BACKGROUND. Endothelium regulates vascular tone by influencing the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle. This regulatory effect of the endothelium on blood vessels has been shown to be impaired in atherosclerotic arteries in humans and animals and in animal models of hypertension. METHODS. To determine whether patients with essential hypertension have an endothelium-dependent abnormality in vascular relaxation, we studied the response of the forearm vasculature to acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent vasodilator) and sodium nitroprusside (a direct dilator of smooth muscle) in 18 hypertensive patients (mean age [+/- SD], 50.7 +/- 10 years; 10 men and 8 women) two weeks after the withdrawal of antihypertensive medications and in 18 normal controls (mean age, 49.9 +/- 9; 9 men and 9 women). The drugs were infused at increasing concentrations into the brachial artery, and the response in forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. RESULTS. The basal forearm blood flow was similar in the patients and controls (mean +/- SD, 3.4 +/- 1.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.8 ml per minute per 100 ml of forearm tissue, respectively; P not significant). The responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to acetylcholine were significantly reduced in the hypertensive patients (P less than 0.0001); maximal forearm flow was 9.1 +/- 5 ml per minute per 100 ml in the patients and 20.0 +/- 8 ml per minute per 100 ml in the controls (P less than 0.0002). However, there were no significant differences between groups in the responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to sodium nitroprusside. Because the vasodilator effect of acetylcholine might also be due to presynaptic inhibition of the release of norepinephrine by adrenergic nerve terminals, the effect of acetylcholine was assessed during phentolamine-induced alpha-adrenergic blockade. Under these conditions, it was also evident that the responses to acetylcholine were significantly blunted in the hypertensive patients (P less than 0.03). CONCLUSIONS. Endothelium-mediated vasodilation is impaired in patients with essential hypertension. This defect may play an important part in the functional abnormalities of resistance vessels that are observed in hypertensive patients.
Source Information
Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md. 20892.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Nagareddy, P. R., Chow, F. L., Hao, L., Wang, X., Nishimura, T., MacLeod, K. M., McNeill, J. H., Fernandez-Patron, C.
(2009). Maintenance of adrenergic vascular tone by MMP transactivation of the EGFR requires PI3K and mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Cardiovasc Res
84: 368-377
[Abstract][Full Text]
Choi, H. Y., Lee, J. E., Han, S. H., Yoo, T. H., Kim, B. S., Park, H. C., Kang, S.-W., Choi, K. H., Ha, S. K., Lee, H. Y., Han, D.-S.
(2009). Association of inflammation and protein-energy wasting with endothelial dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant
0: gfp598v1-gfp598
[Abstract][Full Text]
Xiang, G.-d., Pu, J., Sun, H., Zhao, L., Yue, L., Hou, J.
(2009). Regular aerobic exercise training improves endothelium-dependent arterial dilation in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol
161: 755-761
[Abstract][Full Text]
Graham, D. A., Rush, J. W. E.
(2009). Cyclooxygenase and thromboxane/prostaglandin receptor contribute to aortic endothelium-dependent dysfunction in aging female spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Appl. Physiol.
107: 1059-1067
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pemp, B., Weigert, G., Karl, K., Petzl, U., Wolzt, M., Schmetterer, L., Garhofer, G.
(2009). Correlation of Flicker-Induced and Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation in Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction and Healthy Volunteers. Diabetes Care
32: 1536-1541
[Abstract][Full Text]
Silvestre, J. S., Levy, B. I.
(2009). Circulating progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes: latest evidence on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Eur Heart J Suppl
11: E17-E21
[Abstract][Full Text]
Luscher, T. F., Pieper, M., Tendera, M., Vrolix, M., Rutsch, W., van den Branden, F., Gil, R., Bischoff, K.-O., Haude, M., Fischer, D., Meinertz, T., Munzel, T.
(2009). A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effect of nifedipine on coronary endothelial function and plaque formation in patients with coronary artery disease: the ENCORE II study. Eur Heart J
30: 1590-1597
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ikeda, Y., Aihara, K.-i., Yoshida, S., Sato, T., Yagi, S., Iwase, T., Sumitomo, Y., Ise, T., Ishikawa, K., Azuma, H., Akaike, M., Kato, S., Matsumoto, T.
(2009). Androgen-Androgen Receptor System Protects against Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Remodeling. Endocrinology
150: 2857-2864
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nakamura, S., Kimura, M., Goto, C., Noma, K., Yoshizumi, M., Chayama, K., Kihara, Y., Higashi, Y.
(2009). Cigarette Smoking Abolishes Ischemic Preconditioning-Induced Augmentation of Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation. Hypertension
53: 674-681
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, D., Strandgaard, S., Iversen, J., Wilcox, C. S.
(2009). Asymmetric dimethylarginine, oxidative stress, and vascular nitric oxide synthase in essential hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
296: R195-R200
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kjeldsen, S. E., Aksnes, T. A., Fagard, R. H., Mancia, G.
(2009). CHAPTER 13 Hypertension. ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
2: med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vannorsdall, T. D., Jinnah, H.A., Gordon, B., Kraut, M., Schretlen, D. J.
(2008). Cerebral Ischemia Mediates the Effect of Serum Uric Acid on Cognitive Function. Stroke
39: 3418-3420
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nishiyama, S. K., Wray, D. W., Richardson, R. S.
(2008). Aging affects vascular structure and function in a limb-specific manner. J. Appl. Physiol.
105: 1661-1670
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nishiyama, S. K., Wray, D. W., Richardson, R. S.
(2008). Sex and limb-specific ischemic reperfusion and vascular reactivity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
295: H1100-H1108
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kosch, M., Levers, A., Lang, D., Bartels, V., Rahn, K. H., Pavenstadt, H., Hausberg, M.
(2008). A randomized, double-blind study of valsartan versus metoprolol on arterial distensibility and endothelial function in essential hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant
23: 2280-2285
[Abstract][Full Text]
Duncker, D. J., Bache, R. J.
(2008). Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow During Exercise. Physiol. Rev.
88: 1009-1086
[Abstract][Full Text]
Andreozzi, F., Formoso, G., Prudente, S., Hribal, M. L., Pandolfi, A., Bellacchio, E., Di Silvestre, S., Trischitta, V., Consoli, A., Sesti, G.
(2008). TRIB3 R84 Variant Is Associated With Impaired Insulin-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Human Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
28: 1355-1360
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aittokallio, J., Polo, O., Hiissa, J., Virkki, A., Toikka, J., Raitakari, O., Saaresranta, T., Aittokallio, T.
(2008). Overnight variability in transcutaneous carbon dioxide predicts vascular impairment in women. Exp Physiol
93: 880-891
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gray, C. L., Ndefo, U. A.
(2008). Nebivolol: A new antihypertensive agent. Am J Health Syst Pharm
65: 1125-1133
[Abstract][Full Text]
You, D., Cochain, C., Loinard, C., Vilar, J., Mees, B., Duriez, M., Levy, B. I., Silvestre, J.-S.
(2008). Combination of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Perindopril and the Diuretic Indapamide Activate Postnatal Vasculogenesis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
325: 766-773
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gamboa, A., Shibao, C., Diedrich, A., Paranjape, S. Y., Farley, G., Christman, B., Raj, S. R., Robertson, D., Biaggioni, I.
(2008). Excessive Nitric Oxide Function and Blood Pressure Regulation in Patients With Autonomic Failure. Hypertension
51: 1531-1536
[Abstract][Full Text]
You, D., Cochain, C., Loinard, C., Vilar, J., Mees, B., Duriez, M., Levy, B. I., Silvestre, J.-S.
(2008). Hypertension Impairs Postnatal Vasculogenesis: Role of Antihypertensive Agents. Hypertension
51: 1537-1544
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baracchini, C., Tonello, S., Vitaliani, R., Giometto, B., Meneghetti, G., Ballotta, E.
(2008). Vasomotion in Multiple Spontaneous Cervical Artery Dissections. Stroke
39: 1148-1151
[Abstract][Full Text]
Prisant, L. M.
(2008). Nebivolol: Pharmacologic Profile of an Ultraselective, Vasodilatory {beta}1-Blocker. J Clin Pharmacol
48: 225-239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Higashi, Y., Goto, C., Jitsuiki, D., Umemura, T., Nishioka, K., Hidaka, T., Takemoto, H., Nakamura, S., Soga, J., Chayama, K., Yoshizumi, M., Taguchi, A.
(2008). Periodontal Infection Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction in Healthy Subjects and Hypertensive Patients. Hypertension
51: 446-453
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ghiadoni, L., Penno, G., Giannarelli, C., Plantinga, Y., Bernardini, M., Pucci, L., Miccoli, R., Taddei, S., Salvetti, A., Del Prato, S.
(2008). Metabolic Syndrome and Vascular Alterations in Normotensive Subjects at Risk of Diabetes Mellitus. Hypertension
51: 440-445
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stirban, A. O., Tschoepe, D.
(2008). Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes: Targets and interventions. Diabetes Care
31: S215-S221
[Abstract][Full Text]
Perticone, F., Maio, R., Sciacqua, A., Andreozzi, F., Iemma, G., Perticone, M., Zoccali, C., Sesti, G.
(2008). Endothelial Dysfunction and C-Reactive Protein Are Risk Factors for Diabetes in Essential Hypertension. Diabetes
57: 167-171
[Abstract][Full Text]
Park, J.-Y., Farrance, I. K. G., Fenty, N. M., Hagberg, J. M., Roth, S. M., Mosser, D. M., Wang, M. Q., Jo, H., Okazaki, T., Brant, S. R., Brown, M. D.
(2007). NFKB1 promoter variation implicates shear-induced NOS3 gene expression and endothelial function in prehypertensives and stage I hypertensives. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
293: H2320-H2327
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gkaliagkousi, E., Ritter, J., Ferro, A.
(2007). Platelet-Derived Nitric Oxide Signaling and Regulation. Circ. Res.
101: 654-662
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nishiyama, S. K., Walter Wray, D., Berkstresser, K., Ramaswamy, M., Richardson, R. S.
(2007). Limb-specific differences in flow-mediated dilation: the role of shear rate. J. Appl. Physiol.
103: 843-851
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hartge, M. M, Unger, T., Kintscher, U.
(2007). The endothelium and vascular inflammation in diabetes. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research
4: 84-88
[Abstract]
Mangat, S., Agarwal, S., Rosendorff, C.
(2007). Do Statins Lower Blood Pressure?. J CARDIOVASC PHARMACOL THER
12: 112-123
[Abstract]
Schmieder, R. E., Delles, C., Mimran, A., Fauvel, J. P., Ruilope, L. M.
(2007). Impact of Telmisartan Versus Ramipril on Renal Endothelial Function in Patients With Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
30: 1351-1356
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kimura, M., Ueda, K., Goto, C., Jitsuiki, D., Nishioka, K., Umemura, T., Noma, K., Yoshizumi, M., Chayama, K., Higashi, Y.
(2007). Repetition of Ischemic Preconditioning Augments Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Humans: Role of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide and Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
27: 1403-1410
[Abstract][Full Text]
Adrogue, H. J., Madias, N. E.
(2007). Sodium and Potassium in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. NEJM
356: 1966-1978
[Full Text]
Barac, A., Campia, U., Panza, J. A.
(2007). Methods for Evaluating Endothelial Function in Humans. Hypertension
49: 748-760
[Full Text]
Yang, Z., Venardos, K., Jones, E., Morris, B. J., Chin-Dusting, J., Kaye, D. M.
(2007). Identification of a Novel Polymorphism in the 3'UTR of the L-Arginine Transporter Gene SLC7A1: Contribution to Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction. Circulation
115: 1269-1274
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hundley, W. G., Bayram, E., Hamilton, C. A., Hamilton, E. A., Morgan, T. M., Darty, S. N., Stewart, K. P., Link, K. M., Herrington, D. M., Kitzman, D. W.
(2007). Leg flow-mediated arterial dilation in elderly patients with heart failure and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
292: H1427-H1434
[Abstract][Full Text]
Banday, A. A., Muhammad, A. B., Fazili, F. R., Lokhandwala, M.
(2007). Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Induced Increase in Salt Sensitivity and Development of Hypertension in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Hypertension
49: 664-671
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sudano, I., Virdis, A., Taddei, S., Spieker, L., Corti, R., Noll, G., Salvetti, A., Luscher, T. F.
(2007). Chronic Treatment With Long-Acting Nifedipine Reduces Vasoconstriction to Endothelin-1 in Essential Hypertension. Hypertension
49: 285-290
[Abstract][Full Text]
Anning, P. B., Coles, B., Morton, J., Wang, H., Uddin, J., Morrow, J. D., Dey, S. K., Marnett, L. J., O'Donnell, V. B.
(2006). Nitric oxide deficiency promotes vascular side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Blood
108: 4059-4062
[Abstract][Full Text]
McGowan, C. L., Levy, A. S., Millar, P. J., Guzman, J. C., Morillo, C. A., McCartney, N., MacDonald, M. J.
(2006). Acute vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise and effects of training in persons medicated for hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
291: H1797-H1802
[Abstract][Full Text]
Feletou, M., Vanhoutte, P. M.
(2006). Endothelial dysfunction: a multifaceted disorder (The Wiggers Award Lecture). Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
291: H985-H1002
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jurva, J. W., Phillips, S. A., Syed, A. Q., Syed, A. Y., Pitt, S., Weaver, A., Gutterman, D. D.
(2006). The Effect of Exertional Hypertension Evoked by Weight Lifting on Vascular Endothelial Function. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 588-589
[Full Text]
Taddei, S., Versari, D., Cipriano, A., Ghiadoni, L., Galetta, F., Franzoni, F., Magagna, A., Virdis, A., Salvetti, A.
(2006). Identification of a Cytochrome P450 2C9-Derived Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in Essential Hypertensive Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 508-515
[Abstract][Full Text]
Broadley, A. J.M., Korszun, A., Abdelaal, E., Moskvina, V., Deanfield, J., Jones, C. J.H., Frenneaux, M. P.
(2006). Metyrapone Improves Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Treated Depression. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 170-175
[Abstract][Full Text]
Blanco, J. J. R., Garcia, I. S., Cerezo, J. G., de Rivera, J. M. P. S., Anaya, P. M., Raya, P. G., Garcia, J. G., Lopez, J. R. A., Hernandez, F. J. B., Rodriguez, J. J. V.
(2006). Endothelial function in HIV-infected patients with low or mild cardiovascular risk. J Antimicrob Chemother
58: 133-139
[Abstract][Full Text]
Veverka, A., Nuzum, D. S, Jolly, J. L
(2006). Nebivolol: A Third-Generation {beta}-Adrenergic Blocker. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
40: 1353-1360
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lattimore, J L, Wilcox, I, Skilton, M, Langenfeld, M, Celermajer, D S
(2006). Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea leads to improved microvascular endothelial function in the systemic circulation. Thorax
61: 491-495
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zoccali, C., Maio, R., Mallamaci, F., Sesti, G., Perticone, F.
(2006). Uric Acid and Endothelial Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
17: 1466-1471
[Abstract][Full Text]
James, M. A., Tullett, J., Hemsley, A. G., Shore, A. C.
(2006). Effects of Aging and Hypertension on the Microcirculation. Hypertension
47: 968-974
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zoccali, C.
(2006). Endothelial Dysfunction and the Kidney: Emerging Risk Factors for Renal Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Essential Hypertension.. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
17: S61-S63
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zoccali, C., Maio, R., Tripepi, G., Mallamaci, F., Perticone, F.
(2006). Inflammation as a Mediator of the Link between Mild to Moderate Renal Insufficiency and Endothelial Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension.. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
17: S64-S68
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alexander, B. T.
(2006). Fetal programming of hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
290: R1-R10
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wilcox, C. S.
(2005). Oxidative stress and nitric oxide deficiency in the kidney: a critical link to hypertension?. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
289: R913-R935
[Abstract][Full Text]
Duffy, S. J., Biegelsen, E. S., Eberhardt, R. T., Kahn, D. F., Kingwell, B. A., Vita, J. A.
(2005). Low-Renin Hypertension With Relative Aldosterone Excess Is Associated With Impaired NO-Mediated Vasodilation. Hypertension
46: 707-713
[Abstract][Full Text]
Berger, M. M., Hesse, C., Dehnert, C., Siedler, H., Kleinbongard, P., Bardenheuer, H. J., Kelm, M., Bartsch, P., Haefeli, W. E.
(2005). Hypoxia Impairs Systemic Endothelial Function in Individuals Prone to High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
172: 763-767
[Abstract][Full Text]
Najjar, S. S., Scuteri, A., Lakatta, E. G.
(2005). Arterial Aging: Is It an Immutable Cardiovascular Risk Factor?. Hypertension
46: 454-462
[Abstract][Full Text]
Perticone, F., Sciacqua, A., Maio, R., Perticone, M., Maas, R., Boger, R. H., Tripepi, G., Sesti, G., Zoccali, C.
(2005). Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, L-Arginine, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol
46: 518-523
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boger, R. H
(2005). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and cardiovascular disease: insights from prospective clinical trials. Vasc Med
10: S19-S25
[Abstract]
Valkonen, V.-P., Tuomainen, T.-P., Laaksonen, R.
(2005). DDAH gene and cardiovascular risk. Vasc Med
10: S45-S48
[Abstract]
Sciacqua, A., Scozzafava, A., Pujia, A., Maio, R., Borrello, F., Andreozzi, F., Vatrano, M., Cassano, S., Perticone, M., Sesti, G., Perticone, F.
(2005). Interaction between vascular dysfunction and cardiac mass increases the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in essential hypertension. Eur Heart J
26: 921-927
[Abstract][Full Text]
McMahon, G. T., Plutzky, J., Daher, E., Bhattacharyya, T., Grunberger, G., DiCarli, M. F.
(2005). Effect of a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonist on Myocardial Blood Flow in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
28: 1145-1150
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boger, R. H
(2005). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and cardiovascular disease: insights from prospective clinical trials. Vasc Med
10: S19-S25
[Abstract]
Valkonen, V.-P., Tuomainen, T.-P., Laaksonen, R.
(2005). DDAH gene and cardiovascular risk. Vasc Med
10: S45-S48
[Abstract]
Racasan, S., Braam, B., Koomans, H. A., Joles, J. A.
(2005). Programming blood pressure in adult SHR by shifting perinatal balance of NO and reactive oxygen species toward NO: the inverted Barker phenomenon. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
288: F626-F636
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kashyap, S. R., Roman, L. J., Lamont, J., Masters, B. S. S., Bajaj, M., Suraamornkul, S., Belfort, R., Berria, R., Kellogg, D. L. Jr., Liu, Y., DeFronzo, R. A.
(2005). Insulin Resistance Is Associated with Impaired Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Skeletal Muscle of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
90: 1100-1105
[Abstract][Full Text]
Monahan, K. D., Ray, C. A.
(2005). Cyclooxygenase inhibition and baroreflex sensitivity in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
288: H737-H743
[Abstract][Full Text]
Roberts, C. K., Barnard, R. J.
(2005). Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J. Appl. Physiol.
98: 3-30
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kaufmann, P. A., Camici, P. G.
(2005). Myocardial Blood Flow Measurement by PET: Technical Aspects and Clinical Applications. JNM
46: 75-88
[Full Text]
Schlaich, M. P., Parnell, M. M., Ahlers, B. A., Finch, S., Marshall, T., Zhang, W.-Z., Kaye, D. M.
(2004). Impaired L-Arginine Transport and Endothelial Function in Hypertensive and Genetically Predisposed Normotensive Subjects. Circulation
110: 3680-3686
[Abstract][Full Text]
Green, D. J, Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., Taylor, R.
(2004). Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J. Physiol.
561: 1-25
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindqvist, M., Melcher, A., Hjemdahl, P.
(2004). Hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal responses to mental stress during nitric oxide synthesis inhibition. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
287: H2309-H2315
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rossi, R., Chiurlia, E., Nuzzo, A., Cioni, E., Origliani, G., Modena, M. G.
(2004). Flow-mediated vasodilation and the risk of developing hypertension in healthy postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol
44: 1636-1640
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gokce, N.
(2004). L-Arginine and Hypertension. J. Nutr.
134: 2807S-2811S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boger, R. H.
(2004). Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, an Endogenous Inhibitor of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Explains the "L-Arginine Paradox" and Acts as a Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factor. J. Nutr.
134: 2842S-2847S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tsutsui, J. M., Xie, F., Cano, M., Chomas, J., Phillips, P., Radio, S. J., Lof, J., Porter, T. R.
(2004). Detection of retained microbubbles in carotid arteries with real-time low mechanical index imaging in the setting of endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol
44: 1036-1046
[Abstract][Full Text]
Perticone, F., Maio, R., Tripepi, G., Zoccali, C.
(2004). Endothelial Dysfunction and Mild Renal Insufficiency in Essential Hypertension. Circulation
110: 821-825
[Abstract][Full Text]
Endemann, D. H., Schiffrin, E. L.
(2004). Endothelial Dysfunction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
15: 1983-1992
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schiffrin, E. L., Touyz, R. M.
(2004). From bedside to bench to bedside: role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in remodeling of resistance arteries in hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
287: H435-H446
[Full Text]
Wilkinson, I. B., Franklin, S. S., Cockcroft, J. R.
(2004). Nitric Oxide and the Regulation of Large Artery Stiffness: From Physiology to Pharmacology. Hypertension
44: 112-116
[Full Text]
Yang, Y.-C., Lu, F.-H., Wu, J.-S., Wu, C.-H., Chang, C.-J.
(2004). The Protective Effect of Habitual Tea Consumption on Hypertension. Arch Intern Med
164: 1534-1540
[Abstract][Full Text]
Delles, C., Michelson, G., Harazny, J., Oehmer, S., Hilgers, K. F., Schmieder, R. E.
(2004). Impaired Endothelial Function of the Retinal Vasculature in Hypertensive Patients. Stroke
35: 1289-1293
[Abstract][Full Text]
Booth, A.D., Jayne, D.R.W., Kharbanda, R.K., McEniery, C.M., Mackenzie, I.S., Brown, J., Wilkinson, I.B.
(2004). Infliximab Improves Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Vasculitis: A Model of Vascular Inflammation. Circulation
109: 1718-1723
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eskurza, I., Monahan, K. D., Robinson, J. A., Seals, D. R.
(2004). Effect of acute and chronic ascorbic acid on flow-mediated dilatation with sedentary and physically active human ageing. J. Physiol.
556: 315-324
[Abstract][Full Text]
Higashi, Y., Kimura, M., Hara, K., Noma, K., Jitsuiki, D., Nakagawa, K., Oshima, T., Chayama, K., Sueda, T., Goto, C., Matsubara, H., Murohara, T., Yoshizumi, M.
(2004). Autologous Bone-Marrow Mononuclear Cell Implantation Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Patients With Limb Ischemia. Circulation
109: 1215-1218
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sardo, M. A., Castaldo, M., Cinquegrani, M., Bonaiuto, M., Fontana, L., Campo, S., Campo, G. M., Altavilla, D., Saitta, A.
(2004). Effects of AT1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan on sICAM-1 and TNF-a Levels in Uncomplicated Hypertensive Patients. ANGIOLOGY
55: 195-203
[Abstract]
Yugar-Toledo, J. C., Tanus-Santos, J. E., Sabha, M., Sousa, M. G., Cittadino, M., Tacito, L. H. B., Moreno, H. Jr.
(2004). Uncontrolled Hypertension, Uncompensated Type II Diabetes, and Smoking Have Different Patterns of Vascular Dysfunction. Chest
125: 823-830
[Abstract][Full Text]
Summar, M. L., Gainer, J. V., Pretorius, M., Malave, H., Harris, S., Hall, L. D., Weisberg, A., Vaughan, D. E., Christman, B. W., Brown, N. J.
(2004). Relationship Between Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase Genotype and Systemic Vascular Function. Hypertension
43: 186-191
[Abstract][Full Text]
Raitakari, M., Ilvonen, T., Ahotupa, M., Lehtimaki, T., Harmoinen, A., Suominen, P., Elo, J., Hartiala, J., Raitakari, O. T.
(2004). Weight Reduction With Very-Low-Caloric Diet and Endothelial Function in Overweight Adults: Role of Plasma Glucose. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
24: 124-128
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
