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Previous Volume 331:896-903 October 6, 1994 Number 14 Next

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ABSTRACT

Background About 65 percent of previously untreated adults with primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) enter complete remission when treated with cytarabine and an anthracycline. However, such responses are rarely durable when conventional postremission therapy is administered. Uncontrolled trials have suggested that intensive postremission therapy may prolong these complete remissions.

Methods We treated 1088 adults with newly diagnosed AML with three days of daunorubicin and seven days of cytarabine and randomly assigned patients who had a complete remission to receive four courses of cytarabine at one of three doses: 100 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day for five days by continuous infusion, 400 mg per square meter per day for five days by continuous infusion, or 3 g per square meter in a 3-hour infusion every 12 hours (twice daily) on days 1, 3, and 5. All patients then received four courses of monthly maintenance treatment.

Results Of the 693 patients who had a complete remission, 596 were randomly assigned to receive postremission cytarabine. After a median follow-up of 52 months, the disease-free survival rates in the three treatment groups were significantly different (P = 0.003). Relative to the 100-mg group, the hazard ratios were 0.67 for the 3-g group (95 percent confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.86) and 0.75 for the 400-mg group (95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.94). The probability of remaining in continuous complete remission after four years for patients 60 years of age or younger was 24 percent in the 100-mg group, 29 percent in the 400-mg group, and 44 percent in the 3-g group (P = 0.002). In contrast, for patients older than 60, the probability of remaining disease-free after four years was 16 percent or less in each of the three postremission cytarabine groups.

Conclusions These data support the concept of a dose-response effect for cytarabine in patients with AML who are 60 years of age or younger. The results with the high-dose schedule in this age group are comparable to those reported in similar patients who have undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation during a first remission.

Source Information

From the Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.J.M., D.T.B., E.F.); the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.B.D.); University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore (C.A.S.); Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (B.L.P.); North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, N.Y. (P.S.); University of Alabama, Birmingham (G.A.O.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. (J.O.M.); and Dartmouth Medical School-Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, N.H. (O.R.M.). The Cancer and Leukemia Group B institutions that participated in this study are listed in the Appendix.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Mayer at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115.

Full Text of this Article

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Post-Remission Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia
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N Engl J Med 1995; 332:334-335, Feb 2, 1995. Correspondence

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• Castaigne, S., Chevret, S., Archimbaud, E., Fenaux, P., Bordessoule, D., Tilly, H., de Revel, T., Simon, M., Dupriez, B., Renoux, M., Janvier, M., Miclea, J.-M., Thomas, X., Bastard, C., Preudhomme, C., Bauters, F., Degos, L., Dombret, H. (2004). Randomized comparison of double induction and timed-sequential induction to a "3 + 7" induction in adults with AML: long-term analysis of the Acute Leukemia French Association (ALFA) 9000 study. Blood 104: 2467-2474 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Minami, H., Ohe, Y., Niho, S., Goto, K., Ohmatsu, H., Kubota, K., Kakinuma, R., Nishiwaki, Y., Nokihara, H., Sekine, I., Saijo, N., Hanada, K., Ogata, H. (2004). Comparison of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Docetaxel and Cisplatin in Elderly and Non-Elderly Patients: Why Is Toxicity Increased in Elderly Patients?. JCO 22: 2901-2908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Marcucci, G., Mrozek, K., Ruppert, A. S., Archer, K. J., Pettenati, M. J., Heerema, N. A., Carroll, A. J., Koduru, P. R.K., Kolitz, J. E., Sterling, L. J., Edwards, C. G., Anastasi, J., Larson, R. A., Bloomfield, C. D. (2004). Abnormal Cytogenetics at Date of Morphologic Complete Remission Predicts Short Overall and Disease-Free Survival, and Higher Relapse Rate in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Results From Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8461. JCO 22: 2410-2418 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sekeres, M. A., Peterson, B., Dodge, R. K., Mayer, R. J., Moore, J. O., Lee, E. J., Kolitz, J., Baer, M. R., Schiffer, C. A., Carroll, A. J., Vardiman, J. W., Davey, F. R., Bloomfield, C. D., Larson, R. A., Stone, R. M. (2004). Differences in prognostic factors and outcomes in African Americans and whites with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 103: 4036-4042 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ossenkoppele, G. J., Graveland, W. J., Sonneveld, P., Daenen, S. M. G. J., Biesma, D. H., Verdonck, L. F., Schaafsma, M. R., Westveer, P. H. M., Peters, G. J., Noordhuis, P., Muus, P., Selleslag, D., van der Holt, B., Delforge, M., Lowenberg, B., Verhoef, G. E. G. (2004). The value of fludarabine in addition to ARA-C and G-CSF in the treatment of patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and AML in elderly patients. Blood 103: 2908-2913 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tallman, M. S., Kim, H. T., Paietta, E., Bennett, J. M., Dewald, G., Cassileth, P. A., Wiernik, P. H., Rowe, J. M. (2004). Acute Monocytic Leukemia (French-American-British classification M5) Does Not Have a Worse Prognosis Than Other Subtypes of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Report From the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. JCO 22: 1276-1286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Byrd, J. C., Ruppert, A. S., Mrozek, K., Carroll, A. J., Edwards, C. G., Arthur, D. C., Pettenati, M. J., Stamberg, J., Koduru, P. R.K., Moore, J. O., Mayer, R. J., Davey, F. R., Larson, R. A., Bloomfield, C. D. (2004). Repetitive Cycles of High-Dose Cytarabine Benefit Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia and inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22): Results from CALGB 8461. JCO 22: 1087-1094 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stone, R. M., O'Donnell, M. R., Sekeres, M. A. (2004). Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ASH Education Book 2004: 98-117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Buchner, T., Hiddemann, W., Berdel, W. E., Wormann, B., Schoch, C., Fonatsch, C., Loffler, H., Haferlach, T., Ludwig, W.-D., Maschmeyer, G., Staib, P., Aul, C., Gruneisen, A., Lengfelder, E., Frickhofen, N., Kern, W., Serve, H. L., Mesters, R. M., Sauerland, M. C., Heinecke, A. (2003). 6-Thioguanine, Cytarabine, and Daunorubicin (TAD) and High-Dose Cytarabine and Mitoxantrone (HAM) for Induction, TAD for Consolidation, and Either Prolonged Maintenance by Reduced Monthly TAD or TAD-HAM-TAD and One Course of Intensive Consolidation by Sequential HAM in Adult Patients at All Ages With De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): A Randomized Trial of the German AML Cooperative Group. JCO 21: 4496-4504 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lancet, J. E., Karp, J. E. (2003). Farnesyltransferase inhibitors in hematologic malignancies: new horizons in therapy. Blood 102: 3880-3889 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mengis, C., Aebi, S., Tobler, A., Dahler, W., Fey, M. F. (2003). Assessment of Differences in Patient Populations Selected for or Excluded From Participation in Clinical Phase III Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Trials. JCO 21: 3933-3939 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kantarjian, H., Gandhi, V., Cortes, J., Verstovsek, S., Du, M., Garcia-Manero, G., Giles, F., Faderl, S., O'Brien, S., Jeha, S., Davis, J., Shaked, Z., Craig, A., Keating, M., Plunkett, W., Freireich, E. J (2003). Phase 2 clinical and pharmacologic study of clofarabine in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 102: 2379-2386 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lowenberg, B., van Putten, W., Theobald, M., Gmur, J., Verdonck, L., Sonneveld, P., Fey, M., Schouten, H., de Greef, G., Ferrant, A., Kovacsovics, T., Gratwohl, A., Daenen, S., Huijgens, P., Boogaerts, M., the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology (HOVON) Cooperat, (2003). Effect of Priming with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on the Outcome of Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. NEJM 349: 743-752 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Suciu, S., Mandelli, F., de Witte, T., Zittoun, R., Gallo, E., Labar, B., De Rosa, G., Belhabri, A., Giustolisi, R., Delarue, R., Liso, V., Mirto, S., Leone, G., Bourhis, J.-H., Fioritoni, G., Jehn, U., Amadori, S., Fazi, P., Hagemeijer, A., Willemze, R. (2003). Allogeneic compared with autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of patients younger than 46 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1): an intention-to-treat analysis of the EORTC/GIMEMAAML-10 trial. Blood 102: 1232-1240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Delaunay, J., Vey, N., Leblanc, T., Fenaux, P., Rigal-Huguet, F., Witz, F., Lamy, T., Auvrignon, A., Blaise, D., Pigneux, A., Mugneret, F., Bastard, C., Dastugue, N., Van den Akker, J., Fiere, D., Reiffers, J., Castaigne, S., Leverger, G., Harousseau, J.-L., Dombret, H. (2003). Prognosis of inv(16)/t(16;16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a survey of 110 cases from the French AML Intergroup. Blood 102: 462-469 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sievers, E. L., Lange, B. J., Alonzo, T. A., Gerbing, R. B., Bernstein, I. D., Smith, F. O., Arceci, R. J., Woods, W. G., Loken, M. R. (2003). Immunophenotypic evidence of leukemia after induction therapy predicts relapse: results from a prospective Children's Cancer Group study of 252 patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 101: 3398-3406 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stein, A. S., O'Donnell, M. R., Slovak, M. L., Snyder, D. S., Nademanee, A. P., Parker, P., Molina, A., Somlo, G., Fung, H. C., Krishnan, A., Rodriguez, R., Spielberger, R. T., Wang, S., Dagis, A., Vora, N., Arber, D. A., Niland, J. C., Forman, S. J. (2003). Interleukin-2 After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Adult Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Complete Remission. JCO 21: 615-623 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kern, W., Haferlach, T., Schoch, C., Loffler, H., Gassmann, W., Heinecke, A., Sauerland, M. C., Berdel, W., Buchner, T., Hiddemann, W. (2003). Early blast clearance by remission induction therapy is a major independent prognostic factor for both achievement of complete remission and long-term outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: data from the German AML Cooperative Group (AMLCG) 1992 Trial. Blood 101: 64-70 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Byrd, J. C., Mrozek, K., Dodge, R. K., Carroll, A. J., Edwards, C. G., Arthur, D. C., Pettenati, M. J., Patil, S. R., Rao, K. W., Watson, M. S., Koduru, P. R. K., Moore, J. O., Stone, R. M., Mayer, R. J., Feldman, E. J., Davey, F. R., Schiffer, C. A., Larson, R. A., Bloomfield, C. D. (2002). Pretreatment cytogenetic abnormalities are predictive of induction success, cumulative incidence of relapse, and overall survival in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 8461). Blood 100: 4325-4336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Frohling, S., Schlenk, R. F., Breitruck, J., Benner, A., Kreitmeier, S., Tobis, K., Dohner, H., Dohner, K. (2002). Prognostic significance of activating FLT3 mutations in younger adults (16 to 60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the AML Study Group Ulm. Blood 100: 4372-4380 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anderson, J. E., Kopecky, K. J., Willman, C. L., Head, D., O'Donnell, M. R., Luthardt, F. W., Norwood, T. H., Chen, I-M., Balcerzak, S. P., Johnson, D. B., Appelbaum, F. R. (2002). Outcome after induction chemotherapy for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia is not improved with mitoxantrone and etoposide compared to cytarabine and daunorubicin: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 100: 3869-3876 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stone, R. M. (2002). The Difficult Problem of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Older Adult. CA Cancer J Clin 52: 363-371 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Seiter, K., Liu, D., Loughran, T., Siddiqui, A., Baskind, P., Ahmed, T. (2002). Phase I Study of Temozolomide in Relapsed/Refractory Acute Leukemia. JCO 20: 3249-3253 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baer, M. R., George, S. L., Dodge, R. K., O'Loughlin, K. L., Minderman, H., Caligiuri, M. A., Anastasi, J., Powell, B. L., Kolitz, J. E., Schiffer, C. A., Bloomfield, C. D., Larson, R. A. (2002). Phase 3 study of the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9720. Blood 100: 1224-1232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bass, A. J., Gockerman, J. P., Hammett, E., DeCastro, C. M., Adams, D. J., Rosner, G. L., Payne, N., Davis, P., Foster, T., Moore, J. O., Rizzieri, D. A. (2002). Phase I Evaluation of Prolonged-Infusion Gemcitabine With Irinotecan for Relapsed or Refractory Leukemia or Lymphoma. JCO 20: 2995-3000 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perel, Y., Auvrignon, A., Leblanc, T., Vannier, J.-P., Michel, G., Nelken, B., Gandemer, V., Schmitt, C., Lamagnere, J.-P., De Lumley, L., Bader-Meunier, B., Couillaud, G., Schaison, G., Landman-Parker, J., Thuret, I., Dalle, J.-H., Baruchel, A., Leverger, G. (2002). Impact of Addition of Maintenance Therapy to Intensive Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy for Childhood Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial, LAME 89/91. JCO 20: 2774-2782 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Partridge, A. H., Avorn, J., Wang, P. S., Winer, E. P. (2002). Adherence to Therapy With Oral Antineoplastic Agents. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 652-661 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Giles, F. J., Keating, A., Goldstone, A. H., Avivi, I., Willman, C. L., Kantarjian, H. M. (2002). Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ASH Education Book 2002: 73-110 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goldstone, A. H., Burnett, A. K., Wheatley, K., Smith, A. G., Hutchinson, R. M., Clark, R. E. (2001). Attempts to improve treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients: the results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood 98: 1302-1311 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stone, R. M., Berg, D. T., George, S. L., Dodge, R. K., Paciucci, P. A., Schulman, P. P., Lee, E. J., Moore, J. O., Powell, B. L., Baer, M. R., Bloomfield, C. D., Schiffer, C. A. (2001). Postremission therapy in older patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized trial comparing mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine with standard-dose cytarabine. Blood 98: 548-553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bunjes, D., Buchmann, I., Duncker, C., Seitz, U., Kotzerke, J., Wiesneth, M., Dohr, D., Stefanic, M., Buck, A., Harsdorf, S. V., Glatting, G., Grimminger, W., Karakas, T., Munzert, G., Dohner, H., Bergmann, L., Reske, S. N. (2001). Rhenium 188-labeled anti-CD66 (a, b, c, e) monoclonal antibody to intensify the conditioning regimen prior to stem cell transplantation for patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: results of a phase I-II study. Blood 98: 565-572 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bross, P. F., Beitz, J., Chen, G., Chen, X. H., Duffy, E., Kieffer, L., Roy, S., Sridhara, R., Rahman, A., Williams, G., Pazdur, R. (2001). Approval Summary: Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin. Cancer Res. 7: 1490-1496 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stirewalt, D. L., Kopecky, K. J., Meshinchi, S., Appelbaum, F. R., Slovak, M. L., Willman, C. L., Radich, J. P. (2001). FLT3, RAS, and TP53 mutations in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 97: 3589-3595 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Creutzig, U., Ritter, J., Zimmermann, M., Reinhardt, D., Hermann, J., Berthold, F., Henze, G., Jurgens, H., Kabisch, H., Havers, W., Reiter, A., Kluba, U., Niggli, F., Gadner, H. (2001). Improved Treatment Results in High-Risk Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients After Intensification With High-Dose Cytarabine and Mitoxantrone: Results of Study Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster 93. JCO 19: 2705-2713 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davies, S. M., Robison, L. L., Buckley, J. D., Tjoa, T., Woods, W. G., Radloff, G. A., Ross, J. A., Perentesis, J. P. (2001). Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Outcome of Chemotherapy in Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia. JCO 19: 1279-1287 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Woods, W. G., Neudorf, S., Gold, S., Sanders, J., Buckley, J. D., Barnard, D. R., Dusenbery, K., DeSwarte, J., Arthur, D. C., Lange, B. J., Kobrinsky, N. L. (2001). A comparison of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and aggressive chemotherapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia in remission: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 97: 56-62 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Venditti, A., Buccisano, F., Del Poeta, G., Maurillo, L., Tamburini, A., Cox, C., Battaglia, A., Catalano, G., Del Moro, B., Cudillo, L., Postorino, M., Masi, M., Amadori, S. (2000). Level of minimal residual disease after consolidation therapy predicts outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 96: 3948-3952 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Estey, E. H. (2000). How I treat older patients with AML. Blood 96: 1670-1673 [Full Text]  
• Tallman, M. S., Rowlings, P. A., Milone, G., Zhang, M.-J., Perez, W. S., Weisdorf, D., Keating, A., Gale, R. P., Geller, R. B., Laughlin, M. J., Lazarus, H. M., Luger, S. M., McCarthy, P. L., Rowe, J. M., Saez, R. A., Vowels, M. R., Horowitz, M. M. (2000). Effect of postremission chemotherapy before human leukocyte antigen-identical sibling transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia in first complete remission. Blood 96: 1254-1258 [Abstract] [Full Text]