Background Although many patients with intermediate-grade orhigh-grade (aggressive) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are cured bycombination chemotherapy, the remainder are not cured and ultimatelydie of their disease. The Ann Arbor classification, used todetermine the stage of this disease, does not consistently distinguishbetween patients with different long-term prognoses. This projectwas undertaken to develop a model for predicting outcome inpatients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on the basisof the patients' clinical characteristics before treatment.
Methods Adults with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from 16institutions and cooperative groups in the United States, Europe,and Canada who were treated between 1982 and 1987 with combination-chemotherapyregimens containing doxorubicin were evaluated for clinicalfeatures predictive of overall survival and relapse-free survival.Features that remained independently significant in step-downregression analyses of survival were incorporated into modelsthat identified groups of patients of all ages and groups ofpatients no more than 60 years old with different risks of death.
Results In 2031 patients of all ages, our model, based on age,tumor stage, serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration, performancestatus, and number of extranodal disease sites, identified fourrisk groups with predicted five-year survival rates of 73 percent,51 percent, 43 percent, and 26 percent. In 1274 patients 60or younger, an age-adjusted model based on tumor stage, lactatedehydrogenase level, and performance status identified fourrisk groups with predicted five-year survival rates of 83 percent,69 percent, 46 percent, and 32 percent. In both models, theincreased risk of death was due to both a lower rate of completeresponses and a higher rate of relapse from complete response.These two indexes, called the international index and the age-adjustedinternational index, were significantly more accurate than theAnn Arbor classification in predicting long-term survival.
Conclusions The international index and the age-adjusted internationalindex should be used in the design of future therapeutic trialsin patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in theselection of appropriate therapeutic approaches for individualpatients.
Source Information
The following persons are members of the International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project: M.A. Shipp (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston) and D.P. Harrington (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Denver), chairpersons; J.R. Anderson (Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group, Omaha; Cancer and Leukemia Group B, Lebanon, N.H.); J.O. Armitage (Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group, Omaha); G. Bonadonna (Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy); G. Brittinger (Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie Study, Essen, Germany); F. Cabanillas (M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston); G.P. Canellos (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston); B. Coiffier (Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte, Paris); J.M. Connors (British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver); R.A. Cowan and D. Crowther (Manchester Lymphoma Group, Manchester, United Kingdom); S. Dahlberg (Southwest Oncology Group, San Antonio, Tex.); M. Engelhard (Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie Study, Essen, Germany); R.I. Fisher (Southwest Oncology Group, San Antonio, Tex.); C. Gisselbrecht (Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte, Paris); S.J. Horning (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.); E. Lepage (Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte, Paris); T.A. Lister (St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London); J.H. Meerwaldt (Lymphoma Cooperative Group, European Organisation for Research on Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium); E. Montserrat (Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain); N.I. Nissen (Finsen Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark); M.M. Oken (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Denver); B.A. Peterson (Cancer and Leukemia Group B, Lebanon, N.H.); C. Tondini (Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy); W.A. Velasquez (M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston); and B.Y. Yeap (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Denver).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Margaret A. Shipp at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115.
Bone Marrow Transplantation versus Chemotherapy in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Seymour J. F., Flecknoe-Brown S., Mross K., Burke H. B., Nimer S. D., Zelenetz A., Portlock C., Finckh W., Fielding A. K., Pearce R. M., Goldstone A. H., Selwyn M. R., Verdonck L. F., van Putten W. L.J., Hagenbeek A., Walker A. M.
Extract |
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N Engl J Med 1995;
333:727-730, Sep 14, 1995.
Correspondence
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18: 652-657
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Gratzinger, D., Zhao, S., Marinelli, R. J., Kapp, A. V., Tibshirani, R. J., Hammer, A. S., Hamilton-Dutoit, S., Natkunam, Y.
(2007). Microvessel Density and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Subtypes. Am. J. Pathol.
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Verdonck, L. F., Notenboom, A., de Jong, D. D., MacKenzie, M. A., Verhoef, G. E. G., Kramer, M. H. H., Ossenkoppele, G. J., Doorduijn, J. K., Sonneveld, P., van Imhoff, G. W.
(2007). Intensified 12-week CHOP (I-CHOP) plus G-CSF compared with standard 24-week CHOP (CHOP-21) for patients with intermediate-risk aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase 3 trial of the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group (HOVON). Blood
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Maruyama, D., Watanabe, T., Beppu, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Kim, S.-W., Tanimoto, K., Makimoto, A., Kagami, Y., Terauchi, T., Matsuno, Y., Tobinai, K.
(2007). Primary Bone Lymphoma: A New and Detailed Characterization of 28 Patients in a Single-Institution Study. Jpn J Clin Oncol
37: 216-223
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Bonnet, C., Fillet, G., Mounier, N., Ganem, G., Molina, T. J., Thieblemont, C., Ferme, C., Quesnel, B., Martin, C., Gisselbrecht, C., Tilly, H., Reyes, F.
(2007). CHOP Alone Compared With CHOP Plus Radiotherapy for Localized Aggressive Lymphoma in Elderly Patients: A Study by the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. JCO
25: 787-792
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Song, K., Barnett, M., Gascoyne, R., Chhanabhai, M, Forrest, D., Hogge, D., Lavoie, J., Nantel, S., Nevill, T., Shepherd, J., Smith, C., Sutherland, H., Toze, C., Voss, N., Connors, J.
(2007). Primary therapy for adults with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma with hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation results in favorable outcomes. Ann Oncol
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Arkenau, H-T, Chong, G, Cunningham, D, Watkins, D, Agarwal, R, Sirohi, B, Trumper, M, Norman, A, Wotherspoon, A, Horwich, A
(2007). The role of intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol
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Bossard, C., Belhadj, K., Reyes, F., Martin-Garcia, N., Berger, F., Kummer, J. A., Briere, J., Baglin, A.-C., Cheze, S., Bosq, J., Ribrag, V., Gisselbrecht, C., Mounier, N., Gaulard, P.
(2007). Expression of the granzyme B inhibitor PI9 predicts outcome in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: results of a Western series of 48 patients treated with first-line polychemotherapy within the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) trials. Blood
109: 2183-2189
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Sehn, L. H., Berry, B., Chhanabhai, M., Fitzgerald, C., Gill, K., Hoskins, P., Klasa, R., Savage, K. J., Shenkier, T., Sutherland, J., Gascoyne, R. D., Connors, J. M.
(2007). The revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) is a better predictor of outcome than the standard IPI for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. Blood
109: 1857-1861
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Natkunam, Y., Zhao, S., Mason, D. Y., Chen, J., Taidi, B., Jones, M., Hammer, A. S., Hamilton Dutoit, S., Lossos, I. S., Levy, R.
(2007). The oncoprotein LMO2 is expressed in normal germinal-center B cells and in human B-cell lymphomas. Blood
109: 1636-1642
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Arcaini, L, Burcheri, S, Rossi, A, Paulli, M, Bruno, R, Passamonti, F, Brusamolino, E, Molteni, A, Pulsoni, A, Cox, M., Orsucci, L, Fabbri, A, Frezzato, M, Voso, M., Zaja, F, Montanari, F, Merli, M, Pascutto, C, Morra, E, Cortelazzo, S, Lazzarino, M
(2007). Prevalence of HCV infection in nongastric marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT. Ann Oncol
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van Galen, J. C, Muris, J. J F, Oudejans, J. J, Vos, W., Giroth, C. P E, Ossenkoppele, G. J, Otte, A. P, Raaphorst, F. M, Meijer, C. J L M
(2007). Expression of the polycomb-group gene BMI1 is related to an unfavourable prognosis in primary nodal DLBCL. J. Clin. Pathol.
60: 167-172
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Murase, T., Yamaguchi, M., Suzuki, R., Okamoto, M., Sato, Y., Tamaru, J.-i., Kojima, M., Miura, I., Mori, N., Yoshino, T., Nakamura, S.
(2007). Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL): a clinicopathologic study of 96 cases with special reference to the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of CD5. Blood
109: 478-485
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Schot, B. W., Zijlstra, J. M., Sluiter, W. J., van Imhoff, G. W., Pruim, J., Vaalburg, W., Vellenga, E.
(2007). Early FDG-PET assessment in combination with clinical risk scores determines prognosis in recurring lymphoma. Blood
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Ramadan, K., Shenkier, T, Sehn, L., Gascoyne, R., Connors, J.
(2007). A clinicopathological retrospective study of 131 patients with primary bone lymphoma: a population-based study of successively treated cohorts from the British Columbia Cancer Agency. Ann Oncol
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Narimatsu, H, Ota, Y, Kami, M, Takeuchi, K, Suzuki, R, Matsuo, K, Matsumura, T, Yuji, K, Kishi, Y, Hamaki, T, Sawada, U, Miyata, S, Sasaki, T, Tobinai, K, Kawabata, M, Atsuta, Y, Tanaka, Y, Ueda, R, Nakamura, S
(2007). Clinicopathological features of pyothorax-associated lymphoma; a retrospective survey involving 98 patients. Ann Oncol
18: 122-128
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Habermann, T. M.
(2007). Antibody Therapy in Aggressive Lymphomas. ASH Education Book
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Sandlund, J. T.
(2007). Should Adolescents with NHL Be Treated as Old Children or Young Adults?. ASH Education Book
2007: 297-303
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Kasamon, Y. L., Jones, R. J., Wahl, R. L.
(2007). Integrating PET and PET/CT into the Risk-Adapted Therapy of Lymphoma. JNM
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Dupuis, J., Emile, J.-F., Mounier, N., Gisselbrecht, C., Martin-Garcia, N., Petrella, T., Bouabdallah, R., Berger, F., Delmer, A., Coiffier, B., Reyes, F., Gaulard, P.
(2006). Prognostic significance of Epstein-Barr virus in nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified: a Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) study. Blood
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Uddin, S., Hussain, A. R., Siraj, A. K., Manogaran, P. S., Al-Jomah, N. A., Moorji, A., Atizado, V., Al-Dayel, F., Belgaumi, A., El-Solh, H., Ezzat, A., Bavi, P., Al-Kuraya, K. S.
(2006). Role of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/AKT pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma survival. Blood
108: 4178-4186
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Ghesquieres, H., Berger, F., Felman, P., Callet-Bauchu, E., Bryon, P.-A., Traverse-Glehen, A., Thieblemont, C., Baseggio, L., Michallet, A.-S., Coiffier, B., Salles, G.
(2006). Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcome of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas Presenting With an Associated Low-Grade Component at Diagnosis. JCO
24: 5234-5241
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Subbiah, V., Mwanda, O.W., Orem, J., Fu, P., Banura, C., Kakembo, J., Ness, A., Johnson, J., Bako, J., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Remick, S.
(2006). Analyses of Prognostic Factors for Survival in East African Patients with AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (AR-NHL) Treated with Dose Modified Oral Chemotherapy.. ASH ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
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Spectre, G., Libster, D., Grisariu, S., Da'as, N., Yehuda, D. B., Gimmon, Z., Paltiel, O.
(2006). Bleeding, Obstruction, and Perforation in a Series of Patients With Aggressive Gastric Lymphoma Treated With Primary Chemotherapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
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Betticher, D., Martinelli, G, Radford, J., Kaufmann, M, Dyer, M., Kaiser, U, Aulitzky, W., Beck, J, von Rohr, A, Kovascovics, T, Cogliatti, S., Cina, S, Maibach, R, Cerny, T, Linch, D.
(2006). Sequential high dose chemotherapy as initial treatment for aggressive sub-types of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: results of the international randomized phase III trial (MISTRAL). Ann Oncol
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Gine, E, Montoto, S, Bosch, F, Arenillas, L, Mercadal, S, Villamor, N, Martinez, A, Colomo, L, Campo, E, Montserrat, E, Lopez-Guillermo, A
(2006). The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) and the histological subtype are the most important factors to predict histological transformation in follicular lymphoma. Ann Oncol
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Ruan, J., Hyjek, E., Kermani, P., Christos, P. J., Hooper, A. T., Coleman, M., Hempstead, B., Leonard, J. P., Chadburn, A., Rafii, S.
(2006). Magnitude of Stromal Hemangiogenesis Correlates with Histologic Subtype of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.. Clin. Cancer Res.
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van Imhoff, G. W., Boerma, E.-J. G., van der Holt, B., Schuuring, E., Verdonck, L. F., Kluin-Nelemans, H. C., Kluin, P. M.
(2006). Prognostic Impact of Germinal Center-Associated Proteins and Chromosomal Breakpoints in Poor-Risk Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. JCO
24: 4135-4142
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Boue, F., Gabarre, J., Gisselbrecht, C., Reynes, J., Cheret, A., Bonnet, F., Billaud, E., Raphael, M., Lancar, R., Costagliola, D.
(2006). Phase II Trial of CHOP Plus Rituximab in Patients With HIV-Associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. JCO
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