FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Volume 331:1173-1180 November 3, 1994 Number 18 Next

	Full Text Letters Letters Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background and Methods Maternal-infant transmission is the primary means by which young children become infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of zidovudine in reducing the risk of maternal-infant HIV transmission. HIV-infected pregnant women (14 to 34 weeks' gestation) with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts above 200 cells per cubic millimeter who had not received antiretroviral therapy during the current pregnancy were enrolled. The zidovudine regimen included antepartum zidovudine (100 mg orally five times daily), intrapartum zidovudine (2 mg per kilogram of body weight given intravenously over a one-hour period, then 1 mg per kilogram per hour until delivery), and zidovudine for the newborn (2 mg per kilogram orally every six hours for six weeks). Infants with at least one positive HIV culture of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were classified as HIV-infected.

Results From April 1991 through December 20, 1993, the cutoff date for the first interim analysis of efficacy, 477 pregnant women were enrolled; during the study period, 409 gave birth to 415 live-born infants. HIV-infection status was known for 363 births (180 in the zidovudine group and 183 in the placebo group). Thirteen infants in the zidovudine group and 40 in the placebo group were HIV-infected. The proportions infected at 18 months, as estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, were 8.3 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 3.9 to 12.8 percent) in the zidovudine group and 25.5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 18.4 to 32.5 percent) in the placebo group. This corresponds to a 67.5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 40.7 to 82.1 percent) relative reduction in the risk of HIV transmission (Z = 4.03, P = 0.00006). Minimal short-term toxic effects were observed. The level of hemoglobin at birth in the infants in the zidovudine group was significantly lower than that in the infants in the placebo group. By 12 weeks of age, hemoglobin values in the two groups were similar.

Conclusions In pregnant women with mildly symptomatic HIV disease and no prior treatment with antiretroviral drugs during the pregnancy, a regimen consisting of zidovudine given ante partum and intra partum to the mother and to the newborn for six weeks reduced the risk of maternal-infant HIV transmission by approximately two thirds.

Source Information

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (E.M.C.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York (R.S.S.); Statistical and Data Analysis Center of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Harvard School of Public Health and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.G., P.K.); Department of Pediatrics (G.S.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.J.O.), University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans (R.V.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (M.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston (R.L.J.); Department of Pediatrics (E.J.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.O.), San Juan City Hospital, San Juan, P.R.; Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA, Paris (B.B., J.-F.D.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (R.C.); Burroughs Wellcome Company, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (M.E.); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Md. (J.M., P.S.); and Pediatric Medicine Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md. (M.C., J.B.). The members of the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group are listed in the Appendix.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Connor at MedImmune, Inc., 35 W. Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Maternal –Infant Transmission of HIV-1
Mtimavalye L., Biggar R. J., Taha T. E., Chiphangwi J., Connor E., Sperling R., Gelber R. D., Balsley J.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1995; 332:890-891, Mar 30, 1995. Correspondence

Ethical Issues in the Use of Zidovudine to Reduce Vertical Transmission of HIV
Hoffman C. A., Munson R., Thea D. M., De Roo A., Colebunders R., Bayer R.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1995; 332:891-892, Mar 30, 1995. Correspondence

Mandatory HIV Testing for the Mentally Ill
Cournos F., Bakalar N., Rotheram-Borus M. J.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1014-1015, Oct 2, 1997. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Durand-Gasselin, L., Pruvost, A., Dehee, A., Vaudre, G., Tabone, M.-D., Grassi, J., Leverger, G., Garbarg-Chenon, A., Benech, H., Dollfus, C. (2008). High Levels of Zidovudine (AZT) and Its Intracellular Phosphate Metabolites in AZT- and AZT-Lamivudine-Treated Newborns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 2555-2563 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rahangdale, L., Cohan, D. (2008). Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing on Labor and Delivery. Obstet Gynecol 112: 159-163 [Full Text]  
• Boeke, C. E., Jackson, J. B. (2008). Estimate of Infant HIV-Free Survival at 6 to 8 Weeks of Age Due to Maternal Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2005. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 7: 133-140 [Abstract]  
• Zaric, G. S., Bayoumi, A. M., Brandeau, M. L., Owens, D. K. (2008). The Cost-Effectiveness of Counseling Strategies to Improve Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Med Decis Making 28: 359-376 [Abstract]  
• Kapogiannis, B. G., Soe, M. M., Nesheim, S. R., Sullivan, K. M., Abrams, E., Farley, J., Palumbo, P., Koenig, L. J., Bulterys, M. (2008). Trends in Bacteremia in the Pre- and Post-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era Among HIV-Infected Children in the US Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (1986-2004). Pediatrics 121: e1229-e1239 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Levison, J. (2008). The Ostrich Syndrome: Obstetrician Gynecologists and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure. Obstet Gynecol 111: 183-186 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Read, J. S., and the Committee on Pediatric AIDS, (2007). Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infection in Children Younger Than 18 Months in the United States. Pediatrics 120: e1547-e1562 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Deblonde, J., Claeys, P., Temmerman, M. (2007). Antenatal HIV screening in Europe: a review of policies. Eur J Public Health 17: 414-418 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Divi, R. L., Leonard, S. L., Walker, B. L., Kuo, M. M., Shockley, M. E., St Claire, M. C., Nagashima, K., Harbaugh, S. W., Harbaugh, J. W., Poirier, M. C. (2007). Erythrocebus patas Monkey Offspring Exposed Perinatally to NRTIs Sustain Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Compromise at Birth and at 1 Year of Age. Toxicol Sci 99: 203-213 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jayasuriya, A, Robertson, C, Allan, P S (2007). Twenty-five years of HIV management. JRSM 100: 363-366 [Full Text]  
• Hamlyn, E., Easterbrook, P. (2007). Occupational exposure to HIV and the use of post-exposure prophylaxis. Occup Med (Lond) 57: 329-336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lalonde, M. S., Troyer, R. M., Syed, A. R., Bulime, S., Demers, K., Bajunirwe, F., Arts, E. J. (2007). Sensitive Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay for Low-Level Detection of Nevirapine Resistance Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Quasispecies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 2604-2615 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bennett, R (2007). Routine antenatal HIV testing and informed consent: an unworkable marriage?. J. Med. Ethics 33: 446-448 [Full Text]  
• Yudin, M. H., Moravac, C., Shah, R. R. (2007). Influence of an "Opt-Out" Test Strategy and Patient Factors on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 110: 81-86 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schuklenk, U., Kleinsmidt, A. (2007). Rethinking Mandatory HIV Testing During Pregnancy in Areas With High HIV Prevalence Rates: Ethical and Policy Issues. Am. J. Public Health 97: 1179-1183 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nesheim, S. R., Kapogiannis, B. G., Soe, M. M., Sullivan, K. M., Abrams, E., Farley, J., Palumbo, P., Koenig, L. J., Bulterys, M. (2007). Trends in Opportunistic Infections in the Pre and Post Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Eras Among HIV-Infected Children in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study, 1986 2004. Pediatrics 120: 100-109 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Read, J. S., Samuel, N.M., Parameshwari, S., Dharmarajan, S., Van Hook, H. M., Mini Jacob, S., Junankar, V., Bethel, J., Jiahong Xu, , Stoszek, S. K. (2007). Safety of HIV-1 Perinatal Transmission Prophylaxis With Zidovudine and Nevirapine in Rural South India. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 6: 125-136 [Abstract]  
• Sarnquist, C. C., Cunningham, S. D., Sullivan, B., Maldonado, Y. (2007). The Effectiveness of State and National Policy on the Implementation of Perinatal HIV Prevention Interventions. Am. J. Public Health 97: 1041-1046 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Zulueta, P., Boulton, M. (2007). Routine antenatal HIV testing: the responses and perceptions of pregnant women and the viability of informed consent. A qualitative study. J. Med. Ethics 33: 329-336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cohen, M. S., Gay, C., Kashuba, A. D.M., Blower, S., Paxton, L. (2007). Narrative Review: Antiretroviral Therapy to Prevent the Sexual Transmission of HIV-1. ANN INTERN MED 146: 591-601 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schulte, J., Dominguez, K., Sukalac, T., Bohannon, B., Fowler, M. G., for the Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Consorti, (2007). Declines in Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth Among Infants Who Were Born to HIV-Infected Women During an Era of Increased Use of Maternal Antiretroviral Drugs: Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease, 1989-2004. Pediatrics 119: e900-e906 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Van Spall, H. G. C., Toren, A., Kiss, A., Fowler, R. A. (2007). Eligibility Criteria of Randomized Controlled Trials Published in High-Impact General Medical Journals: A Systematic Sampling Review. JAMA 297: 1233-1240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van Leeuwen, E., Prins, J.M., Jurriaans, S., Boer, K., Reiss, P., Repping, S., van der Veen, F. (2007). Reproduction and fertility in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. Hum Reprod Update 13: 197-206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lindsey, J. C., Malee, K. M., Brouwers, P., Hughes, M. D., for the PACTG 219C Study Team, (2007). Neurodevelopmental Functioning in HIV-Infected Infants and Young Children Before and After the Introduction of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Pediatrics 119: e681-e693 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Unadkat, J. D., Wara, D. W., Hughes, M. D., Mathias, A. A., Holland, D. T., Paul, M. E., Connor, J., Huang, S., Nguyen, B.-Y., Watts, D. H., Mofenson, L. M., Smith, E., Deutsch, P., Kaiser, K. A., Tuomala, R. E. (2007). Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Indinavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 783-786 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hazen, G. B., Huang, M. (2006). Large-sample bayesian posterior distributions for probabilistic sensitivity analysis.. Med Decis Making 26: 512-534 [Abstract]  
• Thior, I., Lockman, S., Smeaton, L. M., Shapiro, R. L., Wester, C., Heymann, S. J., Gilbert, P. B., Stevens, L., Peter, T., Kim, S., van Widenfelt, E., Moffat, C., Ndase, P., Arimi, P., Kebaabetswe, P., Mazonde, P., Makhema, J., McIntosh, K., Novitsky, V., Lee, T.-H., Marlink, R., Lagakos, S., Essex, M., for the Mashi Study Team, (2006). Breastfeeding plus infant zidovudine prophylaxis for 6 months vs formula feeding plus infant zidovudine for 1 month to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana: a randomized trial: the Mashi Study.. JAMA 296: 794-805 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parry, S., Zhang, J., Koi, H., Arechavaleta-Velasco, F., Elovitz, M. A. (2006). Transcytosis of Human immunodeficiency virus 1 across the placenta is enhanced by treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha.. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 2269-2278 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nightingale, S., Dabis, F. (2006). Evidence behind the WHO Guidelines: Hospital Care for Children: What Antiretroviral Agents and Regimens are Effective in the Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV?. J Trop Pediatr 52: 235-238 [Full Text]  
• Hu, Z., Giguel, F., Hatano, H., Reid, P., Lu, J., Kuritzkes, D. R. (2006). Fitness Comparison of Thymidine Analog Resistance Pathways in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 80: 7020-7027 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Briggs, G. G., Wan, S. R. (2006). Drug therapy during labor and delivery, part 1.. Am J Health Syst Pharm 63: 1038-1047 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Palmer, S., Boltz, V., Martinson, N., Maldarelli, F., Gray, G., McIntyre, J., Mellors, J., Morris, L., Coffin, J. (2006). Persistence of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 in women after single-dose nevirapine therapy for prevention of maternal-to-fetal HIV-1 transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 7094-7099 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tang, J. H., Sheffield, J. S., Grimes, J., McElwee, B., Roberts, S. W., Laibl, V., McIntire, D. D., Wendel, G. D. Jr (2006). Effect of protease inhibitor therapy on glucose intolerance in pregnancy.. Obstet Gynecol 107: 1115-1119 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rychert, J., Lacour, N., Amedee, A. M. (2006). Genetic Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Expressed in Milk and Selectively Transmitted through Breastfeeding.. J. Virol. 80: 3721-3731 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hartmann, S. U., Berlin, C. M., Howett, M. K. (2006). Alternative Modified Infant-Feeding Practices to Prevent Postnatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Through Breast Milk: Past, Present, and Future. J Hum Lact 22: 75-88 [Abstract]  
• McClelland, R. S., Baeten, J. M. (2006). Reducing HIV-1 transmission through prevention strategies targeting HIV-1-seropositive individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 57: 163-166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burns, F, Fenton, K A, Morison, L, Mercer, C, Erens, B, Field, J, Copas, A J, Wellings, K, Johnson, A M (2005). Factors associated with HIV testing among black Africans in Britain. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 494-500 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2005). Additional Information. JAMA 294: E1-E3 [Full Text]  
• Myers, S. A., Torrente, S., Hinthorn, D., Clark, P. L. (2005). Life-Threatening Maternal and Fetal Macrocytic Anemia From Antiretroviral Therapy. Obstet Gynecol 106: 1189-1191 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Riley, L. E., Yawetz, S. (2005). Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 32-2005. A 34-year-old HIV-positive woman who desired to become pregnant.. NEJM 353: 1725-1732 [Full Text]  
• Siu, S.-S., Yeung, J. H.-K., Pang, M.-W., Chiu, P. Y., Lau, T. K. (2005). Placental Transfer of Zidovudine in First Trimester of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 106: 824-827 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research. JAMA 294: 218-228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chou, R., Smits, A. K., Huffman, L. H., Fu, R., Korthuis, P. T. (2005). Prenatal Screening for HIV: A Review of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ANN INTERN MED 143: 38-54 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Berk, D. R., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. S., Hill, D. W., Albin, C., Arrieta, A., Bork, J. M., Cohan, D., Nilson, B., Petru, A., Ruiz, J., Weintrub, P. S., Wenman, W., Maldonado, Y. A., for the California Pediatric HIV Study Group, (2005). Temporal Trends in Early Clinical Manifestations of Perinatal HIV Infection in a Population-Based Cohort. JAMA 293: 2221-2231 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Post, M. J. D. (2005). A New Challenge for the Neuroradiologist: MR Recognition of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Children Born of HIV-Seropositive Mothers on Antiretroviral Therapy. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 26: 687-689 [Full Text]  
• Scott, G. B. (2005). Perinatal Exposure to Antiretroviral Agents: Risks and Benefits. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 26: 689-692 [Full Text]  
• Taha, T. E., Nour, S., Kumwenda, N. I., Broadhead, R. L., Fiscus, S. A., Kafulafula, G., Nkhoma, C., Chen, S., Hoover, D. R. (2005). Gender Differences in Perinatal HIV Acquisition Among African Infants. Pediatrics 115: e167-e172 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shetty, A. K., Maldonado, Y. (2005). Advances in the Prevention of Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission. NeoReviews 6: e12-e25 [Full Text]  
• Briars, L. A., Hilao, J. J., Kraus, D. M. (2004). A Review of Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 17: 407-431 [Abstract]  
• Sia, J., Paul, S., Martin, R. M., Cross, H. (2004). HIV Infection and Zidovudine Use in Childbearing Women. Pediatrics 114: e707-e712 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lallemant, M., Jourdain, G., Le Coeur, S., Mary, J. Y., Ngo-Giang-Huong, N., Koetsawang, S., Kanshana, S., McIntosh, K., Thaineua, V., the Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial (Thailand) Inve, (2004). Single-Dose Perinatal Nevirapine plus Standard Zidovudine to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. NEJM 351: 217-228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kent, D. M., Mwamburi, D. M., Bennish, M. L., Kupelnick, B., Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2004). Clinical Trials in Sub-Saharan Africa and Established Standards of Care: A Systematic Review of HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Trials. JAMA 292: 237-242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wendler, D., Emanuel, E. J., Lie, R. K. (2004). The Standard of Care Debate: Can Research in Developing Countries Be Both Ethical and Responsive to Those Countries' Health Needs?. Am. J. Public Health 94: 923-928 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mofenson, L. M. (2004). Successes and Challenges in the Perinatal HIV-1 Epidemic in the United States as Illustrated by the HIV-1 Serosurvey of Childbearing Women. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158: 422-425 [Full Text]  
• Pulver, W. P., Glebatis, D., Wade, N., Birkhead, G. S., Smith, P. (2004). Trends From an HIV Seroprevalence Study Among Childbearing Women in New York State From 1988 Through 2000: A Valuable Epidemiologic Tool. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158: 443-448 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blair, J. M., Hanson, D. L., Jones, J. L., Dworkin, M. S. (2004). Trends in Pregnancy Rates Among Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Obstet Gynecol 103: 663-668 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Collins, J. A., Thompson, M. G., Paintsil, E., Ricketts, M., Gedzior, J., Alexander, L. (2004). Competitive Fitness of Nevirapine-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants. J. Virol. 78: 603-611 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bakardjiev, A. I., Stacy, B. A., Fisher, S. J., Portnoy, D. A. (2004). Listeriosis in the Pregnant Guinea Pig: a Model of Vertical Transmission. Infect. Immun. 72: 489-497 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mrus, J. M., Tsevat, J. (2004). Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Vertical HIV Transmission from Pregnant Women Who Have Not Received Prenatal Care. Med Decis Making 24: 30-39 [Abstract]  
• Bennetto, C. J., King, J. R., Turner, M. L., Stringer, J. S.A., Acosta, E. P. (2004). Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Stability of Nevirapine in Whole Blood and Serum. Clin. Chem. 50: 209-211 [Full Text]  
• Lambert, J S, Nogueira, S A, Abreu, T, Machado, E S, Costa, T P, Bondarovsky, M, Andrade, M, Halpern, M, Barbosa, R, Perez, M (2003). A pilot study to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the administration of AZT/3TC fixed dose combination to HIV infected pregnant women and their infants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 448-452 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kline, M. W., O'Connor, K. G. (2003). Disparity Between Pediatricians' Knowledge and Practices Regarding Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Counseling and Testing. Pediatrics 112: e367-367 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Youle, M., Wainberg, M. A. (2003). Pre-Exposure Chemoprophylaxis (PREP) as an HIV Prevention Strategy. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 2: 102-105 [Abstract]  
• Mbori-Ngacha, D., Richardson, B. A., Overbaugh, J., Panteleeff, D. D., Nduati, R., Steele, M., John-Stewart, G. (2003). Short-Term Effect of Zidovudine on Plasma and Genital Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Viral Turnover in These Compartments. J. Virol. 77: 7702-7705 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Newberry, Y., Kelsey, J. J. (2003). Mother to Child Transmission of HIV. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 16: 182-190 [Abstract]  
• Sharma, S, Gilling-Smith, C, Semprini, A E, Barton, S E, Smith, J R (2003). View 1: Assisted conception in couples with HIV infection. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 185-188 [Full Text]  
• Havens, P. L., Committee on Pediatric AIDS, (2003). Postexposure Prophylaxis in Children and Adolescents for Nonoccupational Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Pediatrics 111: 1475-1489 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Varghese, G M, Abraham, O C, Mathai, D (2003). Post-exposure prophylaxis for blood borne viral infections in healthcare workers. Postgrad. Med. J. 79: 324-328 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pollock, B. H., Jenson, H. B., Leach, C. T., McClain, K. L., Hutchison, R. E., Garzarella, L., Joshi, V. V., Parmley, R. T., Murphy, S. B. (2003). Risk Factors for Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Malignancy. JAMA 289: 2393-2399 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Webber, M. P., Chazotte, C., Fox, A. S., Moskaleva, G., Arnold, J., Schoenbaum, E. E. (2003). Implementation of Expedited Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing of Women Delivering Infants in a Large New York City Hospital. Obstet Gynecol 101: 982-986 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Knudtson, E., Para, M., Boswell, H., Fan-Havard, P. (2003). Drug Rash With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome and Renal Toxicity With a Nevirapine-Containing Regimen in a Pregnant Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Obstet Gynecol 101: 1094-1097 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peters, V., Liu, K.-L., Dominguez, K., Frederick, T., Melville, S., Hsu, H.-W., Ortiz, I., Rakusan, T., Gill, B., Thomas, P. (2003). Missed Opportunities for Perinatal HIV Prevention Among HIV-Exposed Infants Born 1996-2000, Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Cohort. Pediatrics 111: 1186-1191 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grant, R. M., Kuritzkes, D. R., Johnson, V. A., Mellors, J. W., Sullivan, J. L., Swanstrom, R., D'Aquila, R. T., Van Gorder, M., Holodniy, M., Lloyd, R. M. Jr., Reid, C., Morgan, G. F., Winslow, D. L. (2003). Accuracy of the TRUGENE HIV-1 Genotyping Kit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1586-1593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gerberding, J. L. (2003). Occupational Exposure to HIV in Health Care Settings. NEJM 348: 826-833 [Full Text]  
• Locher, A. W., Didion, J. A. (2003). Epidemic to Endemic: The Impact of Hiv on Health Care Policy and Nursing Practice. Policy Politics Nursing Practice 4: 62-70 [Abstract]  
• Sharland, M, Gibb, D M, Tudor-Williams, G (2003). Advances in the prevention and treatment of paediatric HIV infection in the United Kingdom. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 53-55 [Full Text]  
• Capparelli, E. V., Englund, J. A., Connor, J. D., Spector, S. A., McKinney, R. E., Palumbo, P., Baker, C. J., the PACTG 152 Team, (2003). Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Zidovudine in HIV-Infected Infants and Children. J Clin Pharmacol 43: 133-140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2002). Updated USPHS Guidelines for Managing Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Considerations for Dentistry. Journal of the American Dental Association 133: 1627-1629 [Full Text]  
• Koi, H., Zhang, J., Makrigiannakis, A., Getsios, S., MacCalman, C. D., Strauss, J. F. III, Parry, S. (2002). Syncytiotrophoblast Is a Barrier to Maternal-Fetal Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus. Biol. Reprod. 67: 1572-1579 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moore, T. J., Weiss, S. R., Kaplan, S., Blaisdell, C. J. (2002). Reported Adverse Drug Events in Infants and Children Under 2 Years of Age. Pediatrics 110: e53-53 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Palmer, C R (2002). Ethics, data-dependent designs, and the strategy of clinical trials: time to start learning-as-we-go?. Stat Methods Med Res 11: 381-402 [Abstract]  
• Orentlicher, D. (2002). Universality and its Limits: When Research Ethics Can Reflect Local Circumstances. J Law Med Ethics 30: 403-410  
• Von Tungeln, L. S., Hamilton, L. P., Dobrovolsky, V. N., Bishop, M. E., Shaddock, J. G., Heflich, R. H., Beland, F. A. (2002). Frequency of Tk and Hprt lymphocyte mutants and bone marrow micronuclei in B6C3F1/Tk+/- mice treated neonatally with zidovudine and lamivudine. Carcinogenesis 23: 1427-1432 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Troccoli, K., Pollard, H. III, McMahon, M., Foust, E., Erickson, K., Schulkin, J. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Counseling and Testing Practices Among North Carolina Providers. Obstet Gynecol 100: 420-427 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• The Italian Register for Human Immunodeficiency Vi, (2002). Determinants of Mother-to-Infant Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Transmission Before and After the Introduction of Zidovudine Prophylaxis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156: 915-921 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Demas, P. A., Webber, M. P., Schoenbaum, E. E., Weedon, J., McWayne, J., Enriquez, E., Bamji, M., Lambert, G., Thea, D. M. (2002). Maternal Adherence to the Zidovudine Regimen for HIV-Exposed Infants to Prevent HIV Infection: A Preliminary Study. Pediatrics 110: e35-35 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sharland, M, Gibb, D M, Tudor-Williams, G (2002). Advances in the prevention and treatment of paediatric HIV infection in the United Kingdom. Arch. Dis. Child. 87: 178-180 [Full Text]  
• English, V., Romano-Critchley, G., Sheather, J., Sommerville, A. (2002). Ethics briefings. J. Med. Ethics 28: 275-276 [Full Text]  
• Chearskul, S., Chotpitayasunondh, T., Simonds, R. J., Wanprapar, N., Waranawat, N., Punpanich, W., Chokephaibulkit, K., Mock, P. A., Neeyapun, K., Jetsawang, B., Teeraratkul, A., Supapol, W., Mastro, T. D., Shaffer, N. (2002). Survival, Disease Manifestations, and Early Predictors of Disease Progression Among Children With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Thailand. Pediatrics 110: e25-25 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dorenbaum, A., Cunningham, C. K., Gelber, R. D., Culnane, M., Mofenson, L., Britto, P., Rekacewicz, C., Newell, M.-L., Delfraissy, J. F., Cunningham-Schrader, B., Mirochnick, M., Sullivan, J. L., for the International PACTG 316 Team, (2002). Two-Dose Intrapartum/Newborn Nevirapine and Standard Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission: A Randomized Trial. JAMA 288: 189-198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• London, L. (2002). Ethical Oversight of Public Health Research: Can Rules and IRBs Make a Difference in Developing Countries?. Am. J. Public Health 92: 1079-1084 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Working Group on Women and Child Health, , Dabis, F, Orne-Gliemann, J, Perez, F, Leroy, V, Newell, M L, Coutsoudis, A, Coovadia, H (2002). Improving child health: the role of research. BMJ 324: 1444-1447 [Full Text]  
• Tuomala, R. E., Shapiro, D. E., Mofenson, L. M., Bryson, Y., Culnane, M., Hughes, M. D., O'Sullivan, M.J., Scott, G., Stek, A. M., Wara, D., Bulterys, M. (2002). Antiretroviral Therapy during Pregnancy and the Risk of an Adverse Outcome. NEJM 346: 1863-1870 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Watts, D. H. (2002). Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Pregnancy. NEJM 346: 1879-1891 [Full Text]