Background Epidemiologic evidence indicates that diets highin carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables, as well as high serumlevels of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and beta carotene, areassociated with a reduced risk of lung cancer.
Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledprimary-prevention trial to determine whether daily supplementationwith alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene, or both would reduce theincidence of lung cancer and other cancers. A total of 29,133male smokers 50 to 69 years of age from southwestern Finlandwere randomly assigned to one of four regimens: alpha-tocopherol(50 mg per day) alone, beta carotene (20 mg per day) alone,both alpha-tocopherol and beta carotene, or placebo. Follow-upcontinued for five to eight years.
Results Among the 876 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed duringthe trial, no reduction in incidence was observed among themen who received alpha-tocopherol (change in incidence as comparedwith those who did not, -2 percent; 95 percent confidence interval,-14 to 12 percent). Unexpectedly, we observed a higher incidenceof lung cancer among the men who received beta carotene thanamong those who did not (change in incidence, 18 percent; 95percent confidence interval, 3 to 36 percent). We found no evidenceof an interaction between alpha-tocopherol and beta carotenewith respect to the incidence of lung cancer. Fewer cases ofprostate cancer were diagnosed among those who received alpha-tocopherolthan among those who did not. Beta carotene had little or noeffect on the incidence of cancer other than lung cancer. Alpha-tocopherolhad no apparent effect on total mortality, although more deathsfrom hemorrhagic stroke were observed among the men who receivedthis supplement than among those who did not. Total mortalitywas 8 percent higher (95 percent confidence interval, 1 to 16percent) among the participants who received beta carotene thanamong those who did not, primarily because there were more deathsfrom lung cancer and ischemic heart disease.
Conclusions We found no reduction in the incidence of lung canceramong male smokers after five to eight years of dietary supplementationwith alpha-tocopherol or beta carotene. In fact, this trialraises the possibility that these supplements may actually haveharmful as well as beneficial effects. .
Source Information
Drs. Olli P. Heinonen and Demetrius Albanes assume responsibility for the integrity of this manuscript on behalf of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The participants in the study group are listed in the Appendix.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Heinonen at the National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FIN-00300, Finland; or to Dr. Albanes at the Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza N., Rm. 211, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Beta Carotene, Vitamin E, and Lung Cancer
Marantz P. R., Kritchevsky D., Goldstein M. R., Pryor W. A., Leo M. A., Lieber C. S., Ballmer P. E., Stahelin H. B., Heinonen O. P., Huttunen J. K., Albanes D., Taylor P. R., The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group , Hennekens C. H., Buring J. E., Peto R.
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N Engl J Med 1994;
331:611-614, Sep 1, 1994.
Correspondence
Antioxidant Vitamins, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease
Doering W., Pietrzik K., DeGrand D., Krinsky N. I., Peacocke M., Russell R. M., Hennekens C. H., Buring J. E., Peto R., Omenn G. S., Kushi L. H., Mink P. J., Folsom A. R., Greenberg E. R., Sporn M. B.
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N Engl J Med 1996;
335:1065-1069, Oct 3, 1996.
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