Background Recent studies have reported associations betweenparticulate air pollution and daily mortality rates. Population-based,cross-sectional studies of metropolitan areas in the UnitedStates have also found associations between particulate airpollution and annual mortality rates, but these studies havebeen criticized, in part because they did not directly controlfor cigarette smoking and other health risks.
Methods In this prospective cohort study, we estimated the effectsof air pollution on mortality, while controlling for individualrisk factors. Survival analysis, including Cox proportional-hazardsregression modeling, was conducted with data from a 14-to-16-yearmortality follow-up of 8111 adults in six U.S. cities.
Results Mortality rates were most strongly associated with cigarettesmoking. After adjusting for smoking and other risk factors,we observed statistically significant and robust associationsbetween air pollution and mortality. The adjusted mortality-rateratio for the most polluted of the cities as compared with theleast polluted was 1.26 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.08to 1.47). Air pollution was positively associated with deathfrom lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease but not with deathfrom other causes considered together. Mortality was most stronglyassociated with air pollution with fine particulates, includingsulfates.
Conclusions Although the effects of other, unmeasured risk factorscannot be excluded with certainty, these results suggest thatfine-particulate air pollution, or a more complex pollutionmixture associated with fine particulate matter, contributesto excess mortality in certain U.S. cities.
Source Information
From the Environmental Epidemiology Program (D.W.D., C.A.P., X.X., M.E.F., B.G.F., F.E.S.), the Exposure Assessment and Engineering Program (J.D.S.), and the Interdisciplinary Program in Health (C.A.P.), Department of Environmental Health, and the Department of Biostatistics (J.H.W.), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; the Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.W.D., F.E.S.); and the Economics Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (C.A.P.). Presented in part at the annual meeting of the American Thoracic Society, San Francisco, May 19, 1992, and at the Aerosols in Medicine Congress of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, April 1, 1993.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Dockery at the Environmental Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115.
Dresler, C., Cherry, M. J., Sade, R. M.
(2008). A Clash of Rights: Should Smoking Tobacco Products in Public Places be Legally Banned?. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
86: 699-707
[Full Text]
Simkhovich, B. Z., Kleinman, M. T., Kloner, R. A.
(2008). Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Injury: Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Mechanisms. J Am Coll Cardiol
52: 719-726
[Abstract][Full Text]
O'Neill, M S, Diez-Roux, A V, Auchincloss, A H, Franklin, T G, Jacobs, D R Jr, Astor, B C, Dvonch, J T, Kaufman, J
(2008). Airborne particulate matter exposure and urinary albumin excretion: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Occup. Environ. Med.
65: 534-540
[Abstract][Full Text]
Robinson, M. S., Anthony, T. R., Littau, S. R., Herckes, P., Nelson, X., Poplin, G. S., Burgess, J. L.
(2008). Occupational PAH Exposures during Prescribed Pile Burns. ANN OCCUP HYG
52: 497-508
[Abstract][Full Text]
Swiston, J. R., Davidson, W., Attridge, S., Li, G. T., Brauer, M., van Eeden, S. F.
(2008). Wood smoke exposure induces a pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response in firefighters. Eur Respir J
32: 129-138
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tamagawa, E., Bai, N., Morimoto, K., Gray, C., Mui, T., Yatera, K., Zhang, X., Xing, L., Li, Y., Laher, I., Sin, D. D., Man, S. F. P., van Eeden, S. F.
(2008). Particulate matter exposure induces persistent lung inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.
295: L79-L85
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bosson, J., Barath, S., Pourazar, J., Behndig, A. F., Sandstrom, T., Blomberg, A., Adelroth, E.
(2008). Diesel exhaust exposure enhances the ozone-induced airway inflammation in healthy humans. Eur Respir J
31: 1234-1240
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baccarelli, A., Martinelli, I., Zanobetti, A., Grillo, P., Hou, L.-F., Bertazzi, P. A., Mannucci, P. M., Schwartz, J.
(2008). Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution and Risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis. Arch Intern Med
168: 920-927
[Abstract][Full Text]
Knox, E G
(2008). Atmospheric pollutants and mortalities in English local authority areas. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
62: 442-447
[Abstract][Full Text]
MacIntyre, N., Huang, Y. C.
(2008). Acute Exacerbations and Respiratory Failure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc
5: 530-535
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nawrot, T. S., Alfaro-Moreno, E., Nemery, B.
(2008). Update in Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease 2007. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
177: 696-700
[Full Text]
Diez Roux, A. V., Auchincloss, A. H., Franklin, T. G., Raghunathan, T., Barr, R. G., Kaufman, J., Astor, B., Keeler, J.
(2008). Long-term Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol
167: 667-675
[Abstract][Full Text]
Santos, U P, Terra-Filho, M, Lin, C A, Pereira, L A A, Vieira, T C B, Saldiva, P H N, Braga, A L F
(2008). Cardiac arrhythmia emergency room visits and environmental air pollution in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
62: 267-272
[Abstract][Full Text]
Geiser, M., Casaulta, M., Kupferschmid, B., Schulz, H., Semmler-Behnke, M., Kreyling, W.
(2008). The Role of Macrophages in the Clearance of Inhaled Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Particles. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
38: 371-376
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yatera, K., Hsieh, J., Hogg, J. C., Tranfield, E., Suzuki, H., Shih, C.-H., Behzad, A. R., Vincent, R., van Eeden, S. F.
(2008). Particulate matter air pollution exposure promotes recruitment of monocytes into atherosclerotic plaques. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
294: H944-H953
[Abstract][Full Text]
Evans, D. E., Heitbrink, W. A., Slavin, T. J., Peters, T. M.
(2008). Ultrafine and Respirable Particles in an Automotive Grey Iron Foundry. ANN OCCUP HYG
52: 9-21
[Abstract][Full Text]
Downs, S. H., Schindler, C., Liu, L.-J. S., Keidel, D., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Brutsche, M. H., Gerbase, M. W., Keller, R., Kunzli, N., Leuenberger, P., Probst-Hensch, N. M., Tschopp, J.-M., Zellweger, J.-P., Rochat, T., Schwartz, J., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., the SAPALDIA Team,
(2007). Reduced Exposure to PM10 and Attenuated Age-Related Decline in Lung Function. NEJM
357: 2338-2347
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ayres, J. G
(2007). Long-term exposures to air pollution. Thorax
62: 1037-1038
[Full Text]
Elliott, P., Shaddick, G., Wakefield, J. C, Hoogh, C. d., Briggs, D. J
(2007). Long-term associations of outdoor air pollution with mortality in Great Britain. Thorax
62: 1088-1094
[Abstract][Full Text]
Briet, M., Collin, C., Laurent, S., Tan, A., Azizi, M., Agharazii, M., Jeunemaitre, X., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Boutouyrie, P.
(2007). Endothelial Function and Chronic Exposure to Air Pollution in Normal Male Subjects. Hypertension
50: 970-976
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Zeger, S. L., White, R. H., Samet, J. M.
(2007). Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in the United States: Did the Risks Change from 1987 to 2000?. Am J Epidemiol
166: 880-888
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alberg, A. J., Ford, J. G., Samet, J. M.
(2007). Epidemiology of Lung Cancer: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest
132: 29S-55S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Laurent, O., Bard, D., Filleul, L., Segala, C.
(2007). Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
61: 665-675
[Abstract][Full Text]
Toren, K., Bergdahl, I. A, Nilsson, T., Jarvholm, B.
(2007). Occupational exposure to particulate air pollution and mortality due to ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Occup. Environ. Med.
64: 515-519
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hoffmann, B., Moebus, S., Mohlenkamp, S., Stang, A., Lehmann, N., Dragano, N., Schmermund, A., Memmesheimer, M., Mann, K., Erbel, R., Jockel, K.-H., for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative G,
(2007). Residential Exposure to Traffic Is Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis. Circulation
116: 489-496
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nikolov, M. C., Coull, B. A., Catalano, P. J., Godleski, J. J.
(2007). An informative Bayesian structural equation model to assess source-specific health effects of air pollution. Biostatistics
8: 609-624
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nawrot, T. S., Nemmar, A., Nemery, B.
(2007). Update in Environmental and Occupational Medicine 2006. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
175: 758-762
[Full Text]
Ekmekcioglu, D., Keskin, S. S.
(2007). Characterization of Indoor Air Particulate Matter in Selected Elementary Schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Indoor and Built Environment
16: 169-176
[Abstract]
Zhou, H., Kobzik, L.
(2007). Effect of Concentrated Ambient Particles on Macrophage Phagocytosis and Killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
36: 460-465
[Abstract][Full Text]
Annesi-Maesano, I., Forastiere, F., Kunzli, N., Brunekref, B., on behalf of the Environment and Health Committee,
(2007). Particulate matter, science and EU policy. Eur Respir J
29: 428-431
[Full Text]
Naess, O., Nafstad, P., Aamodt, G., Claussen, B., Rosland, P.
(2007). Relation between Concentration of Air Pollution and Cause-Specific Mortality: Four-Year Exposures to Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter Pollutants in 470 Neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway. Am J Epidemiol
165: 435-443
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miller, K. A., Siscovick, D. S., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J. H., Anderson, G. L., Kaufman, J. D.
(2007). Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women. NEJM
356: 447-458
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dockery, D. W., Stone, P. H.
(2007). Cardiovascular Risks from Fine Particulate Air Pollution. NEJM
356: 511-513
[Full Text]
Cha, M.-H., Rhim, T., Kim, K. H., Jang, A.-S., Paik, Y.-K., Park, C.-S.
(2007). Proteomic Identification of Macrophage Migration-inhibitory Factor upon Exposure to TiO2 Particles. Mol. Cell. Proteomics
6: 56-63
[Abstract][Full Text]
Courter, L. A., Musafia-Jeknic, T., Fischer, K., Bildfell, R., Giovanini, J., Pereira, C., Baird, W. M.
(2007). Urban Dust Particulate Matter Alters PAH-Induced Carcinogenesis by Inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Toxicol Sci
95: 63-73
[Abstract][Full Text]
Parent, M.-E., Rousseau, M.-C., Boffetta, P., Cohen, A., Siemiatycki, J.
(2007). Exposure to Diesel and Gasoline Engine Emissions and the Risk of Lung Cancer. Am J Epidemiol
165: 53-62
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ritz, S. A., Wan, J., Diaz-Sanchez, D.
(2007). Sulforaphane-stimulated phase II enzyme induction inhibits cytokine production by airway epithelial cells stimulated with diesel extract. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.
292: L33-L39
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pope, C. A. III, Muhlestein, J. B., May, H. T., Renlund, D. G., Anderson, J. L., Horne, B. D.
(2006). Ischemic Heart Disease Events Triggered by Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. Circulation
114: 2443-2448
[Abstract][Full Text]
Inoue, K.-i., Takano, H., Sakurai, M., Oda, T., Tamura, H., Yanagisawa, R., Shimada, A., Yoshikawa, T.
(2006). Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles enhances coagulatory disturbance with endothelial damage and systemic inflammation related to lung inflammation.. Exp. Biol. Med.
231: 1626-1632
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maheswaran, R., Haining, R. P, Pearson, T., Law, J., Brindley, P., Best, N. G
(2006). Outdoor NOx and stroke mortality: adjusting for small area level smoking prevalence using a Bayesian approach. Stat Methods Med Res
15: 499-516
[Abstract]
Schwarze, P E, Ovrevik, J, Lag, M, Refsnes, M, Nafstad, P, Hetland, R B, Dybing, E
(2006). Particulate matter properties and health effects: consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies. Hum Exp Toxicol
25: 559-579
[Abstract]
Maitre, A., Bonneterre, V., Huillard, L., Sabatier, P., de Gaudemaris, R.
(2006). Impact of urban atmospheric pollution on coronary disease. Eur Heart J
27: 2275-2284
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nawrot, T. S., Nemmar, A., Nemery, B.
(2006). Air pollution: to the heart of the matter. Eur Heart J
27: 2269-2271
[Full Text]
Zeka, A., Sullivan, J. R, Vokonas, P. S, Sparrow, D., Schwartz, J.
(2006). Inflammatory markers and particulate air pollution: characterizing the pathway to disease. Int J Epidemiol
35: 1347-1354
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bhatnagar, A.
(2006). Environmental Cardiology: Studying Mechanistic Links Between Pollution and Heart Disease. Circ. Res.
99: 692-705
[Abstract][Full Text]
Diez Roux, A. V., Auchincloss, A. H., Astor, B., Barr, R. G., Cushman, M., Dvonch, T., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Kaufman, J., Lin, X., Samson, P.
(2006). Recent Exposure to Particulate Matter and C-reactive Protein Concentration in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol
164: 437-448
[Abstract][Full Text]
Symons, J. M., Wang, L., Guallar, E., Howell, E., Dominici, F., Schwab, M., Ange, B. A., Samet, J., Ondov, J., Harrison, D., Geyh, A.
(2006). A Case-Crossover Study of Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Onset of Congestive Heart Failure Symptom Exacerbation Leading to Hospitalization. Am J Epidemiol
164: 421-433
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wiebert, P., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Seitz, J., Falk, R., Philipson, K., Kreyling, W. G., Moller, W., Sommerer, K., Larsson, S., Svartengren, M.
(2006). Negligible clearance of ultrafine particles retained in healthy and affected human lungs. Eur Respir J
28: 286-290
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cozzi, E., Hazarika, S., Stallings, H. W. III, Cascio, W. E., Devlin, R. B., Lust, R. M., Wingard, C. J., Van Scott, M. R.
(2006). Ultrafine particulate matter exposure augments ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
291: H894-H903
[Abstract][Full Text]
Molitor, J., Molitor, N.-T., Jerrett, M., McConnell, R., Gauderman, J., Berhane, K., Thomas, D.
(2006). Bayesian Modeling of Air Pollution Health Effects with Missing Exposure Data. Am J Epidemiol
164: 69-76
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mutlu, G. M., Snyder, C., Bellmeyer, A., Wang, H., Hawkins, K., Soberanes, S., Welch, L. C., Ghio, A. J., Chandel, N. S., Kamp, D., Sznajder, J. I., Budinger, G. R. S.
(2006). Airborne Particulate Matter Inhibits Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption in Mice via Oxidant Generation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
34: 670-676
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shima, H., Koike, E., Shinohara, R., Kobayashi, T.
(2006). Oxidative Ability and Toxicity of n-Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Diesel Exhaust Particles. Toxicol Sci
91: 218-226
[Abstract][Full Text]
Peng, R. D., Dominici, F., Zeger, S. L.
(2006). Reproducible Epidemiologic Research. Am J Epidemiol
163: 783-789
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, N., Nel, A. E.
(2006). The cellular impacts of diesel exhaust particles: beyond inflammation and death.. Eur Respir J
27: 667-668
[Full Text]
Brunekreef, B.
(2006). A tale of six cities.. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
173: 581-582
[Full Text]
Laden, F., Schwartz, J., Speizer, F. E., Dockery, D. W.
(2006). Reduction in Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality: Extended Follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
173: 667-672
[Abstract][Full Text]
Murakami, Y., Ono, M.
(2006). Myocardial infarction deaths after high level exposure to particulate matter.. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
60: 262-266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reed, M., Blair, L., Burling, K, Daly, I, Gigliotti, A., Gudi, R, Mercieca, M., McDonald, J., O'Callaghan, J., Seilkop, S., Ronsko, N., Wagner, V., Kraska, R.
(2006). Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water-methanol emulsion emission. Toxicol Ind Health
22: 65-85
[Abstract]
Figueroa, D. A., Rodriguez-Sierra, C. J, Jimenez-Velez, B. D
(2006). Concentrations of Ni and V, other heavy metals, arsenic, elemental and organic carbon in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) from Puerto Rico. Toxicol Ind Health
22: 87-99
[Abstract]
Sapey, E, Stockley, R A
(2006). COPD exacerbations {middle dot} 2: Aetiology.. Thorax
61: 250-258
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rom, W. N., Samet, J. M.
(2006). Small Particles with Big Effects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
173: 365-366
[Full Text]
Mills, N. L., Amin, N., Robinson, S. D., Anand, A., Davies, J., Patel, D., de la Fuente, J. M., Cassee, F. R., Boon, N. A., MacNee, W., Millar, A. M., Donaldson, K., Newby, D. E.
(2006). Do Inhaled Carbon Nanoparticles Translocate Directly into the Circulation in Humans?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
173: 426-431
[Abstract][Full Text]
Behndig, A. F., Mudway, I. S., Brown, J. L., Stenfors, N., Helleday, R., Duggan, S. T., Wilson, S. J., Boman, C., Cassee, F. R., Frew, A. J., Kelly, F. J., Sandstrom, T., Blomberg, A.
(2006). Airway antioxidant and inflammatory responses to diesel exhaust exposure in healthy humans. Eur Respir J
27: 359-365
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Chang, S.-Y., Rau, J.-Y., Huang, S.-H., Lin, C.-K.
(2006). Characteristic study of ionic species in nano, ultrafine, fine and coarse particle size mode at a traffic sampling site. Toxicol Ind Health
22: 27-37
[Abstract]
Routledge, H C, Manney, S, Harrison, R M, Ayres, J G, Townend, J N
(2006). Effect of inhaled sulphur dioxide and carbon particles on heart rate variability and markers of inflammation and coagulation in human subjects. Heart
92: 220-227
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sun, Q., Wang, A., Jin, X., Natanzon, A., Duquaine, D., Brook, R. D., Aguinaldo, J.-G. S., Fayad, Z. A., Fuster, V., Lippmann, M., Chen, L. C., Rajagopalan, S.
(2005). Long-term Air Pollution Exposure and Acceleration of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Inflammation in an Animal Model. JAMA
294: 3003-3010
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mills, N. L., Tornqvist, H., Robinson, S. D., Gonzalez, M., Darnley, K., MacNee, W., Boon, N. A., Donaldson, K., Blomberg, A., Sandstrom, T., Newby, D. E.
(2005). Diesel Exhaust Inhalation Causes Vascular Dysfunction and Impaired Endogenous Fibrinolysis. Circulation
112: 3930-3936
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cascio, W. E.
(2005). Cardiopulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution:Is a Mechanism Emerging?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
172: 1482-1484
[Full Text]
Mindell, J., Barrowcliffe, R.
(2005). Linking environmental effects to health impacts: a computer modelling approach for air pollution. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
59: 1092-1098
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maheswaran, R., Haining, R. P., Brindley, P., Law, J., Pearson, T., Fryers, P. R., Wise, S., Campbell, M. J.
(2005). Outdoor air pollution, mortality, and hospital admissions from coronary heart disease in Sheffield, UK: a small-area level ecological study. Eur Heart J
26: 2543-2549
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yin, X. J., Dong, C. C., Ma, J. Y. C., Antonini, J. M., Roberts, J. R., Barger, M. W., Ma, J. K. H.
(2005). Sustained Effect of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on T-Lymphocyte-Mediated Immune Responses Against Listeria monocytogenes. Toxicol Sci
88: 73-81
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holsapple, M. P., Farland, W. H., Landry, T. D., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Carter, J. M., Walker, N. J., Thomas, K. V.
(2005). Research Strategies for Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials, Part II: Toxicological and Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials, Current Challenges and Data Needs. Toxicol Sci
88: 12-17
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vineis, P., Husgafvel-Pursiainen, K.
(2005). Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations. Carcinogenesis
26: 1846-1855
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Wen, C.-C., Lin, C.-K., Huang, S.-H., Rau, J.-Y., Lin, C.-P.
(2005). Concentrations of nano and related ambient air pollutants at a traffic sampling site. Toxicol Ind Health
21: 259-271
[Abstract]
Kang, C.-M., Jang, A.-S., Ahn, M.-H., Shin, J.-A., Kim, J.-H., Choi, Y.-S., Rhim, T.-Y., Park, C.-S.
(2005). Interleukin-25 and Interleukin-13 Production by Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Particles. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
33: 290-296
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sandstrom, T., Nowak, D., van Bree, L.
(2005). Health effects of coarse particles in ambient air: messages for research and decision-making. Eur Respir J
26: 187-188
[Full Text]
Brunekreef, B., Forsberg, B.
(2005). Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health. Eur Respir J
26: 309-318
[Abstract][Full Text]
Katsouyanni, K
(2005). Long term effects of air pollution in Europe. Occup. Environ. Med.
62: 432-433
[Full Text]
Filleul, L, Rondeau, V, Vandentorren, S, Le Moual, N, Cantagrel, A, Annesi-Maesano, I, Charpin, D, Declercq, C, Neukirch, F, Paris, C, Vervloet, D, Brochard, P, Tessier, J-F, Kauffmann, F, Baldi, I
(2005). Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: results from the French PAARC survey. Occup. Environ. Med.
62: 453-460
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cho, H.-Y., Jedlicka, A. E., Clarke, R., Kleeberger, S. R.
(2005). Role of Toll-like receptor-4 in genetic susceptibility to lung injury induced by residual oil fly ash. Physiol. Genomics
22: 108-117
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sullivan, J H, Schreuder, A B, Trenga, C A, Liu, S L-J, Larson, T V, Koenig, J Q, Kaufman, J D
(2005). Association between short term exposure to fine particulate matter and heart rate variability in older subjects with and without heart disease. Thorax
60: 462-466
[Abstract][Full Text]
Silva, V. M, Corson, N., Elder, A., Oberdorster, G.
(2005). The Rat Ear Vein Model for Investigating In Vivo Thrombogenicity of Ultrafine Particles (UFP). Toxicol Sci
85: 983-989
[Abstract][Full Text]
Misselbrook, T. H., Powell, J. M., Broderick, G. A., Grabber, J. H.
(2005). Dietary Manipulation in Dairy Cattle: Laboratory Experiments to Assess the Influence on Ammonia Emissions. J DAIRY SCI
88: 1765-1777
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Eeden, S. F., Yeung, A., Quinlam, K., Hogg, J. C.
(2005). Systemic Response to Ambient Particulate Matter: Relevance to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc
2: 61-67
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frank, L. D., Engelke, P.
(2005). Multiple Impacts of the Built Environment on Public Health: Walkable Places and the Exposure to Air Pollution. International Regional Science Review
28: 193-216
[Abstract]
Gilmour, P S, Morrison, E R, Vickers, M A, Ford, I, Ludlam, C A, Greaves, M, Donaldson, K, MacNee, W
(2005). The procoagulant potential of environmental particles (PM10). Occup. Environ. Med.
62: 164-171
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, Y.-M., Reed, W., Lenz, A. G., Jaspers, I., Silbajoris, R., Nick, H. S., Samet, J. M.
(2005). Ultrafine carbon particles induce interleukin-8 gene transcription and p38 MAPK activation in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.
288: L432-L441
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grigg, J
(2005). Good research conduct. Arch. Dis. Child.
90: 229-232
[Full Text]
Maheswaran, R., Haining, R. P., Brindley, P., Law, J., Pearson, T., Fryers, P. R., Wise, S., Campbell, M. J.
(2005). Outdoor Air Pollution and Stroke in Sheffield, United Kingdom: A Small-Area Level Geographical Study. Stroke
36: 239-243
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Paula Santos, U., Braga, A. L. F., Giorgi, D. M. A., Pereira, L. A. A., Grupi, C. J., Lin, C. A., Bussacos, M. A., Zanetta, D. M. T., do Nascimento Saldiva, P. H., Filho, M. T.
(2005). Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eur Heart J
26: 193-200
[Abstract][Full Text]
MORENO, T., GIBBONS, W., JONES, T., RICHARDS, R.
(2004). Geochemical and size variations in inhalable UK airborne particles: the limitations of mass measurements. Journal of the Geological Society
161: 899-902
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gryparis, A., Forsberg, B., Katsouyanni, K., Analitis, A., Touloumi, G., Schwartz, J., Samoli, E., Medina, S., Anderson, H. R., Niciu, E. M., Wichmann, H.-E., Kriz, B., Kosnik, M., Skorkovsky, J., Vonk, J. M., Dortbudak, Z.
(2004). Acute Effects of Ozone on Mortality from the "Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach" Project. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
170: 1080-1087
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lwebuga-Mukasa, J. S, Oyana, T. J, Wydro, P.
(2004). Risk factors for asthma prevalence and chronic respiratory illnesses among residents of different neighbourhoods in Buffalo, New York. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
58: 951-957
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sakai, M., Sato, Y., Sato, S., Ihara, S., Onizuka, M., Sakakibara, Y., Takahashi, H.
(2004). Effect of relocating to areas of reduced atmospheric particulate matter levels on the human circulating leukocyte count. J. Appl. Physiol.
97: 1774-1780
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yanagisawa, R., Takano, H., Inoue, K.-I., Ichinose, T., Yoshida, S.-i., Sadakane, K., Takeda, K., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., Kumagai, Y., Yoshikawa, T.
(2004). Complementary DNA Microarray Analysis in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide and Diesel Exhaust Particles. Exp. Biol. Med.
229: 1081-1087
[Abstract][Full Text]
