FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Volume 329:977-986 September 30, 1993 Number 14 Next

	Full Text Letters Letters Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Long-term microvascular and neurologic complications cause major morbidity and mortality in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We examined whether intensive treatment with the goal of maintaining blood glucose concentrations close to the normal range could decrease the frequency and severity of these complications.

Methods A total of 1441 patients with IDDM -- 726 with no retinopathy at base line (the primary-prevention cohort) and 715 with mild retinopathy (the secondary-intervention cohort) were randomly assigned to intensive therapy administered either with an external insulin pump or by three or more daily insulin injections and guided by frequent blood glucose monitoring or to conventional therapy with one or two daily insulin injections. The patients were followed for a mean of 6.5 years, and the appearance and progression of retinopathy and other complications were assessed regularly.

Results In the primary-prevention cohort, intensive therapy reduced the adjusted mean risk for the development of retinopathy by 76 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 62 to 85 percent), as compared with conventional therapy. In the secondary-intervention cohort, intensive therapy slowed the progression of retinopathy by 54 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 39 to 66 percent) and reduced the development of proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy by 47 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 14 to 67 percent). In the two cohorts combined, intensive therapy reduced the occurrence of microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion of 40 mg per 24 hours) by 39 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 21 to 52 percent), that of albuminuria (urinary albumin excretion of 300 mg per 24 hours) by 54 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 19 to 74 percent), and that of clinical neuropathy by 60 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 38 to 74 percent). The chief adverse event associated with intensive therapy was a two-to-threefold increase in severe hypoglycemia.

Conclusions Intensive therapy effectively delays the onset and slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in patients with IDDM.

Source Information

A complete list of the persons and institutions participating in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group appears in the Appendix.

Address reprint requests to the DCCT Research Group, Box NDIC/DCCT, Bethesda, MD 20892.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Causes of Death in Injection-Drug Users
Woody G. E., Metzger D. S.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1661, Nov 25, 1993. Correspondence

Inadvertent Placement of an Advertisement
Merkel P. A., Kassirer J. P.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1661-1662, Nov 25, 1993. Correspondence

The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Townsend R. R., Kapoor S. C., Garber A., Gerard D., Nathan D. M., Crofford O. B., Lachin J. M.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1994; 330:641-642, Mar 3, 1994. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Katon, W., Russo, J., Lin, E. H. B., Heckbert, S. R., Karter, A. J., Williams, L. H., Ciechanowski, P., Ludman, E., Von Korff, M. (2009). Diabetes and Poor Disease Control: Is Comorbid Depression Associated With Poor Medication Adherence or Lack of Treatment Intensification?. Psychosom. Med. 71: 965-972 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuo, (2009). Sustained Benefit of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on A1C, Glucose Profiles, and Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: 2047-2049 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Waden, J., Forsblom, C., Thorn, L. M., Gordin, D., Saraheimo, M., Groop, P.-H., on behalf of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Stud, (2009). A1C Variability Predicts Incident Cardiovascular Events, Microalbuminuria, and Overt Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 58: 2649-2655 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McGuire, J. F., Rouen, S., Siegfreid, E., Wright, D. E., Dobrowsky, R. T. (2009). Caveolin-1 and Altered Neuregulin Signaling Contribute to the Pathophysiological Progression of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Diabetes 58: 2677-2686 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Monnier, L., Colette, C. (2009). Target for Glycemic Control: Concentrating on glucose. Diabetes Care 32: S199-S204 [Full Text]  
• Boutati, E. I., Raptis, S. A. (2009). Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as Part of the Integral Care of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: S205-S210 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Leiva, A., Hernando, M. E., on behalf of EDUAB-HSP and GBT-UPM, (2009). Telemedical Artificial Pancreas: PARIS (Pancreas Artificial Telemedico Inteligente) research project. Diabetes Care 32: S211-S216 [Full Text]  
• Del Prato, S., Penno, G., Miccoli, R. (2009). Changing the Treatment Paradigm for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: S217-S222 [Full Text]  
• Meneghini, L. F. (2009). Early Insulin Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes: What are the pros?. Diabetes Care 32: S266-S269 [Full Text]  
• Chiasson, J.-L. (2009). Early Insulin Use in Type 2 Diabetes: What are the cons?. Diabetes Care 32: S270-S274 [Full Text]  
• Gallwitz, B. (2009). Implications of Postprandial Glucose and Weight Control in People With Type 2 Diabetes: Understanding and implementing the International Diabetes Federation guidelines. Diabetes Care 32: S322-S325 [Full Text]  
• Davidson, J. A., Parkin, C. G. (2009). Is Hyperglycemia a Causal Factor in Cardiovascular Disease?: Does proving this relationship really matter? Yes. Diabetes Care 32: S331-S333 [Full Text]  
• Conget, I., Gimenez, M. (2009). Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Disease: Is it important? No. Diabetes Care 32: S334-S336 [Full Text]  
• Bianchi, C., Miccoli, R., Daniele, G., Penno, G., Del Prato, S. (2009). Is There Evidence That Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity/Mortality? Yes. Diabetes Care 32: S342-S348 [Full Text]  
• Nordquist, L., Brown, R., Fasching, A., Persson, P., Palm, F. (2009). Proinsulin C-peptide reduces diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration via efferent arteriole dilation and inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 297: F1265-F1272 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Conway, B., Costacou, T., Orchard, T. (2009). Is glycaemia or insulin dose the stronger risk factor for coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes?. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 6: 223-230 [Abstract]  
• Stading, J., Herrmann, J., Walters, R., Destache, C., Chock, A. (2009). Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Diabetes Patients in an Ambulatory Setting. Diabetes Spectr. 22: 241-246 [Full Text]  
• Goh, H K, Chew, D E K, Miranda, I G, Tan, L, Lim, G H (2009). 24-Hour observational ward management of diabetic patients presenting with hypoglycaemia: a prospective observational study. Emerg. Med. J. 26: 719-723 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lewin, A. B., LaGreca, A. M., Geffken, G. R., Williams, L. B., Duke, D. C., Storch, E. A., Silverstein, J. H. (2009). Validity and Reliability of an Adolescent and Parent Rating Scale of Type 1 Diabetes Adherence Behaviors: The Self-Care Inventory (SCI). J Pediatr Psychol 34: 999-1007 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Samuelson, L. L., Gerber, D. A. (2009). Recent Developments in Less Invasive Technology to Monitor Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Diabetes. Lab Med 40: 607-610 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ly, T. T., Gallego, P. H., Davis, E. A., Jones, T. W. (2009). Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia in a Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: 1802-1806 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lingvay, I., Legendre, J. L., Kaloyanova, P. F., Zhang, S., Adams-Huet, B., Raskin, P. (2009). Insulin-Based Versus Triple Oral Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Which is better?. Diabetes Care 32: 1789-1795 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jaleel, A., Klaus, K. A., Morse, D. M., Karakelides, H., Ward, L. E., Irving, B. A., Nair, K. S. (2009). Differential effects of insulin deprivation and systemic insulin treatment on plasma protein synthesis in type 1 diabetic people. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 297: E889-E897 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nagareddy, P. R., Soliman, H., Lin, G., Rajput, P. S., Kumar, U., McNeill, J. H., MacLeod, K. M. (2009). Selective Inhibition of Protein Kinase C {beta}2 Attenuates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Mediated Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Diabetes 58: 2355-2364 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shiesh, S.-C., Wiedmeyer, H.-M., Kao, J.-T., Vasikaran, S. D., Lopez, J. B., the Laboratory Management Committee for the Asian-, (2009). Proficiency Testing of Hb A1c: A 4-Year Experience in Taiwan and the Asian Pacific Region. Clin. Chem. 55: 1876-1880 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goldenberg, N. M., Silverman, M. (2009). Rab34 and its effector munc13-2 constitute a new pathway modulating protein secretion in the cellular response to hyperglycemia. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 297: C1053-C1058 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, Y., Li, Y., Feng, Q., Arnold, M., Peng, T. (2009). Calpain activation contributes to hyperglycaemia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 84: 100-110 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xu, J., Zou, M.-H. (2009). Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Endothelial Dysfunction. Circulation 120: 1266-1286 [Full Text]  
• Garcia-Alcala, H., Ruiz-Arguelles, A., Cedillo-Carvallo, B. (2009). Effect of the Method to Measure Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin on Individual Clinical Decisions: Comparison of an Immunoassay With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Am J Clin Pathol 132: 332-335 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Van den Berghe, G., Schetz, M., Vlasselaers, D., Hermans, G., Wilmer, A., Bouillon, R., Mesotten, D. (2009). Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients: NICE-SUGAR or Leuven Blood Glucose Target?. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94: 3163-3170 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chillaron, J. J., Goday, A., Flores-Le-Roux, J. A., Benaiges, D., Carrera, M. J., Puig, J., Cano-Perez, J. F., Pedro-Botet, J. (2009). Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate in Assessment of the Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94: 3530-3534 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yeo, C.-P., Tan, C. H.-C., Jacob, E. (2009). Haemoglobin A1c: evaluation of a new HbA1c point-of-care analyser Bio-Rad in2it in comparison with the DCA 2000 and central laboratory analysers. Ann Clin Biochem 46: 373-376 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Woodward, A., Weston, P., Casson, I.F., Gill, G.V. (2009). Nocturnal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes--frequency and predictive factors. QJM 102: 603-607 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bando, Y., Kanehara, H., Toya, D., Tanaka, N., Kasayama, S., Koga, M. (2009). Association of serum glycated albumin to haemoglobin A1C ratio with hepatic function tests in patients with chronic liver disease. Ann Clin Biochem 46: 368-372 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bao, S., Briscoe, V. J., Tate, D. B., Davis, S. N. (2009). Effects of Differing Antecedent Increases of Plasma Cortisol on Counterregulatory Responses During Subsequent Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 58: 2100-2108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Askwith, T., Zeng, W., Eggo, M. C., Stevens, M. J. (2009). Oxidative stress and dysregulation of the taurine transporter in high-glucose-exposed human Schwann cells: implications for pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 297: E620-E628 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huang, E. S., Basu, A., O'Grady, M. J., Capretta, J. C. (2009). Using Clinical Information To Project Federal Health Care Spending. Health Aff (Millwood) 28: w978-w990 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Estrada, C. L., Danielson, K. K., Drum, M. L., Lipton, R. B. (2009). Hospitalization Subsequent to Diagnosis in Young Patients With Diabetes in Chicago, Illinois. Pediatrics 124: 926-934 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dhar, G. C. (2009). Intensive glycemic control: Implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VADT trials for family physicians. cfp 55: 803-804 [Full Text]  
• Simo, R., Hernandez, C. (2009). Advances in the Medical Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 32: 1556-1562 [Full Text]  
• Mineo, D., Pileggi, A., Alejandro, R., Ricordi, C. (2009). Point: Steady Progress and Current Challenges in Clinical Islet Transplantation. Diabetes Care 32: 1563-1569 [Full Text]  
• Khan, M. H., Harlan, D. M. (2009). Counterpoint: Clinical Islet Transplantation: Not Ready for Prime Time. Diabetes Care 32: 1570-1574 [Full Text]  
• Ceriello, A., Esposito, K., Ihnat, M., Thorpe, J., Giugliano, D. (2009). Long-Term Glycemic Control Influences the Long-Lasting Effect of Hyperglycemia on Endothelial Function in Type 1 Diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94: 2751-2756 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous G, (2009). The Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: 1378-1383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wright, R. J., Frier, B. M., Deary, I. J. (2009). Effects of Acute Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia on Spatial Abilities in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: 1503-1506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Spinks, J J, Haest, J, Ross, K, London, R, Edge, J A (2009). Paediatric Diabetes Services--evidence that expanding the workforce allows intensification of insulin regimens and improves glycaemic control. Arch. Dis. Child. 94: 646-647 [Full Text]  
• Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiol, (2009). Modern-Day Clinical Course of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus After 30 Years' Duration: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications and Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Experience (1983-2005). Arch Intern Med 169: 1307-1316 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goumenos, D. S., Kawar, B., El Nahas, M., Conti, S., Wagner, B., Spyropoulos, C., Vlachojannis, J. G., Benigni, A., Kalfarentzos, F. (2009). Early histological changes in the kidney of people with morbid obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 0: gfp329v1-gfp329 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bilous, R., Chaturvedi, N., Sjolie, A. K., Fuller, J., Klein, R., Orchard, T., Porta, M., Parving, H.-H. (2009). Effect of Candesartan on Microalbuminuria and Albumin Excretion Rate in Diabetes: Three Randomized Trials. ANN INTERN MED 151: 11-20 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perkins, B. A., Aiello, L. P., Krolewski, A. S. (2009). Diabetes Complications and the Renin-Angiotensin System. NEJM 361: 83-85 [Full Text]  
• Schwartz, K. L., Monsur, J., Hammad, A., Bartoces, M. G., Neale, A. V. (2009). Comparison of Point of Care and Laboratory HbA1c Analysis: A MetroNet Study. J Am Board Fam Med 22: 461-463 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stylianou, C., Kelnar, C. (2009). The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin. JRSM 102: 298-303 [Full Text]  
• Butler, S. (2009). Update on Insulin. NASN School Nurse 24: 160-162 [Full Text]  
• Evert, A., Trence, D., Catton, S., Huynh, P. (2009). Continuous Glucose Monitoring Technology for Personal Use: An Educational Program That Educates and Supports the Patient. The Diabetes Educator 35: 565-580 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rentfro, A. R., McEwen, M., Ritter, L. (2009). Perspectives for Practice: Translating Estimated Average Glucose (eAG) to Promote Diabetes Self-management Capacity. The Diabetes Educator 35: 581-594 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brick, J. C., Derr, R. L., Saudek, C. D. (2009). A Randomized Comparison of the Terms Estimated Average Glucose Versus Hemoglobin A1C. The Diabetes Educator 35: 596-602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morath, C., Zeier, M. (2009). Transplantation in type 1 diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 2026-2029 [Full Text]  
• Vanschoonbeek, K., Lansink, M., van Laere, K. M. J., Senden, J. M. G., Verdijk, L. B., van Loon, L. J. C. (2009). Slowly Digestible Carbohydrate Sources Can Be Used to Attenuate the Postprandial Glycemic Response to the Ingestion of Diabetes-Specific Enteral Formulas. The Diabetes Educator 35: 631-640 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Badawi, O., Yeung, S. Y., Rosenfeld, B. A. (2009). Evaluation of Glycemic Control Metrics for Intensive Care Unit Populations. American Journal of Medical Quality 24: 310-320 [Abstract]  
• O'Kane, M. J, Pickup, J. (2009). Self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes: is it worth it?. Ann Clin Biochem 46: 273-282 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kazempour-Ardebili, S., Lecamwasam, V. L., Dassanyake, T., Frankel, A. H., Tam, F. W.K., Dornhorst, A., Frost, G., Turner, J. J.O. (2009). Assessing Glycemic Control in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: 1137-1142 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, J., Imai, K., Engelgau, M. M., Geiss, L. S., Wen, C., Zhang, P. (2009). Secular Trends in Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalizations in the United States, 1998-2006. Diabetes Care 32: 1213-1217 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mastrandrea, L., Yu, J., Behrens, T., Buchlis, J., Albini, C., Fourtner, S., Quattrin, T. (2009). Etanercept Treatment in Children With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Pilot randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Diabetes Care 32: 1244-1249 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bolli, G. B., Kerr, D., Thomas, R., Torlone, E., Sola-Gazagnes, A., Vitacolonna, E., Selam, J. L., Home, P. D. (2009). Comparison of a Multiple Daily Insulin Injection Regimen (Basal Once-Daily Glargine Plus Mealtime Lispro) and Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (Lispro) in Type 1 Diabetes: A randomized open parallel multicenter study. Diabetes Care 32: 1170-1176 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pop-Busui, R., Low, P. A., Waberski, B. H., Martin, C. L., Albers, J. W., Feldman, E. L., Sommer, C., Cleary, P. A., Lachin, J. M., Herman, W. H., for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, (2009). Effects of Prior Intensive Insulin Therapy on Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Function in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC). Circulation 119: 2886-2893 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Montori, V. M., Fernandez-Balsells, M. (2009). Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Time for an Evidence-Based About-Face?. ANN INTERN MED 150: 803-808 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clement, M., Bhattacharyya, O., Conway, J. R. (2009). Is tight glycemic control in type 2 diabetes really worthwhile?: YES. cfp 55: 580-582 [Full Text]  
• Clement, M., Bhattacharyya, O., Conway, J. R. (2009). Vaut-il vraiment la peine d'exercer un strict controle glycemique pour le diabete de type 2?: OUI. cfp 55: 584-588 [Full Text]  
• Mulvaney, S. A. (2009). Improving Patient Problem Solving to Reduce Barriers to Diabetes Self-Management. Clin. Diabetes 27: 99-104 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clayton, W. Jr., Jagasia, S. (2009). Case Study: New-Onset Diabetes After Renal Transplantation. Clin. Diabetes 27: 123-128 [Full Text]  
• Elbelt, U., Hahner, S., Allolio, B. (2009). Altered insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes and primary adrenal insufficiency receiving standard glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 160: 919-924 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Little, R. R., Rohlfing, C. L. (2009). HbA1c Standardization: Background, Progress and Current Issues. Lab Med 40: 368-373 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pezzolesi, M. G., Poznik, G. D., Mychaleckyj, J. C., Paterson, A. D., Barati, M. T., Klein, J. B., Ng, D. P.K., Placha, G., Canani, L. H., Bochenski, J., Waggott, D., Merchant, M. L., Krolewski, B., Mirea, L., Wanic, K., Katavetin, P., Kure, M., Wolkow, P., Dunn, J. S., Smiles, A., Walker, W. H., Boright, A. P., Bull, S. B., the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, , Doria, A., Rogus, J. J., Rich, S. S., Warram, J. H., Krolewski, A. S. (2009). Genome-Wide Association Scan for Diabetic Nephropathy Susceptibility Genes in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 58: 1403-1410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jiang, L., Herzog, R. I., Mason, G. F., de Graaf, R. A., Rothman, D. L., Sherwin, R. S., Behar, K. L. (2009). Recurrent Antecedent Hypoglycemia Alters Neuronal Oxidative Metabolism In Vivo. Diabetes 58: 1266-1274 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Faul, J. L., Wilson, S. R., Chu, J. W., Canfield, J., Kuschner, W. G. (2009). The Effect of an Inhaled Corticosteroid on Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Med Res 7: 14-20 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Enzlin, P., Rosen, R., Wiegel, M., Brown, J., Wessells, H., Gatcomb, P., Rutledge, B., Chan, K.-L., Cleary, P. A., the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, (2009). Sexual Dysfunction in Women With Type 1 Diabetes: Long-term findings from the DCCT/ EDIC study cohort. Diabetes Care 32: 780-785 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gellar, L., Rovner, A. J., Nansel, T. R. (2009). Whole Grain and Legume Acceptability Among Youths With Type 1 Diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 35: 422-427 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Luyckx, K., Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2009). Continuity and Change in Glycemic Control Trajectories From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: Relationships with family climate and self-concept in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32: 797-801 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weiss, A. S., Smits, G., Wiseman, A. C. (2009). Twelve-Month Pancreas Graft Function Significantly Influences Survival Following Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation. CJASN 4: 988-995 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Page, K. A., Williamson, A., Yu, N., McNay, E. C., Dzuira, J., McCrimmon, R. J., Sherwin, R. S. (2009). Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Improve Cognitive Function in Intensively Treated Type 1 Diabetic Patients and Support In Vitro Synaptic Transmission During Acute Hypoglycemia. Diabetes 58: 1237-1244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kahn, S. E. (2009). Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Still Worthwhile and Worth Pursuing. JAMA 301: 1590-1592 [Full Text]  
• Nathan, D. M. (2009). Progress in Diabetes Research--What's Next. JAMA 301: 1599-1601 [Full Text]  
• Ellsworth, M. L., Ellis, C. G., Goldman, D., Stephenson, A. H., Dietrich, H. H., Sprague, R. S. (2009). Erythrocytes: Oxygen Sensors and Modulators of Vascular Tone. Physiology 24: 107-116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oates, T.W., Dowell, S., Robinson, M., McMahan, C.A. (2009). Glycemic Control and Implant Stabilization in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JDR 88: 367-371 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Istepanian, R. S., Zitouni, K., Harry, D., Moutosammy, N., Sungoor, A., Tang, B., Earle, K. A (2009). Evaluation of a mobile phone telemonitoring system for glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. J Telemed Telecare 15: 125-128 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cheng, J. W. M., Bhatt, S. H., Goldman-Levine, J. D. (2009). The Benefit and Risk of Antidiabetic Agents Used in Patients With Heart Disease. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 22: 179-193 [Abstract]  
• Nuzum, D. S., Merz, T. (2009). Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 22: 135-148 [Abstract]  
• Francis, G., Martinez, J., Liu, W., Nguyen, T., Ayer, A., Fine, J., Zochodne, D., Hanson, L. R., Frey, W. H. II, Toth, C. (2009). Intranasal Insulin Ameliorates Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes 58: 934-945 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Greene, S. (2009). Diabetes in the young: what are their long term health prospects?. Arch. Dis. Child. 94: 251-253 [Full Text]  
• Ndisang, J. F., Jadhav, A. (2009). Heme oxygenase system enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296: E829-E841 [Abstract] [Full Text]