Background The incidence of tuberculosis and drug resistanceis increasing in the United States, but it is not clear howmuch of the increase is due to reactivation of latent infectionand how much to recent transmission.
Methods We performed DNA fingerprinting using restriction-fragment-lengthpolymorphism (RFLP) analysis of at least one isolate from everypatient with confirmed tuberculosis at a major hospital in theBronx, New York, from December 1, 1989, through December 31,1992. Medical records and census-tract data were reviewed forrelevant clinical, social, and demographic data.
Results Of 130 patients with tuberculosis, 104 adults (80 percent)had complete medical records and isolates whose DNA fingerprintscould be evaluated. Isolates from 65 patients (62.5 percent)had unique RFLP patterns, whereas isolates from 39 patients(37.5 percent) had RFLP patterns that were identical to thoseof an isolate from at least 1 other study patient; the isolatesin the latter group were classified into 12 clusters. Patientswhose isolates were included in one of the clusters were inferredto have recently transmitted disease. Independent risk factorsfor having a clustered isolate included seropositivity for thehuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (odds ratio for Hispanicpatients, 4.31; P = 0.02; for non-Hispanic patients, 3.12; P= 0.07), Hispanic ethnicity combined with HIV seronegativity(odds ratio, 5.13; P = 0.05), infection with drug-resistanttuberculosis (odds ratio, 4.52; P = 0.005), and younger age(odds ratio, 1.59; P = 0.02). Residence in sections of the Bronxwith a median household income below $20,000 was also associatedwith having a clustered isolate (odds ratio, 3.22; P = 0.04).
Conclusions In the inner-city community we studied, recentlytransmitted tuberculosis accounts for approximately 40 percentof the incident cases and almost two thirds of drug-resistantcases. Recent transmission of tuberculosis, and not only reactivationof latent disease, contributes substantially to the increasein tuberculosis. .
Source Information
From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center-North Central Bronx Hospital (D.A., G.E.K.), the Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center (E.D.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (R.A.M., B.R.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, and the Division of Epidemiology and Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco (A.R.M., J.A.H.); and the Department of Political Science, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, N.Y. (W.B.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Alland at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210 St., Bronx, NY 10467.
Lin, H.-H., Ezzati, M., Chang, H.-Y., Murray, M.
(2009). Association between Tobacco Smoking and Active Tuberculosis in Taiwan: Prospective Cohort Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
180: 475-480
[Abstract][Full Text]
Borrell, S., Espanol, M., Orcau, A., Tudo, G., March, F., Cayla, J. A., Jansa, J. M., Alcaide, F., Martin-Casabona, N., Salvado, M., Martinez, J. A., Vidal, R., Sanchez, F., Altet, N., Coll, P., Gonzalez-Martin, J.
(2009). Factors Associated with Differences between Conventional Contact Tracing and Molecular Epidemiology in Study of Tuberculosis Transmission and Analysis in the City of Barcelona, Spain. J. Clin. Microbiol.
47: 198-204
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Vries, G., Baars, H. W. M., Sebek, M. M. G. G., van Hest, N. A. H., Richardus, J. H.
(2008). Transmission Classification Model To Determine Place and Time of Infection of Tuberculosis Cases in an Urban Area. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 3924-3930
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hanekom, M., van der Spuy, G. D., van Pittius, N. C. G., McEvoy, C. R. E., Hoek, K. G. P., Ndabambi, S. L., Jordaan, A. M., Victor, T. C., van Helden, P. D., Warren, R. M.
(2008). Discordance between Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing and IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping for Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Strains in a Setting of High Incidence of Tuberculosis . J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 3338-3345
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jeong, Y. J., Lee, K. S.
(2008). Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Up-to-Date Imaging and Management. Am. J. Roentgenol.
191: 834-844
[Abstract][Full Text]
Allix-Beguec, C., Fauville-Dufaux, M., Supply, P.
(2008). Three-Year Population-Based Evaluation of Standardized Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 1398-1406
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brimacombe, M., Hazbon, M., Motiwala, A. S., Alland, D.
(2007). Antibiotic Resistance and Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Cluster Grouping Type in a Multinational Sample of Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
51: 4157-4159
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sterling, T. R., Martire, T., de Almeida, A. S., Ding, L., Greenberg, D. E., Moreira, L. A., Elloumi, H., Torres, A. P.V., Sant'Anna, C. C., Calazans, E., Paraguassu, G., Gebretsadik, T., Shintani, A., Miller, K., Kritski, A., e Silva, J. R. L., Holland, S. M.
(2007). Immune Function in Young Children With Previous Pulmonary or Miliary/Meningeal Tuberculosis and Impact of BCG Vaccination. Pediatrics
120: e912-e921
[Abstract][Full Text]
France, A. M., Cave, M. D., Bates, J. H., Foxman, B., Chu, T., Yang, Z.
(2007). What's Driving the Decline in Tuberculosis in Arkansas? A Molecular Epidemiologic Analysis of Tuberculosis Trends in a Rural, Low-Incidence Population, 1997 2003. Am J Epidemiol
166: 662-671
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cohen, T., Colijn, C., Finklea, B., Murray, M.
(2007). Exogenous re-infection and the dynamics of tuberculosis epidemics: local effects in a network model of transmission. J R Soc Interface
4: 523-531
[Abstract][Full Text]
Godreuil, S., Torrea, G., Terru, D., Chevenet, F., Diagbouga, S., Supply, P., Van de Perre, P., Carriere, C., Banuls, A. L.
(2007). First Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Burkina Faso. J. Clin. Microbiol.
45: 921-927
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alland, D., Lacher, D. W., Hazbon, M. H., Motiwala, A. S., Qi, W., Fleischmann, R. D., Whittam, T. S.
(2007). Role of Large Sequence Polymorphisms (LSPs) in Generating Genomic Diversity among Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Utility of LSPs in Phylogenetic Analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
45: 39-46
[Abstract][Full Text]
Theus, S. A., Cave, M. D., Eisenach, K., Walrath, J., Lee, H., Mackay, W., Whalen, C., Silver, R. F.
(2006). Differences in the Growth of Paired Ugandan Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within Human Mononuclear Phagocytes Correlate with Epidemiological Evidence of Strain Virulence. Infect. Immun.
74: 6865-6876
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tanaka, M. M., Francis, A. R.
(2006). Detecting emerging strains of tuberculosis by using spoligotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
103: 15266-15271
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mathema, B., Kurepina, N. E., Bifani, P. J., Kreiswirth, B. N.
(2006). Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Current Insights. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
19: 658-685
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hazbon, M. H., Brimacombe, M., Bobadilla del Valle, M., Cavatore, M., Guerrero, M. I., Varma-Basil, M., Billman-Jacobe, H., Lavender, C., Fyfe, J., Garcia-Garcia, L., Leon, C. I., Bose, M., Chaves, F., Murray, M., Eisenach, K. D., Sifuentes-Osornio, J., Cave, M. D., Ponce de Leon, A., Alland, D.
(2006). Population Genetics Study of Isoniazid Resistance Mutations and Evolution of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 2640-2649
[Abstract][Full Text]
Macaraig, M., Agerton, T., Driver, C. R., Munsiff, S. S., Abdelwahab, J., Park, J., Kreiswirth, B., Driscoll, J., Zhao, B.
(2006). Strain-Specific Differences in Two Large Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genotype Clusters in Isolates Collected from Homeless Patients in New York City from 2001 to 2004.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 2890-2896
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gopaul, K. K., Brown, T. J., Gibson, A. L., Yates, M. D., Drobniewski, F. A.
(2006). Progression Toward an Improved DNA Amplification-Based Typing Technique in the Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Epidemiology.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 2492-2498
[Abstract][Full Text]
Diel, R., Ernst, M., Doscher, G., Visuri-Karbe, L., Greinert, U., Niemann, S., Nienhaus, A., Lange, C.
(2006). Avoiding the effect of BCG vaccination in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with a blood test. Eur Respir J
28: 16-23
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tanaka, M. M., Francis, A. R., Luciani, F., Sisson, S. A.
(2006). Using Approximate Bayesian Computation to Estimate Tuberculosis Transmission Parameters From Genotype Data. Genetics
173: 1511-1520
[Abstract][Full Text]
Filliol, I., Motiwala, A. S., Cavatore, M., Qi, W., Hazbon, M. H., Bobadilla del Valle, M., Fyfe, J., Garcia-Garcia, L., Rastogi, N., Sola, C., Zozio, T., Guerrero, M. I., Leon, C. I., Crabtree, J., Angiuoli, S., Eisenach, K. D., Durmaz, R., Joloba, M. L., Rendon, A., Sifuentes-Osornio, J., Ponce de Leon, A., Cave, M. D., Fleischmann, R., Whittam, T. S., Alland, D.
(2006). Global Phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis: Insights into Tuberculosis Evolution, Phylogenetic Accuracy of Other DNA Fingerprinting Systems, and Recommendations for a Minimal Standard SNP Set. J. Bacteriol.
188: 759-772
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brudey, K., Filliol, I., Ferdinand, S., Guernier, V., Duval, P., Maubert, B., Sola, C., Rastogi, N.
(2006). Long-Term Population-Based Genotyping Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates in the French Departments of the Americas. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 183-191
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2005). American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: Controlling Tuberculosis in the United States. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
172: 1169-1227
[Full Text]
Wootton, S. H., Gonzalez, B. E., Pawlak, R., Teeter, L. D., Smith, K. C., Musser, J. M., Starke, J. R., Graviss, E. A.
(2005). Epidemiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis Using Traditional and Molecular Techniques: Houston, Texas. Pediatrics
116: 1141-1147
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hazbon, M. H., Bobadilla del Valle, M., Guerrero, M. I., Varma-Basil, M., Filliol, I., Cavatore, M., Colangeli, R., Safi, H., Billman-Jacobe, H., Lavender, C., Fyfe, J., Garcia-Garcia, L., Davidow, A., Brimacombe, M., Leon, C. I., Porras, T., Bose, M., Chaves, F., Eisenach, K. D., Sifuentes-Osornio, J., Ponce de Leon, A., Cave, M. D., Alland, D.
(2005). Role of embB Codon 306 Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Revisited: a Novel Association with Broad Drug Resistance and IS6110 Clustering Rather than Ethambutol Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
49: 3794-3802
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Deutekom, H., Supply, P., de Haas, P. E. W., Willery, E., Hoijng, S. P., Locht, C., Coutinho, R. A., van Soolingen, D.
(2005). Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis, a More Accurate Method for Identifying Epidemiological Links between Patients with Tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 4473-4479
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Rie, A., Victor, T. C., Richardson, M., Johnson, R., van der Spuy, G. D., Murray, E. J., Beyers, N., van Pittius, N. C. G., van Helden, P. D., Warren, R. M.
(2005). Reinfection and Mixed Infection Cause Changing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug-Resistance Patterns. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
172: 636-642
[Abstract][Full Text]
Balabanova, Y, Coker, R, Fedorin, I, Zakharova, S, Plavinskij, S, Krukov, N, Atun, R, Drobniewski, F
(2005). Variability in interpretation of chest radiographs among Russian clinicians and implications for screening programmes: observational study. BMJ
331: 379-382
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yew, W. W., Leung, C. C.
(2005). Are Some People Not Safer after Successful Treatment of Tuberculosis?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
171: 1324-1325
[Full Text]
Geng, E., Kreiswirth, B., Burzynski, J., Schluger, N. W.
(2005). Clinical and Radiographic Correlates of Primary and Reactivation Tuberculosis: A Molecular Epidemiology Study. JAMA
293: 2740-2745
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schluger, N. W.
(2005). The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis: The First One Hundred (and Twenty-Three) Years. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
32: 251-256
[Full Text]
Cave, M. D., Yang, Z. H., Stefanova, R., Fomukong, N., Ijaz, K., Bates, J., Eisenach, K. D.
(2005). Epidemiologic Import of Tuberculosis Cases Whose Isolates Have Similar but Not Identical IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Patterns. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 1228-1233
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kempf, M.-C., Dunlap, N. E., Lok, K. H., Benjamin, W. H. Jr., Keenan, N. B., Kimerling, M. E.
(2005). Long-Term Molecular Analysis of Tuberculosis Strains in Alabama, a State Characterized by a Largely Indigenous, Low-Risk Population. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 870-878
[Abstract][Full Text]
Scott, A. N., Menzies, D., Tannenbaum, T.-N., Thibert, L., Kozak, R., Joseph, L., Schwartzman, K., Behr, M. A.
(2005). Sensitivities and Specificities of Spoligotyping and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Typing Methods for Studying Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 89-94
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gany, F. M., Trinh-Shevrin, C., Changrani, J.
(2005). Drive-by Readings: A Creative Strategy for Tuberculosis Control Among Immigrants. AJPH
95: 117-119
[Abstract][Full Text]
Varma-Basil, M., El-Hajj, H., Colangeli, R., Hazbon, M. H., Kumar, S., Bose, M., Bobadilla-del-Valle, M., Garcia, L. G., Hernandez, A., Kramer, F. R., Osornio, J. S., Ponce-de-Leon, A., Alland, D.
(2004). Rapid Detection of Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from India and Mexico by a Molecular Beacon Assay. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 5512-5516
[Abstract][Full Text]
Young, S. K., Taylor, G. M., Jain, S., Suneetha, L. M., Suneetha, S., Lockwood, D. N. J., Young, D. B.
(2004). Microsatellite Mapping of Mycobacterium leprae Populations in Infected Humans. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 4931-4936
[Abstract][Full Text]
Easterbrook, P. J., Gibson, A., Murad, S., Lamprecht, D., Ives, N., Ferguson, A., Lowe, O., Mason, P., Ndudzo, A., Taziwa, A., Makombe, R., Mbengeranwa, L., Sola, C., Rostogi, N., Drobniewski, F.
(2004). High Rates of Clustering of Strains Causing Tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a Molecular Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 4536-4544
[Abstract][Full Text]
McNabb, S. J. N., Kammerer, J. S., Hickey, A. C., Braden, C. R., Shang, N., Rosenblum, L. S., Navin, T. R.
(2004). Added Epidemiologic Value to Tuberculosis Prevention and Control of the Investigation of Clustered Genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates. Am J Epidemiol
160: 589-597
[Abstract][Full Text]
Diel, R., Rusch-Gerdes, S., Niemann, S.
(2004). Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis among Immigrants in Hamburg, Germany. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 2952-2960
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brudey, K., Gordon, M., Mostrom, P., Svensson, L., Jonsson, B., Sola, C., Ridell, M., Rastogi, N.
(2004). Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Western Sweden. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 3046-3051
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nguyen, D., Brassard, P., Menzies, D., Thibert, L., Warren, R., Mostowy, S., Behr, M.
(2004). Genomic Characterization of an Endemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain: Evolutionary and Epidemiologic Implications. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 2573-2580
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daley, C. L.
(2004). Tuberculosis Contact Investigations: Please Don't Fail Me Now. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
169: 779-781
[Full Text]
Hernandez-Garduno, E, Cook, V, Kunimoto, D, Elwood, R K, Black, W A, FitzGerald, J M
(2004). Transmission of tuberculosis from smear negative patients: a molecular epidemiology study. Thorax
59: 286-290
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Deutekom, H., Hoijng, S. P., de Haas, P. E. W., Langendam, M. W., Horsman, A., van Soolingen, D., Coutinho, R. A.
(2004). Clustered Tuberculosis Cases: Do They Represent Recent Transmission and Can They Be Detected Earlier?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
169: 806-810
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kulaga, S., Behr, M., Nguyen, D., Brinkman, J., Westley, J., Menzies, D., Brassard, P., Tannenbaum, T., Thibert, L., Boivin, J.-F., Joseph, L., Schwartzman, K.
(2004). Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in an Immigrant Population: Evidence against a Founder Effect. Am J Epidemiol
159: 507-513
[Abstract][Full Text]
Seidler, A, Nienhaus, A, Diel, R
(2004). The transmission of tuberculosis in the light of new molecular biological approaches. Occup. Environ. Med.
61: 96-102
[Abstract][Full Text]
van der Spuy, G. D., Warren, R. M., Richardson, M., Beyers, N., Behr, M. A., van Helden, P. D.
(2003). Use of Genetic Distance as a Measure of Ongoing Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 5640-5644
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nguyen, D., Proulx, J.-F., Westley, J., Thibert, L., Dery, S., Behr, M. A.
(2003). Tuberculosis in the Inuit Community of Quebec, Canada. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
168: 1353-1357
[Abstract][Full Text]
Inigo, J, Arce, A, Martin-Moreno, J., Herruzo, R, Palenque, E, Chaves, F
(2003). Recent transmission of tuberculosis in Madrid: application of capture-recapture analysis to conventional and molecular epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol
32: 763-769
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vernon, A. A, McNabb, M S.
(2003). Commentary: Can capture-recapture analysis of epidemiological and molecular data help us understand recent tuberculosis transmission?. Int J Epidemiol
32: 770-771
[Full Text]
Barnes, P. F., Cave, M. D.
(2003). Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis. NEJM
349: 1149-1156
[Full Text]
Vukovic, D., Rusch-Gerdes, S., Savic, B., Niemann, S.
(2003). Molecular Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Belgrade, Central Serbia. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 4372-4377
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nguyen, D., Brassard, P., Westley, J., Thibert, L., Proulx, M., Henry, K., Schwartzman, K., Menzies, D., Behr, M. A.
(2003). Widespread Pyrazinamide-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Family in a Low-Incidence Setting. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 2878-2883
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pena, M J, Caminero, J A, Campos-Herrero, M I, Rodriguez-Gallego, J C, Garcia-Laorden, M I, Cabrera, P, Torres, M J, Lafarga, B, Rodriguez de Castro, F, Samper, S, Canas, F, Enarson, D A, Martin, C
(2003). Epidemiology of tuberculosis on Gran Canaria: a 4 year population study using traditional and molecular approaches. Thorax
58: 618-622
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kwara, A., Schiro, R., Cowan, L. S., Hyslop, N. E., Wiser, M. F., Roahen Harrison, S., Kissinger, P., Diem, L., Crawford, J. T.
(2003). Evaluation of the Epidemiologic Utility of Secondary Typing Methods for Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 2683-2685
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alland, D., Whittam, T. S., Murray, M. B., Cave, M. D., Hazbon, M. H., Dix, K., Kokoris, M., Duesterhoeft, A., Eisen, J. A., Fraser, C. M., Fleischmann, R. D.
(2003). Modeling Bacterial Evolution with Comparative-Genome-Based Marker Systems: Application to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evolution and Pathogenesis. J. Bacteriol.
185: 3392-3399
[Abstract][Full Text]
Drobniewski, F. A., Gibson, A., Ruddy, M., Yates, M. D.
(2003). Evaluation and Utilization as a Public Health Tool of a National Molecular Epidemiological Tuberculosis Outbreak Database within the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2001. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 1861-1868
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maguire, H, Dale, J W, McHugh, T D, Butcher, P D, Gillespie, S H, Costetsos, A, Al-Ghusein, H, Holland, R, Dickens, A, Marston, L, Wilson, P, Pitman, R, Strachan, D, Drobniewski, F A, Banerjee, D K
(2003). Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in London 1995-7 showing low rate of active transmission. Mol. Pathol.
56: 121-126
[Abstract][Full Text]
Warren, R. M., Streicher, E. M., Sampson, S. L., van der Spuy, G. D., Richardson, M., Nguyen, D., Behr, M. A., Victor, T. C., van Helden, P. D.
(2002). Microevolution of the Direct Repeat Region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Implications for Interpretation of Spoligotyping Data. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 4457-4465
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, Q., Whalen, C. C., Albert, J. M., Larkin, R., Zukowski, L., Cave, M. D., Silver, R. F.
(2002). Differences in Rate and Variability of Intracellular Growth of a Panel of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates within a Human Monocyte Model. Infect. Immun.
70: 6489-6493
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ruddy, M., McHugh, T. D., Dale, J. W., Banerjee, D., Maguire, H., Wilson, P., Drobniewski, F., Butcher, P., Gillespie, S. H.
(2002). Estimation of the Rate of Unrecognized Cross-Contamination with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in London Microbiology Laboratories. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 4100-4104
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weis, S.
(2002). Contact Investigations: How Do They Need to Be Designed for the 21st Century?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
166: 1016-1017
[Full Text]
Fleischmann, R. D., Alland, D., Eisen, J. A., Carpenter, L., White, O., Peterson, J., DeBoy, R., Dodson, R., Gwinn, M., Haft, D., Hickey, E., Kolonay, J. F., Nelson, W. C., Umayam, L. A., Ermolaeva, M., Salzberg, S. L., Delcher, A., Utterback, T., Weidman, J., Khouri, H., Gill, J., Mikula, A., Bishai, W., Jacobs, W. R. Jr., Venter, J. C., Fraser, C. M.
(2002). Whole-Genome Comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical and Laboratory Strains. J. Bacteriol.
184: 5479-5490
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Viedma, D. G., Marin, M., Hernangomez, S., Diaz, M., Serrano, M. J. R., Alcala, L., Bouza, E.
(2002). Tuberculosis Recurrences: Reinfection Plays a Role in a Population Whose Clinical/Epidemiological Characteristics Do Not Favor Reinfection. Arch Intern Med
162: 1873-1879
[Abstract][Full Text]
Niemann, S., Rusch-Gerdes, S., Joloba, M. L., Whalen, C. C., Guwatudde, D., Ellner, J. J., Eisenach, K., Fumokong, N., Johnson, J. L., Aisu, T., Mugerwa, R. D., Okwera, A., Schwander, S. K.
(2002). Mycobacterium africanum Subtype II Is Associated with Two Distinct Genotypes and Is a Major Cause of Human Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 3398-3405
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hernandez-Garduno, E., Kunimoto, D., Wang, L., Rodrigues, M., Elwood, R. K., Black, W., Mak, S., FitzGerald, J. M.
(2002). Predictors of clustering of tuberculosis in Greater Vancouver: a molecular epidemiologic study. CMAJ
167: 349-352
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kulaga, S., Behr, M., Musana, K., Brinkman, J., Menzies, D., Brassard, P., Kunimoto, D., Tannenbaum, T.-N., Thibert, L., Joseph, L., Boivin, J.-F., Schwartzman, K.
(2002). Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Montreal. CMAJ
167: 353-354
[Full Text]
Murray, M. B.
(2002). Molecular epidemiology and the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission among foreign-born people. CMAJ
167: 355-356
[Full Text]
Weis, S. E., Pogoda, J. M., Yang, Z., Cave, M. D., Wallace, C., Kelley, M., Barnes, P. F.
(2002). Transmission Dynamics of Tuberculosis in Tarrant County, Texas. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
166: 36-42
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maguire, H, Dale, J W, McHugh, T D, Butcher, P D, Gillespie, S H, Costetsos, A, Al-Ghusein, H, Holland, R, Dickens, A, Marston, L, Wilson, P, Pitman, R, Strachan, D, Drobniewski, F A, Banerjee, D K
(2002). Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in London 1995-7 showing low rate of active transmission. Thorax
57: 617-622
[Abstract][Full Text]
Geng, E., Kreiswirth, B., Driver, C., Li, J., Burzynski, J., DellaLatta, P., LaPaz, A., Schluger, N. W.
(2002). Changes in the Transmission of Tuberculosis in New York City from 1990 to 1999. NEJM
346: 1453-1458
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bruchfeld, J., Aderaye, G., Palme, I. B., Bjorvatn, B., Ghebremichael, S., Hoffner, S., Lindquist, L.
(2002). Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Ethiopian Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 1636-1643
[Abstract][Full Text]
Warren, R. M., van der Spuy, G. D., Richardson, M., Beyers, N., Borgdorff, M. W., Behr, M. A., van Helden, P. D.
(2002). Calculation of the Stability of the IS6110 Banding Pattern in Patients with Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disease. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 1705-1708
[Abstract][Full Text]
Warren, R. M., van der Spuy, G. D., Richardson, M., Beyers, N., Booysen, C., Behr, M. A., van Helden, P. D.
(2002). Evolution of the IS6110-Based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Pattern during the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 1277-1282
[Abstract][Full Text]
NITTA, A. T., KNOWLES, L. S., KIM, J., LEHNKERING, E. L., BORENSTEIN, L. A., DAVIDSON, P. T., HARVEY, S. M., DE KONING, M. L.
(2002). Limited Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Despite a High Proportion of Infectious Cases in Los Angeles County, California. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
165: 812-817
[Abstract][Full Text]
Murray, M., Alland, D.
(2002). Methodological Problems in the Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis. Am J Epidemiol
155: 565-571
[Abstract][Full Text]
RUIZ GARCIA, M., RODRIGUEZ, J.C., NAVARRO, J.F., SAMPER, S., MARTIN, C., ROYO, G.
(2002). Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Elche, Spain: a 7-year study. J Med Microbiol
51: 273-277
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gillespie, S. H.
(2002). Evolution of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Clinical and Molecular Perspective. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 267-274
[Full Text]
Diel, R., Schneider, S., Meywald-Walter, K., Ruf, C.-M., Rusch-Gerdes, S., Niemann, S.
(2002). Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Hamburg, Germany: Long-Term Population-Based Analysis Applying Classical and Molecular Epidemiological Techniques. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 532-539
[Abstract][Full Text]
Murray, M.
(2002). Determinants of cluster distribution in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
10.1073/pnas.022618299v1
[Abstract][Full Text]
Scanga, C. A., Mohan, V. P., Tanaka, K., Alland, D., Flynn, J. L., Chan, J.
(2001). The Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Locus Confers Protection against Aerogenic Challenge of Both Clinical and Laboratory Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice. Infect. Immun.
69: 7711-7717
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dobbs, K. G., Lok, K. H., Bruce, F., Mulcahy, D., Benjamin, W. H., Dunlap, N. E.
(2001). Value of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fingerprinting as a Tool in a Rural State Surveillance Program. Chest
120: 1877-1882
[Abstract][Full Text]
CAMINERO, J. A., PENA, M. J., CAMPOS-HERRERO, M. I., RODRIGUEZ, J. C., GARCIA, I., CABRERA, P., LAFOZ, C., SAMPER, S., TAKIFF, H., AFONSO, O., PAVON, J. M., TORRES, M. J., SOOLINGEN, D. V., ENARSON, D. A., MARTIN, C.
(2001). Epidemiological Evidence of the Spread of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain of the Beijing Genotype on Gran Canaria Island. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
164: 1165-1170
[Abstract][Full Text]
Barr, R. G., Diez-Roux, A. V., Knirsch, C. A., Pablos-Mendez, A.
(2001). Neighborhood Poverty and the Resurgence of Tuberculosis in New York City, 1984-1992. AJPH
91: 1487-1493
[Abstract][Full Text]
Antonucci, G., Girardi, E., Raviglione, M., Vanacore, P., Angarano, G., Chirianni, A., Pagano, G., Suter, F., Lauria, F.N., Ippolito, G., GISTA,
(2001). Guidelines of tuberculosis preventive therapy for HIV-infected persons: a prospective, multicentre study. Eur Respir J
18: 369-375
[Abstract][Full Text]
Foxman, B., Riley, L.
(2001). Molecular Epidemiology: Focus on Infection. Am J Epidemiol
153: 1135-1141
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, Z. H., Bates, J. H., Eisenach, K. D., Cave, M. D.
(2001). Secondary Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates with Matching IS6110 Fingerprints from Different Geographic Regions of the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39: 1691-1695
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dahle, U. R., Sandven, P., Heldal, E., Caugant, D. A.
(2001). Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Norway. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39: 1802-1807
[Abstract][Full Text]
Long, R., Chui, L., Kakulphimp, J., Zielinski, M., Talbot, J., Kunimoto, D.
(2001). Postsanatorium Pattern of Antituberculous Drug Resistance in the Canadian-born Population of Western Canada: Effect of Outpatient Care and Immigration. Am J Epidemiol
153: 903-911
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lockman, S., Sheppard, J. D., Braden, C. R., Mwasekaga, M. J., Woodley, C. L., Kenyon, T. A., Binkin, N. J., Steinman, M., Montsho, F., Kesupile-Reed, M., Hirschfeldt, C., Notha, M., Moeti, T., Tappero, J. W.
(2001). Molecular and Conventional Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Botswana: a Population-Based Prospective Study of 301 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39: 1042-1047
[Abstract][Full Text]
Van Rie, A., Warren, R., Mshanga, I., Jordaan, A. M, van der Spuy, G. D., Richardson, M., Simpson, J., Gie, R. P., Enarson, D. A., Beyers, N., van Helden, P. D., Victor, T. C.
(2001). Analysis for a Limited Number of Gene Codons Can Predict Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a High-Incidence Community. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39: 636-641
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gascoyne-Binzi, D. M., Barlow, R. E. L., Frothingham, R., Robinson, G., Collyns, T. A., Gelletlie, R., Hawkey, P. M.
(2001). Rapid Identification of Laboratory Contamination with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39: 69-74
[Abstract][Full Text]
Soini, H., Pan, X., Teeter, L., Musser, J. M., Graviss, E. A.
(2001). Transmission Dynamics and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates with Low Copy Numbers of IS6110. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39: 217-221
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kempainen, R., Nelson, K., Williams, D. N., Hedemark, L.
(2001). Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disease in Somali Immigrants in Minnesota. Chest
119: 176-180
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hopewell, P. C.
(2000). Targeting Tuberculosis Prevention. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
162: 2017-2018
[Full Text]
(2000). Misdiagnoses of Tuberculosis Resulting From Laboratory Cross-Contamination of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Cultures--New Jersey, 1998. JAMA
283: 3191-3193
[Full Text]
Chin, D. P., Crane, C. M., Diul, M. Y., Sun, S. J., Agraz, R., Taylor, S., Desmond, E., Wise, F.
(2000). Spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Community Implementing Recommended Elements of Tuberculosis Control. JAMA
283: 2968-2974
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
