BACKGROUND AND METHODS. Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia have a characteristic (15;17) translocation, with a breakpoint on chromosome 17 in the region of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR-alpha). Since this receptor has been shown to be involved with growth and differentiation of myeloid cells in vitro, and since recent clinical studies have reported that tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) induces complete remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia we studied the effects of tretinoin on cellular maturation and molecular abnormalities in patients undergoing the induction of remission with this agent. RESULTS. Eleven patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia were treated with tretinoin administered orally at a dose of 45 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day. Nine of the 11 patients entered complete remission. In two patients, complete remission was preceded by striking leukocytosis that then resolved despite continued drug treatment. Serial studies of cellular morphologic features, cell-surface immunophenotypic analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization with a chromosome 17 probe revealed that clinical response was associated with maturation of the leukemic clone. All patients who responded to treatment who were tested by Northern blot analysis had expression of aberrant RAR-alpha. As patients entered complete remission, the expression of the abnormal RAR-alpha message decreased markedly; however, it was still detectable in several patients after complete morphologic and cytogenetic remission had been achieved. CONCLUSIONS. Tretinoin is a safe and highly effective agent for inducing complete remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Clinical response to this agent is associated with leukemic-cell differentiation and is linked to the expression of an aberrant RAR-alpha nuclear receptor. Molecular detection of the aberrant receptor may serve as a useful marker for residual leukemia in patients with this disease.
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Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021.
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Tallman, M. S., Andersen, J. W., Schiffer, C. A., Appelbaum, F. R., Feusner, J. H., Ogden, A., Shepherd, L., Rowe, J. M., Francois, C., Larson, R. S., Wiernik, P. H.
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Fenaux, P., Chastang, C., Chevret, S., Sanz, M., Dombret, H., Archimbaud, E., Fey, M., Rayon, C., Huguet, F., Sotto, J.-J., Gardin, C., Makhoul, P. C., Travade, P., Solary, E., Fegueux, N., Bordessoule, D., Miguel, J. S., Link, H., Desablens, B., Stamatoullas, A., Deconinck, E., Maloisel, F., Castaigne, S., Preudhomme, C., Degos, L.
(1999). A Randomized Comparison of All Transretinoic Acid (ATRA) Followed by Chemotherapy and ATRA Plus Chemotherapy and the Role of Maintenance Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Blood
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Manfredini, R., Trevisan, F., Grande, A., Tagliafico, E., Montanari, M., Lemoli, R., Visani, G., Tura, S., Ferrari, S., Ferrari, S.
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Redner, R. L., Wang, J., Liu, J. M.
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Purton, L. E., Bernstein, I. D., Collins, S. J.
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Sternsdorf, T., Puccetti, E., Jensen, K., Hoelzer, D., Will, H., Ottmann, O. G., Ruthardt, M.
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Coco, F. L., Diverio, D., Falini, B., Biondi, A., Nervi, C., Pelicci, P. G.
(1999). Genetic Diagnosis and Molecular Monitoring in the Management of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Blood
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Jansen, J.H., de Ridder, M.C., Geertsma, W.M.C., Erpelinck, C.A.J., van Lom, K., Smit, E.M.E., Slater, R., Reijden, B.A. v., de Greef, G.E., Sonneveld, P., Lowenberg, B.
(1999). Complete Remission of t(11;17) Positive Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Induced by All-trans Retinoic Acid and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor. Blood
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Burnett, A. K., Grimwade, D., Solomon, E., Wheatley, K., Goldstone, A. H.
(1999). Presenting White Blood Cell Count and Kinetics of Molecular Remission Predict Prognosis in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treated With All-Trans Retinoic Acid: Result of the Randomized MRC Trial. Blood
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Heaney, M. L., Golde, D. W.
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Johnson, B. S., Chandraratna, R. A. S., Heyman, R. A., Allegretto, E. A., Mueller, L., Collins, S. J.
(1999). Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) Agonist-Induced Activation of Dominant-Negative RXR-Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha 403 Heterodimers Is Developmentally Regulated during Myeloid Differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Menell, J. S., Cesarman, G. M., Jacovina, A. T., McLaughlin, M. A., Lev, E. A., Hajjar, K. A.
(1999). Annexin II and Bleeding in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. NEJM
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Muto, A., Kizaki, M., Yamato, K., Kawai, Y., Kamata-Matsushita, M., Ueno, H., Ohguchi, M., Nishihara, T., Koeffler, H. P., Ikeda, Y.
(1999). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces Differentiation of a Retinoic Acid-Resistant Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line (UF-1) Associated With Expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. Blood
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Demetri, G. D., Fletcher, C. D. M., Mueller, E., Sarraf, P., Naujoks, R., Campbell, N., Spiegelman, B. M., Singer, S.
(1999). Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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Dimitroulakos, J., Nohynek, D., Backway, K. L., Hedley, D. W., Yeger, H., Freedman, M. H., Minden, M. D., Penn, L. Z.
(1999). Increased Sensitivity of Acute Myeloid Leukemias to Lovastatin-Induced Apoptosis: A Potential Therapeutic Approach. Blood
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Hagen, E., Myhre, A. M., Tjelle, T. E., Berg, T., Norum, K. R.
(1999). Retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in early endosomes of J774 macrophages. J. Lipid Res.
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Sun, S.-Y., Kurie, J. M., Yue, P., Dawson, M. I., Shroot, B., Chandraratna, R. A. S., Hong, W. K., Lotan, R.
(1999). Differential Responses of Normal, Premalignant, and Malignant Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Receptor-selective Retinoids. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Mologni, L., Ponzanelli, I., Bresciani, F., Sardiello, G., Bergamaschi, D., Gianni, M., Reichert, U., Rambaldi, A., Terao, M., Garattini, E.
(1999). The Novel Synthetic Retinoid 6-[3-adamantyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene Carboxylic Acid (CD437) Causes Apoptosis in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells Through Rapid Activation of Caspases. Blood
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Lanvers, C., Hempel, G., Blaschke, G., Boos, J.
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Soignet, S. L., Maslak, P., Wang, Z.-G., Jhanwar, S., Calleja, E., Dardashti, L. J., Corso, D., DeBlasio, A., Gabrilove, J., Scheinberg, D. A., Pandolfi, P. P., Warrell, R. P.
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Ding, W., Li, Y.-P., Nobile, L. M., Grills, G., Carrera, I., Paietta, E., Tallman, M. S., Wiernik, P. H., Gallagher, R. E.
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Elstner, E., Muller, C., Koshizuka, K., Williamson, E. A., Park, D., Asou, H., Shintaku, P., Said, J. W., Heber, D., Koeffler, H. P.
(1998). Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma and retinoic acid receptor inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in BNX mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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