi, N., Gulley, J. L., Dahut, W. L.
(2005). Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. JAMA
294: 238-244
[Abstract][Full Text]
Parnes, H. L., Thompson, I. M., Ford, L. G.
(2005). Prevention of Hormone-Related Cancers: Prostate Cancer. JCO
23: 368-377
[Abstract][Full Text]
Berger, R., Febbo, P. G., Majumder, P. K., Zhao, J. J., Mukherjee, S., Signoretti, S., Campbell, K. T., Sellers, W. R., Roberts, T. M., Loda, M., Golub, T. R., Hahn, W. C.
(2004). Androgen-Induced Differentiation and Tumorigenicity of Human Prostate Epithelial Cells. Cancer Res.
64: 8867-8875
[Abstract][Full Text]
Petrylak, D. P., Tangen, C. M., Hussain, M. H.A., Lara, P. N. Jr., Jones, J. A., Taplin, M. E., Burch, P. A., Berry, D., Moinpour, C., Kohli, M., Benson, M. C., Small, E. J., Raghavan, D., Crawford, E. D.
(2004). Docetaxel and Estramustine Compared with Mitoxantrone and Prednisone for Advanced Refractory Prostate Cancer. NEJM
351: 1513-1520
[Abstract][Full Text]
Labrie, F.
(2004). Medical Castration With LHRH Agonists: 25 Years Later With Major Benefits Achieved on Survival in Prostate Cancer. J Androl
25: 305-313
[Full Text]
Leblanc, M., Belanger, M.-C., Julien, P., Tchernof, A., Labrie, C., Belanger, A., Labrie, F.
(2004). Plasma Lipoprotein Profile in the Male Cynomolgus Monkey under Normal, Hypogonadal, and Combined Androgen Blockade Conditions. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89: 1849-1857
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kojima, T., Shimazui, T., Onozawa, M., Tsukamoto, S., Hinotsu, S., Miyanaga, N., Hattori, K., Kawai, K., Akaza, H.
(2004). Weekly Administration of Docetaxel in Patients with Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer: a Pilot Study on Japanese Patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol
34: 137-141
[Abstract][Full Text]
Akaza, H., Yamaguchi, A., Matsuda, T., Igawa, M., Kumon, H., Soeda, A., Arai, Y., Usami, M., Naito, S., Kanetake, H., Ohashi, Y.
(2004). Superior Anti-tumor Efficacy of Bicalutamide 80 mg in Combination with a Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Agonist Versus LHRH Agonist Monotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Interim Results of a Randomized Study in Japanese Patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol
34: 20-28
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, D. K., Chang, C.
(2003). Expression and Degradation of Androgen Receptor: Mechanism and Clinical Implication. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
88: 4043-4054
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nishimura, K., Ting, H.-J., Harada, Y., Tokizane, T., Nonomura, N., Kang, H.-Y., Chang, H.-C., Yeh, S., Miyamoto, H., Shin, M., Aozasa, K., Okuyama, A., Chang, C.
(2003). Modulation of Androgen Receptor Transactivation by Gelsolin: A Newly Identified Androgen Receptor Coregulator. Cancer Res.
63: 4888-4894
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nelson, W. G., De Marzo, A. M., Isaacs, W. B.
(2003). Prostate Cancer. NEJM
349: 366-381
[Full Text]
Grzywacz, M. J., Yang, J.-M., Hait, W. N.
(2003). Effect of the Multidrug Resistance Protein on the Transport of the Antiandrogen Flutamide. Cancer Res.
63: 2492-2498
[Abstract][Full Text]
He, Y., Szapary, D., Simons, S. S. Jr.
(2002). Modulation of Induction Properties of Glucocorticoid Receptor-Agonist and -Antagonist Complexes by Coactivators Involves Binding to Receptors but Is Independent of Ability of Coactivators to Augment Transactivation. J. Biol. Chem.
277: 49256-49266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goodin, S., Rao, K. V., DiPaola, R. S.
(2002). State-of-the-Art Treatment of Metastatic Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer. The Oncologist
7: 360-370
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chen, J., Kaul, S., Simons, S. S. Jr.
(2002). Structure/Activity Elements of the Multifunctional Protein, GMEB-1. CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMAINS RELEVANT FOR THE MODULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR TRANSACTIVATION PROPERTIES. J. Biol. Chem.
277: 22053-22062
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zhang, Y., Ni, J., Messing, E. M., Chang, E., Yang, C.-R., Yeh, S.
(2002). Vitamin E succinate inhibits the function of androgen receptor and the expression of prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
99: 7408-7413
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hellerstedt, B. A., Pienta, K. J.
(2002). The Current State of Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin
52: 154-179
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kaul, S., Blackford, J. A. Jr., Cho, S., Simons, S. S. Jr.
(2002). Ubc9 Is a Novel Modulator of the Induction Properties of Glucocorticoid Receptors. J. Biol. Chem.
277: 12541-12549
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pinski, J., Weeraratna, A., Uzgare, A. R., Arnold, J. T., Denmeade, S. R., Isaacs, J. T.
(2002). Trk Receptor Inhibition Induces Apoptosis of Proliferating but not Quiescent Human Osteoblasts. Cancer Res.
62: 986-989
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ferrari, A. C., Stone, N., Stock, R., Bednar, M., Esseesse, I., Singh, H., Baldwin, Y., Mandeli, J.
(2002). 13-cis Retinoic Acid and Complete Androgen Blockade in Advanced Hormone-Naive Prostate Cancer Patients: Report of a Phase II Randomized Study. JCO
20: 538-544
[Abstract][Full Text]
Benning, C. M., Kyprianou, N.
(2002). Quinazoline-derived {alpha}1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists Induce Prostate Cancer Cell Apoptosis Via an {alpha}1-Adrenoceptor-independent Action. Cancer Res.
62: 597-602
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koutsilieris, M., Mitsiades, C., Dimopoulos, T., Ioannidis, A., Ntounis, A., Lambou, T.
(2001). A Combination Therapy of Dexamethasone and Somatostatin Analog Reintroduces Objective Clinical Responses to LHRH Analog in Androgen Ablation-Refractory Prostate Cancer Patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
86: 5729-5736
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chi, K. N., Gleave, M. E., Klasa, R., Murray, N., Bryce, C., Lopes de Menezes, D. E., D'Aloisio, S., Tolcher, A. W.
(2001). A Phase I Dose-finding Study of Combined Treatment with an Antisense Bcl-2 Oligonucleotide (Genasense) and Mitoxantrone in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.
7: 3920-3927
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grossmann, M. E., Huang, H., Tindall, D. J.
(2001). Androgen Receptor Signaling in Androgen-Refractory Prostate Cancer. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
93: 1687-1697
[Abstract][Full Text]
Huang, H., Cheville, J. C., Pan, Y., Roche, P. C., Schmidt, L. J., Tindall, D. J.
(2001). PTEN Induces Chemosensitivity in PTEN-mutated Prostate Cancer Cells by Suppression of Bcl-2 Expression. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 38830-38836
[Abstract][Full Text]
Moffatt, K. A., Johannes, W. U., Hedlund, T. E., Miller, G. J.
(2001). Growth Inhibitory Effects of 1{alpha}, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Are Mediated by Increased Levels of p21 in the Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line ALVA-31. Cancer Res.
61: 7122-7129
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pinski, J., Parikh, A., Bova, G. S., Isaacs, J. T.
(2001). Therapeutic Implications of Enhanced G0/G1 Checkpoint Control Induced by Coculture of Prostate Cancer Cells with Osteoblasts. Cancer Res.
61: 6372-6376
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kimura, K., Markowski, M., Bowen, C., Gelmann, E. P.
(2001). Androgen Blocks Apoptosis of Hormone-dependent Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res.
61: 5611-5618
[Abstract][Full Text]
Leibowitz, R. L., Tucker, S. J.
(2001). Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer With Intermittent Triple Androgen Blockade: Preliminary Results in 110 Consecutive Patients. The Oncologist
6: 177-182
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kulik, G., Carson, J. P., Vomastek, T., Overman, K., Gooch, B. D., Srinivasula, S., Alnemri, E., Nunez, G., Weber, M. J.
(2001). Tumor Necrosis Factor {{alpha}} Induces BID Cleavage and Bypasses Antiapoptotic Signals in Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. Cancer Res.
61: 2713-2719
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dixon, S. C., Knopf, K. B., Figg, W. D.
(2001). The Control of Prostate-Specific Antigen Expression and Gene Regulation by Pharmacological Agents. Pharmacol. Rev.
53: 73-92
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fossa, S. D., Slee, P. H.Th., Brausi, M., Horenblas, S., Hall, R. R., Hetherington, J. W., Aaronson, N., de Prijck, L., Collette, L.
(2001). Flutamide Versus Prednisone in Patients With Prostate Cancer Symptomatically Progressing After Androgen-Ablative Therapy: A Phase III Study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group. JCO
19: 62-71
[Abstract][Full Text]
Long, B. J., Grigoryev, D. N., Nnane, I. P., Liu, Y., Ling, Y.-Z., Brodie, A. M.
(2000). Antiandrogenic Effects of Novel Androgen Synthesis Inhibitors on Hormone-dependent Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res.
60: 6630-6640
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bayoumi, A. M., Brown, A. D., Garber, A. M.
(2000). Cost-Effectiveness of Androgen Suppression Therapies in Advanced Prostate Cancer. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
92: 1731-1739
[Abstract][Full Text]
D'Amico, A. V., Schultz, D., Loffredo, M., Dugal, R., Hurwitz, M., Kaplan, I., Beard, C. J., Renshaw, A. A., Kantoff, P. W.
(2000). Biochemical Outcome Following External Beam Radiation Therapy With or Without Androgen Suppression Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. JAMA
284: 1280-1283
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ozono, S., Okajima, E., Yamaguchi, A., Yoshikawa, M., Iwai, A., Moriya, A., Yoshida, K., Samma, S., Maruyama, Y., Hirao, Y., Nara Medical University TAB Study Group, t.
(2000). A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Study of Chlormadinone Acetate versus Flutamide in Total Androgen Blockade for Prostate Cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol
30: 389-396
[Abstract][Full Text]
Truica, C. I., Byers, S., Gelmann, E. P.
(2000). {beta}-Catenin Affects Androgen Receptor Transcriptional Activity and Ligand Specificity. Cancer Res.
60: 4709-4713
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kyprianou, N., Benning, C. M.
(2000). Suppression of Human Prostate Cancer Cell Growth By {{alpha}}1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists Doxazosin and Terazosin via Induction of Apoptosis. Cancer Res.
60: 4550-4555
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vaughn, D. J.
(2000). Hormonal Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer. ANN INTERN MED
132: 584-585
[Full Text]
Cook, T., Sheridan, W. P.
(2000). Development of GnRH Antagonists for Prostate Cancer: New Approaches to Treatment. The Oncologist
5: 162-168
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hussain, M., Fisher, E. I., Petrylak, D. P., O’Connor, J., Wood, D. P., Small, E. J., Eisenberger, M. A., Crawford, E. D.
(2000). Androgen Deprivation and Four Courses of Fixed-Schedule Suramin Treatment in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group Study. JCO
18: 1043-1043
[Abstract][Full Text]
Akaza, H., Homma, Y., Okada, K., Yokoyama, M., Moriyama, N., Usami, M., Hirao, Y., Tsushima, T., Ohashi, Y., Aso, Y., Prostate Cancer Study Group, t.
(2000). Early Results of LH-RH Agonist Treatment with or without Chlormadinone Acetate for Hormone Therapy of Naive Localized or Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Prospective and Randomized Study. Jpn J Clin Oncol
30: 131-136
[Abstract][Full Text]
Auclerc, G., Antoine, E. C., Cajfinger, F., Brunet-Pommeyrol, A., Agazia, C., Khayat, D.
(2000). Management of Advanced Prostate Cancer. The Oncologist
5: 36-44
[Abstract][Full Text]
Strum, S. B., Scholz, M. C., McDermed, J. E.
(2000). Intermittent Androgen Deprivation in Prostate Cancer Patients: Factors Predictive of Prolonged Time Off Therapy. The Oncologist
5: 45-52
[Abstract][Full Text]
Egawa, S., Takashima, R., Matsumoto, K., Mizoguchi, H., Kuwao, S., Baba, S.
(2000). A Pilot Study of Intermittent Androgen Ablation in Advanced Prostate Cancer in Japanese Men. Jpn J Clin Oncol
30: 21-26
[Abstract][Full Text]
Messing, E. M., Manola, J., Sarosdy, M., Wilding, G., Crawford, E. D., Trump, D.
(1999). Immediate Hormonal Therapy Compared with Observation after Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Men with Node-Positive Prostate Cancer. NEJM
341: 1781-1788
[Abstract][Full Text]
Raghavan, D.
(1999). Prostate Cancer Management Under Scrutiny: One Man's Meta-Analysis Is Another Man's Poisson. JCO
17: 3371-3373
[Full Text]
Xing, R. H., Rabbani, S. A.
(1999). Regulation of Urokinase Production by Androgens in Human Prostate Cancer Cells: Effect on Tumor Growth and Metastases in Vivo. Endocrinology
140: 4056-4064
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boccardo, F., Rubagotti, A., Barichello, M., Battaglia, M., Carmignani, G., Comeri, G., Conti, G., Cruciani, G., Dammino, S., Delliponti, U., Ditonno, P., Ferraris, V., Lilliu, S., Montefiore, F., Portoghese, F., Spano, G.
(1999). Bicalutamide Monotherapy Versus Flutamide Plus Goserelin in Prostate Cancer Patients: Results of an Italian Prostate Cancer Project Study. JCO
17: 2027-2027
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nnane, I. P., Kato, K., Liu, Y., Long, B. J., Lu, Q., Wang, X., Ling, Y.-z., Brodie, A.
(1999). Inhibition of Androgen Synthesis in Human Testicular and Prostatic Microsomes and in Male Rats by Novel Steroidal Compounds. Endocrinology
140: 2891-2897
[Abstract][Full Text]
Huang, H., Reed, C. P., Zhang, J.-S., Shridhar, V., Wang, L., Smith, D. I.
(1999). Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3): A Novel Gene Highly Induced by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors during Differentiation of Prostate Epithelial Cancer Cells. Cancer Res.
59: 2981-2988
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yeh, S., Lin, H.-K., Kang, H.-Y., Thin, T. H., Lin, M.-F., Chang, C.
(1999). From HER2/Neu signal cascade to androgen receptor and its coactivators: A novel pathway by induction of androgen target genes through MAP kinase in prostate cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
96: 5458-5463
[Abstract][Full Text]
Spitz, I. M., Chertin, B., Lindenberg, T., Farkas, A.
(1999). Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Implant to Maintain Medical Castration for Two Years in Men with Prostate Cancer. NEJM
340: 1439-1439
[Full Text]
Pound, C. R., Partin, A. W., Eisenberger, M. A., Chan, D. W., Pearson, J. D., Walsh, P. C.
(1999). Natural History of Progression After PSA Elevation Following Radical Prostatectomy. JAMA
281: 1591-1597
[Abstract][Full Text]
Scher, H. I.
(1999). Management of Prostate Cancer After Prostatectomy: Treating the Patient, Not the PSA. JAMA
281: 1642-1645
[Full Text]
George, D. J., Dionne, C. A., Jani, J., Angeles, T., Murakata, C., Lamb, J., Isaacs, J. T.
(1999). Sustained in Vivo Regression of Dunning H Rat Prostate Cancers Treated with Combinations of Androgen Ablation and Trk Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, CEP-751 (KT-6587) or CEP-701 (KT-5555). Cancer Res.
59: 2395-2401
[Abstract][Full Text]
Moghetti, P., Castello, R., Zamberlan, N., Rossini, M., Gatti, D., Negri, C., Tosi, F., Muggeo, M., Adami, S.
(1999). Spironolactone, But Not Flutamide, Administration Prevents Bone Loss in Hyperandrogenic Women Treated with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
84: 1250-1254
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kang, H.-Y., Yeh, S., Fujimoto, N., Chang, C.
(1999). Cloning and Characterization of Human Prostate Coactivator ARA54, a Novel Protein That Associates with the Androgen Receptor. J. Biol. Chem.
274: 8570-8576
[Abstract][Full Text]
Garnick, M. B., Eisenberger, M., Blumenstein, B. A.
(1999). Hormonal Treatment of Prostate Cancer. NEJM
340: 812-813
[Full Text]
Sabbatini, P., Larson, S. M., Kremer, A., Zhang, Z.-F., Sun, M., Yeung, H., Imbriaco, M., Horak, I., Conolly, M., Ding, C., Ouyang, P., Kelly, W. K., Scher, H. I.
(1999). Prognostic Significance of Extent of Disease in Bone in Patients With Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer. JCO
17: 948-948
[Abstract][Full Text]
Medina, P. J, DiPaola, R. S, Goodin, S.
(1999). Treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract
5: 32-48
[Abstract]
Cetin, M., Demirci, D., Unal, A., Altinbas, M., Guven, M., Unluhizarci, K.
(1999). Frequency of flutamide induced hepatotoxicity in patients with prostate carcinoma. Hum Exp Toxicol
18: 137-140
[Abstract]
Moffatt, K. A., Johannes, W. U., Miller, G. J.
(1999). 1{{alpha}},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Platinum Drugs Act Synergistically to Inhibit the Growth of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Clin. Cancer Res.
5: 695-703
[Abstract][Full Text]
Caubet, J.-F., Moinpour, C. M., Troxel, A., Lovato, L. C., Eisenberger, M., Blumenstein, B. A., Crawford, E. D.
(1999). Re: Quality of Life in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Results of a Randomized Therapeutic Trial • RESPONSE. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
91: 381-382
[Full Text]
Ghosh, J., Myers, C. E.
(1998). Inhibition of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase triggers massive apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95: 13182-13187
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eisenberger, M. A., Blumenstein, B. A., Crawford, E. D., Miller, G., McLeod, D. G., Loehrer, P. J., Wilding, G., Sears, K., Culkin, D. J., Thompson, I. M., Bueschen, A. J., Lowe, B. A.
(1998). Bilateral Orchiectomy with or without Flutamide for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. NEJM
339: 1036-1042
[Abstract][Full Text]
Albertsen, P. C., Hanley, J. A., Gleason, D. F., Barry, M. J.
(1998). Competing Risk Analysis of Men Aged 55 to 74 Years at Diagnosis Managed Conservatively for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. JAMA
280: 975-980
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miyamoto, H., Yeh, S., Wilding, G., Chang, C.
(1998). Promotion of agonist activity of antiandrogens by the androgen receptor coactivator, ARA70, in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95: 7379-7384
[Abstract][Full Text]
Froesch, B. A., Takayama, S., Reed, J. C.
(1998). BAG-1L Protein Enhances Androgen Receptor Function. J. Biol. Chem.
273: 11660-11666
[Abstract][Full Text]
McLeod, D. G.
(1997). Tolerability of Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. The Oncologist
2: 18-27
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bubley, G. J., Balk, S. P.
(1996). Treatment of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer. The Oncologist
1: 30-35
[Abstract][Full Text]
Catalona, W. J.
(1994). Management of Cancer of the Prostate. NEJM
331: 996-1004
[Full Text]
Rittmaster, R. S.
(1994). Finasteride. NEJM
330: 120-125
[Full Text]
Wood, B. C
(1993). Review article : Hormone treatments in the common 'hormone-dependent' carcinomas. Palliat Med
7: 257-272
[Abstract]
(1989). IMPROVED MEDICAL THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER. JWatch General
1989: 6-6
[Full Text]
Previous
