FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 331:1480-1487 December 1, 1994 Number 22 Next

	Full Text Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Retinal ischemia induces intraocular neovascularization, which often leads to glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment, presumably by stimulating the release of angiogenic molecules. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial-cell-specific angiogenic factor whose production is increased by hypoxia.

Methods We measured the concentration of VEGF in 210 specimens of ocular fluid obtained from 164 patients undergoing intraocular surgery, using both radioimmunoassays and radioreceptor assays. Vitreous proliferative potential was measured with in vitro assays of the growth of retinal endothelial cells and with VEGF-neutralizing antibody.

Results VEGF was detected in 69 of 136 ocular-fluid samples from patients with diabetic retinopathy, 29 of 38 samples from patients with neovascularization of the iris, and 3 of 4 samples from patients with ischemic occlusion of the central retinal vein, as compared with 2 of 31 samples from patients with no neovascular disorders (P<0.001, P<0.001, and P = 0.006, respectively). The mean (±SD) VEGF concentration in 70 samples of ocular fluid from patients with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy (3.6 ±6.3 ng per milliliter) was higher than that in 25 samples from patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (0.1 ±0.1 ng per milliliter, P = 0.008), 41 samples from patients with quiescent proliferative diabetic retinopathy (0.2 ±0.6 ng per milliliter, P<0.001), or 31 samples from nondiabetic patients (0.1 ±0.2 ng per milliliter, P = 0.003). Concentrations of VEGF in vitreous fluid (8.8 ±9.9 ng per milliliter) were higher than those in aqueous fluid (5.6 ±8.6 ng per milliliter, P = 0.033) in all 10 pairs of samples obtained simultaneously from the same patient; VEGF concentrations in vitreous fluid declined after successful laser photocoagulation. VEGF stimulated the growth of retinal endothelial cells in vitro, as did vitreous fluid containing measurable VEGF. Stimulation was inhibited by VEGF-neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusions Our data suggest that VEGF plays a major part in mediating active intraocular neovascularization in patients with ischemic retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal-vein occlusion.

Source Information

From the Department of Ophthalmology, Beetham Eye Institute (L.P.A., P.G.A., S.T.S., L.M.A.), and the Division of Research (L.P.A., H.T., G.L.K.), Joslin Diabetes Center; the Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.P., M.A.I., G.L.K.); and Harvard Medical School (L.P.A., P.G.A., S.T.S., L.R.P., H.T., M.A.I., L.M.A., G.L.K.) -- all in Boston; the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara (R.L.A.); Genentech, Inc., San Francisco (B.A.K., J.E.P., H.V.N., N.F.); and the Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore (H.D.J.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. L.P. Aiello at the Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215.

Full Text of this Article

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Li, Z., Van Bergen, T., Van de Veire, S., Van de Vel, I., Moreau, H., Dewerchin, M., Maudgal, P. C., Zeyen, T., Spileers, W., Moons, L., Stalmans, I. (2009). Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Reduces Scar Formation after Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. IOVS 50: 5217-5225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhao, H., Jin, H., Li, Q., Gu, Q., Zheng, Z., Wu, H., Ye, S., Sun, X., Xu, X., Ho, P. C. P. (2009). Inhibition of Pathologic Retinal Neovascularization by a Small Peptide Derived from Human Apolipoprotein(a). IOVS 50: 5384-5395 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chew, E. Y. (2009). Laser Photocoagulation and Intravitreal Injection of Triamcinolone for Retinal Vein Occlusions. JAMA 302: 1693-1695 [Full Text]  
• Clapp, C., Thebault, S., Jeziorski, M. C., Martinez De La Escalera, G. (2009). Peptide Hormone Regulation of Angiogenesis. Physiol. Rev. 89: 1177-1215 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sakurai, K., Akiyama, H., Shimoda, Y., Yoshida, I., Kurabayashi, M., Kishi, S. (2009). Effect of Intravitreal Injection of High-Dose Bevacizumab in Monkey Eyes. IOVS 50: 4905-4916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Basu, A., Menicucci, G., Maestas, J., Das, A., McGuire, P. (2009). Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Facilitates Retinal Angiogenesis in a Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. IOVS 50: 4974-4981 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abhary, S., Hewitt, A. W., Burdon, K. P., Craig, J. E. (2009). A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Genetic Association Studies for Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 58: 2137-2147 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kinnunen, K, Puustjarvi, T, Terasvirta, M, Nurmenniemi, P, Heikura, T, Laidinen, S, Paavonen, T, Uusitalo, H, Yla-Herttuala, S (2009). Differences in retinal neovascular tissue and vitreous humour in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol 93: 1109-1115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Welch, D E, Elmariah, H, Peden, M C, Adams, S G, Ratnakaram, R, Kaushal, S (2009). Short-term response of macular oedema to intravitreal bevacizumab. Br J Ophthalmol 93: 1033-1036 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murakami, T., Felinski, E. A., Antonetti, D. A. (2009). Occludin Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination Regulate Tight Junction Trafficking and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-induced Permeability. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 21036-21046 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mauer, M., Zinman, B., Gardiner, R., Suissa, S., Sinaiko, A., Strand, T., Drummond, K., Donnelly, S., Goodyer, P., Gubler, M. C., Klein, R. (2009). Renal and Retinal Effects of Enalapril and Losartan in Type 1 Diabetes. NEJM 361: 40-51 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Satofuka, S., Ichihara, A., Nagai, N., Noda, K., Ozawa, Y., Fukamizu, A., Tsubota, K., Itoh, H., Oike, Y., Ishida, S. (2009). (Pro)renin Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction and Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System Contribute to Diabetes-Induced Retinal Inflammation. Diabetes 58: 1625-1633 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shimada, H., Akaza, E., Yuzawa, M., Kawashima, M. (2009). Concentration Gradient of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Vitreous of Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema. IOVS 50: 2953-2955 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrara, N. (2009). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 29: 789-791 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, L.-p., Sun, H.-l., Wu, L.-m., Guo, X.-j., Dou, H.-l., Tso, M. O. M., Zhao, L., Li, S.-m. (2009). Baicalein Reduces Inflammatory Process in a Rodent Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. IOVS 50: 2319-2327 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Prager, F, Michels, S, Kriechbaum, K, Georgopoulos, M, Funk, M, Geitzenauer, W, Polak, K, Schmidt-Erfurth, U (2009). Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin(R)) for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: 12-month results of a prospective clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 93: 452-456 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Funk, M., Kriechbaum, K., Prager, F., Benesch, T., Georgopoulos, M., Zlabinger, G. J., Schmidt-Erfurth, U. (2009). Intraocular Concentrations of Growth Factors and Cytokines in Retinal Vein Occlusion and the Effect of Therapy with Bevacizumab. IOVS 50: 1025-1032 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chung, T.-W., Kim, S.-J., Choi, H.-J., Kim, K.-J., Kim, M.-J., Kim, S.-H., Lee, H.-J., Ko, J.-H., Lee, Y.-C., Suzuki, A., Kim, C.-H. (2009). Ganglioside GM3 inhibits VEGF/VEGFR-2-mediated angiogenesis: Direct interaction of GM3 with VEGFR-2. Glycobiology 19: 229-239 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Radi, Z. A. (2009). Pathophysiology of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition in Animal Models. Toxicol Pathol 37: 34-46 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brunner, S., Schernthaner, G.-H., Satler, M., Elhenicky, M., Hoellerl, F., Schmid-Kubista, K. E., Zeiler, F., Binder, S., Schernthaner, G. (2009). Correlation of Different Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy: First In Vivo Data. IOVS 50: 392-398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smith, L. E. H. (2008). Through The Eyes of a Child: Understanding Retinopathy through ROP The Friedenwald Lecture. IOVS 49: 5177-5182 [Full Text]  
• Huang, Q., Sheibani, N. (2008). High glucose promotes retinal endothelial cell migration through activation of Src, PI3K/Akt1/eNOS, and ERKs. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 295: C1647-C1657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cohen, M. P., Hud, E., Wu, V.-Y., Shearman, C. W. (2008). Amelioration of Diabetes-Associated Abnormalities in the Vitreous Fluid by an Inhibitor of Albumin Glycation. IOVS 49: 5089-5093 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sears, J. E (2008). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 92: 1437-1438 [Full Text]  
• Hata, Y, Sassa, Y, Kita, T, Miura, M, Kano, K, Kawahara, S, Arita, R, Nakao, S, Shih, J L, Ishibashi, T (2008). Vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hyalocytes and its regulation by glucocorticoid. Br J Ophthalmol 92: 1540-1544 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Krediet, R. T., Zweers, M. M., van Westrhenen, R., Zegwaard, A., Struijk, D. G. (2008). Effects of reducing the lactate and glucose content of PD solutions on the peritoneum. Is the future GLAD?. NDT Plus 1: iv56-iv62 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamaji, Y., Yoshida, S., Ishikawa, K., Sengoku, A., Sato, K., Yoshida, A., Kuwahara, R., Ohuchida, K., Oki, E., Enaida, H., Fujisawa, K., Kono, T., Ishibashi, T. (2008). TEM7 (PLXDC1) in Neovascular Endothelial Cells of Fibrovascular Membranes from Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. IOVS 49: 3151-3157 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vieitez, P., Gomez, O., Uceda, E. R, Vera, M. E., Molina-Holgado, E. (2008). Systemic and local effects of angiotensin II blockade in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 9: 96-102 [Abstract]  
• Shen, L. Q., Child, A., Weber, G. M., Folkman, J., Aiello, L. P. (2008). Rosiglitazone and Delayed Onset of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 126: 793-799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Deissler, H, Deissler, H, Lang, S, Lang, G E (2008). VEGF-induced effects on proliferation, migration and tight junctions are restored by ranibizumab (Lucentis) in microvascular retinal endothelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 92: 839-843 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tong, Z., Yang, Z., Patel, S., Chen, H., Gibbs, D., Yang, X., Hau, V. S., Kaminoh, Y., Harmon, J., Pearson, E., Buehler, J., Chen, Y., Yu, B., Tinkham, N. H., Zabriskie, N. A., Zeng, J., Luo, L., Sun, J. K., Prakash, M., Hamam, R. N., Tonna, S., Constantine, R., Ronquillo, C. C., Sadda, S., Avery, R. L., Brand, J. M., London, N., Anduze, A. L., King, G. L., Bernstein, P. S., Watkins, S., Genetics of Diabetes and Diabetic Complication Stu, , Jorde, L. B., Li, D. Y., Aiello, L. P., Pollak, M. R., Zhang, K. (2008). Promoter polymorphism of the erythropoietin gene in severe diabetic eye and kidney complications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 6998-7003 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hos, D., Bock, F., Dietrich, T., Onderka, J., Kruse, F. E., Thierauch, K.-H., Cursiefen, C. (2008). Inflammatory Corneal (Lymph)angiogenesis Is Blocked by VEGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor ZK 261991, Resulting in Improved Graft Survival after Corneal Transplantation. IOVS 49: 1836-1842 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2008). Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 31: 1080-1083 [Full Text]  
• Pieh, C, Agostini, H, Buschbeck, C, Kruger, M, Schulte-Monting, J, Zirrgiebel, U, Drevs, J, Lagreze, W A (2008). VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and Tie2 levels in plasma of premature infants: relationship to retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 92: 689-693 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, L., Wu, X., Cheng, Z., Lee, C. V., LeCouter, J., Campa, C., Fuh, G., Lowman, H., Ferrara, N. (2008). Interaction between Bevacizumab and Murine VEGF-A: A Reassessment. IOVS 49: 522-527 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, J. H., Kim, J. H., Yu, Y. S., Park, K. H., Kang, H. J., Lee, H.-Y., Kim, K.-W. (2008). Antiangiogenic Effect of Deguelin on Choroidal Neovascularization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324: 643-647 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arevalo, J F, Maia, M, Flynn, H W Jr, Saravia, M, Avery, R L, Wu, L, Farah, M E., Pieramici, D J, Berrocal, M H, Sanchez, J G (2008). Tractional retinal detachment following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 92: 213-216 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, J.-H., Lee, W., Kwon, O. H., Kim, J.-H., Kwon, O. W., Kim, K. H., Lim, J.-B. (2008). Cytokine Profile of Peripheral Blood in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 38: 361-367 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Itaya, M., Sakurai, E., Nozaki, M., Yamada, K., Yamasaki, S., Asai, K., Ogura, Y. (2007). Upregulation of VEGF in Murine Retina via Monocyte Recruitment after Retinal Scatter Laser Photocoagulation. IOVS 48: 5677-5683 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ameri, H., Chader, G. J., Kim, J.-G., Sadda, S. R., Rao, N. A., Humayun, M. S. (2007). The Effects of Intravitreous Bevacizumab on Retinal Neovascular Membrane and Normal Capillaries in Rabbits. IOVS 48: 5708-5715 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zayed, M. A., Yuan, W., Leisner, T. M., Chalothorn, D., McFadden, A. W., Schaller, M. D., Hartnett, M. E., Faber, J. E., Parise, L. V. (2007). CIB1 Regulates Endothelial Cells and Ischemia-Induced Pathological and Adaptive Angiogenesis. Circ. Res. 101: 1185-1193 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• You, J.-J., Yang, C.-H., Huang, J.-S., Chen, M.-S., Yang, C.-M. (2007). Fractalkine, a CX3C Chemokine, as a Mediator of Ocular Angiogenesis. IOVS 48: 5290-5298 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Matsunaga, N., Chikaraishi, Y., Shimazawa, M., Yokota, S., Hara, H. (2007). Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Extracts Reduce Angiogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 0: nem151v1-nem151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sawada, O., Kawamura, H., Kakinoki, M., Sawada, T., Ohji, M. (2007). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Aqueous Humor Before and After Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab in Eyes With Diabetic Retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 125: 1363-1366 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Forooghian, F., Razavi, R., Timms, L. (2007). Hypoxia-inducible factor expression in human RPE cells. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 1406-1410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nishiguchi, K. M., Nakamura, M., Kaneko, H., Kachi, S., Terasaki, H. (2007). The Role of VEGF and VEGFR2/Flk1 in Proliferation of Retinal Progenitor Cells in Murine Retinal Degeneration. IOVS 48: 4315-4320 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nagai, N., Izumi-Nagai, K., Oike, Y., Koto, T., Satofuka, S., Ozawa, Y., Yamashiro, K., Inoue, M., Tsubota, K., Umezawa, K., Ishida, S. (2007). Suppression of Diabetes-Induced Retinal Inflammation by Blocking the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor or Its Downstream Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Pathway. IOVS 48: 4342-4350 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cubbon, R. M, Rajwani, A., Wheatcroft, S. B (2007). The impact of insulin resistance on endothelial function, progenitor cells and repair. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 4: 103-111 [Abstract]  
• Peters, S., Julien, S., Heiduschka, P., Grisanti, S., Ziemssen, F., Adler, M., Schraermeyer, U., Bartz-Schmidt, K.-U., the Tuebingen Bevacizumab Study Group, (2007). Antipermeability and antiproliferative effects of standard and frozen bevacizumab on choroidal endothelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 827-831 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abu El-Asrar, A. M, Missotten, L., Geboes, K. (2007). Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} and the protein products of its target genes in diabetic fibrovascular epiretinal membranes. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 822-826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McLeod, D. (2007). A chronic grey matter penumbra, lateral microvascular intussusception and venous peduncular avulsion underlie diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 677-689 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nishikiori, N., Osanai, M., Chiba, H., Kojima, T., Mitamura, Y., Ohguro, H., Sawada, N. (2007). Glial Cell-Derived Cytokines Attenuate the Breakdown of Vascular Integrity in Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 56: 1333-1340 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lu, K., Zhou, Y., Kaufman, K., Mott, R., Ma, J.-x. (2007). Rat strain-dependent susceptibility to ischemia-induced retinopathy associated with retinal vascular endothelial growth factor regulation. J Mol Endocrinol 38: 423-432 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Inan, U. U., Avci, B., Kusbeci, T., Kaderli, B., Avci, R., Temel, S. G. (2007). Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Intravitreal Injection of Full-Length Humanized Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Antibody in Rabbit Eyes. IOVS 48: 1773-1781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yokoi, M., Yamagishi, S.-i., Takeuchi, M., Matsui, T., Yoshida, Y., Ohgami, K., Amano-Okamoto, T., Ohno, S. (2007). Positive correlation between vitreous levels of advanced glycation end products and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with diabetic retinopathy sufficiently treated with photocoagulation. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 397-398 [Full Text]  
• Arroyo, J. G (2007). Towards a rational approach to combination therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 130-131 [Full Text]  
• Idris, I., Donnelly, R. (2006). Protein kinase C {beta} inhibition: a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 3: 172-178 [Abstract]  
• Murakami, T., Suzuma, K., Takagi, H., Kita, M., Ohashi, H., Watanabe, D., Ojima, T., Kurimoto, M., Kimura, T., Sakamoto, A., Unoki, N., Yoshimura, N. (2006). Time-Lapse Imaging of Vitreoretinal Angiogenesis Originating from Both Quiescent and Mature Vessels in a Novel Ex Vivo System. IOVS 47: 5529-5536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bhisitkul, R B (2006). Vascular endothelial growth factor biology: clinical implications for ocular treatments.. Br J Ophthalmol 90: 1542-1547 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hartnett, M. E., Martiniuk, D. J., Saito, Y., Geisen, P., Peterson, L. J., McColm, J. R. (2006). Triamcinolone Reduces Neovascularization, Capillary Density and IGF-1 Receptor Phosphorylation in a Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. IOVS 47: 4975-4982 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maines, L. W., French, K. J., Wolpert, E. B., Antonetti, D. A., Smith, C. D. (2006). Pharmacologic Manipulation of Sphingosine Kinase in Retinal Endothelial Cells: Implications for Angiogenic Ocular Diseases. IOVS 47: 5022-5031 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harhaj, N. S., Felinski, E. A., Wolpert, E. B., Sundstrom, J. M., Gardner, T. W., Antonetti, D. A. (2006). VEGF Activation of Protein Kinase C Stimulates Occludin Phosphorylation and Contributes to Endothelial Permeability. IOVS 47: 5106-5115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamagata, M., Rook, S. L., Sassa, Y., Ma, R. C., Geraldes, P., Goddard, L., Clermont, A., Gao, B., Salti, H., Gundel, R., White, M., Feener, E. P., Aiello, L. P., King, G. L. (2006). Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein's signaling pathways and its retinal trophic and anti-angiogenic effects. FASEB J. 20: 2058-2067 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Missotten, G. S. O., Notting, I. C., Schlingemann, R. O., Zijlmans, H. J., Lau, C., Eilers, P. H. C., Keunen, J. E. E., Jager, M. J. (2006). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Eyes With Uveal Melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 1428-1434 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kuiper, E. J., de Smet, M. D., van Meurs, J. C., Tan, H. S., Tanck, M. W. T., Oliver, N., van Nieuwenhoven, F. A., Goldschmeding, R., Schlingemann, R. O. (2006). Association of Connective Tissue Growth Factor With Fibrosis in Vitreoretinal Disorders in the Human Eye. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 1457-1462 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, S. X, Wang, J. J, Gao, G., Parke, K., Ma, J.-x. (2006). Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and inhibits VEGF-VEGF receptor 2 binding in diabetic retinopathy.. J Mol Endocrinol 37: 1-12 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beharry, K. D. A., Modanlou, H. D., Hasan, J., Gharraee, Z., Abad-Santos, P., Sills, J. H., Jan, A., Nageotte, S., Aranda, J. V. (2006). Comparative Effects of Early Postnatal Ibuprofen and Indomethacin on VEGF, IGF-I, and GH during Rat Ocular Development.. IOVS 47: 3036-3043 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Neu, J., Afzal, A., Pan, H., Gallego, E., Li, N., Calzi, S. L., Caballero, S., Spoerri, P. E., Shaw, L. C., Grant, M. B. (2006). The dipeptide arg-gln inhibits retinal neovascularization in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.. IOVS 47: 3151-3155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chapman, J. A, Beckey, C. (2006). Pegaptanib: A Novel Approach to Ocular Neovascularization. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40: 1322-1326 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Masuzawa, K., Jesmin, S., Maeda, S., Zaedi, S., Shimojo, N., Miyauchi, T., Goto, K. (2006). Effect of endothelin dual receptor antagonist on VEGF levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina.. Exp. Biol. Med. 231: 1090-1094 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shaw, S. G., Boden, J. P., Biecker, E., Reichen, J., Rothen, B. (2006). Endothelin Antagonism Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in NOD Mice: A Potential Role of the Angiogenic Factor Adrenomedullin.. Exp. Biol. Med. 231: 1101-1105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Patel, J I, Hykin, P G, Cree, I A (2006). Diabetic cataract removal: postoperative progression of maculopathy--growth factor and clinical analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 90: 697-701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amrite, A. C., Ayalasomayajula, S. P., Cheruvu, N. P. S., Kompella, U. B. (2006). Single Periocular Injection of Celecoxib-PLGA Microparticles Inhibits Diabetes-Induced Elevations in Retinal PGE2, VEGF, and Vascular Leakage.. IOVS 47: 1149-1160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Modanlou, H. D., Gharraee, Z., Hasan, J., Waltzman, J., Nageotte, S., Beharry, K. D. A. (2006). Ontogeny of VEGF, IGF-I, and GH in Neonatal Rat Serum, Vitreous Fluid, and Retina from Birth to Weaning. IOVS 47: 738-744 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aiello, L. P., Clermont, A., Arora, V., Davis, M. D., Sheetz, M. J., Bursell, S.-E. (2006). Inhibition of PKC {beta} by Oral Administration of Ruboxistaurin Is Well Tolerated and Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Retinal Hemodynamic Abnormalities in Patients. IOVS 47: 86-92 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wiley, L. A., Berkowitz, B. A., Steinle, J. J. (2006). Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy Induces Changes in Growth Factor Expression in the Rat Retina. IOVS 47: 439-443 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ojima, T., Takagi, H., Suzuma, K., Oh, H., Suzuma, I., Ohashi, H., Watanabe, D., Suganami, E., Murakami, T., Kurimoto, M., Honda, Y., Yoshimura, N. (2006). EphrinA1 Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Intracellular Signaling and Suppresses Retinal Neovascularization and Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown. Am. J. Pathol. 168: 331-339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yoo, M. H., Hyun, H.-J., Koh, J.-Y., Yoon, Y. H. (2005). Riluzole Inhibits VEGF-Induced Endothelial Cell Proliferation In Vitro and Hyperoxia-Induced Abnormal Vessel Formation In Vivo. IOVS 46: 4780-4787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Akiyama, H., Mohamedali, K. A., e Silva, R. L., Kachi, S., Shen, J., Hatara, C., Umeda, N., Hackett, S. F., Aslam, S., Krause, M., Lai, H., Rosenblum, M. G., Campochiaro, P. A. (2005). Vascular Targeting of Ocular Neovascularization with a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor121/Gelonin Chimeric Protein. Mol. Pharmacol. 68: 1543-1550 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, W., Esselman, W. J., Jump, D. B., Busik, J. V. (2005). Anti-inflammatory Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cytokine-Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression in Human Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cells. IOVS 46: 4342-4347 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamada, N., Horikawa, Y., Oda, N., Iizuka, K., Shihara, N., Kishi, S., Takeda, J. (2005). Genetic Variation in the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Gene Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 5841-5847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Silva, R. L. e, Saishin, Y., Saishin, Y., Akiyama, H., Kachi, S., Aslam, S., Rogers, B., Deering, T., Gong, Y. Y., Hackett, S. F., Lai, H., Frydman, B. J., Valasinas, A., Marton, L. J., Campochiaro, P. A. (2005). Suppression and Regression of Choroidal Neovascularization by Polyamine Analogues. IOVS 46: 3323-3330 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Watanabe, D., Suzuma, K., Matsui, S., Kurimoto, M., Kiryu, J., Kita, M., Suzuma, I., Ohashi, H., Ojima, T., Murakami, T., Kobayashi, T., Masuda, S., Nagao, M., Yoshimura, N., Takagi, H. (2005). Erythropoietin as a Retinal Angiogenic Factor in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. NEJM 353: 782-792 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aiello, L. P. (2005). Angiogenic Pathways in Diabetic Retinopathy. NEJM 353: 839-841 [Full Text]  
• Barile, G. R., Pachydaki, S. I., Tari, S. R., Lee, S. E., Donmoyer, C. M., Ma, W., Rong, L. L., Buciarelli, L. G., Wendt, T., Horig, H., Hudson, B. I., Qu, W., Weinberg, A. D., Yan, S. F., Schmidt, A. M. (2005). The RAGE Axis in Early Diabetic Retinopathy. IOVS 46: 2916-2924 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laham, R. J., Post, M., Rezaee, M., Donnell-Fink, L., Wykrzykowska, J. J., Lee, S. U., Baim, D. S., Sellke, F. W. (2005). TRANSENDOCARDIAL AND TRANSEPICARDIAL INTRAMYOCARDIAL FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-2 ADMINISTRATION: MYOCARDIAL AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION. Drug Metab. Dispos. 33: 1101-1107 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ashraf, A., Mick, G., Meleth, S., Abdullatif, H., Wang, X., McCormick, K. (2005). Effect of Insulin on Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Children with New-Onset Diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 4920-4923 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• The PKC-DRS Study Group, (2005). The Effect of Ruboxistaurin on Visual Loss in Patients With Moderately Severe to Very Severe Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Initial Results of the Protein Kinase C {beta} Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKC-DRS) Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes 54: 2188-2197 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mohan, J S, Lip, P L, Blann, A D, Bareford, D, Lip, G Y H (2005). The angiopoietin/Tie-2 system in proliferative sickle retinopathy: relation to vascular endothelial growth factor, its soluble receptor Flt-1 and von Willebrand factor, and to the effects of laser treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 89: 815-819 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yokoi, M, Yamagishi, S-i, Takeuchi, M, Ohgami, K, Okamoto, T, Saito, W, Muramatsu, M, Imaizumi, T, Ohno, S (2005). Elevations of AGE and vascular endothelial growth factor with decreased total antioxidant status in the vitreous fluid of diabetic patients with retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 89: 673-675 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miyazawa-Hoshimoto, S., Takahashi, K., Bujo, H., Hashimoto, N., Yagui, K., Saito, Y. (2005). Roles of degree of fat deposition and its localization on VEGF expression in adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288: E1128-E1136 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Krady, J. K., Basu, A., Allen, C. M., Xu, Y., LaNoue, K. F., Gardner, T. W., Levison, S. W. (2005). Minocycline Reduces Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression, Microglial Activation, and Caspase-3 Activation in a Rodent Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 54: 1559-1565 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lebherz, C., Maguire, A. M., Auricchio, A., Tang, W., Aleman, T. S., Wei, Z., Grant, R., Cideciyan, A. V., Jacobson, S. G., Wilson, J. M., Bennett, J. (2005). Nonhuman Primate Models for Diabetic Ocular Neovascularization Using AAV2-Mediated Overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Diabetes 54: 1141-1149 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Patel, J I, Hykin, P G, Gregor, Z J, Boulton, M, Cree, I A (2005). Angiopoietin concentrations in diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 89: 480-483 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Simons, M. (2005). Angiogenesis: Where Do We Stand Now?. Circulation 111: 1556-1566 [Full Text]  
• van Wijngaarden, P., Coster, D. J., Williams, K. A. (2005). Inhibitors of Ocular Neovascularization: Promises and Potential Problems. JAMA 293: 1509-1513 [Full Text]  
• Yang, W. J., Yang, D. D., Na, S., Sandusky, G. E., Zhang, Q., Zhao, G. (2005). Dicer Is Required for Embryonic Angiogenesis during Mouse Development. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 9330-9335 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stitt, A. W., McGoldrick, C., Rice-McCaldin, A., McCance, D. R., Glenn, J. V., Hsu, D. K., Liu, F.-T., Thorpe, S. R., Gardiner, T. A. (2005). Impaired Retinal Angiogenesis in Diabetes: Role of Advanced Glycation End Products and Galectin-3. Diabetes 54: 785-794 [Abstract] [Full Text]