The Use of Estrogens and Progestins and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
Graham A. Colditz, M.B., B.S., Susan E. Hankinson, Sc.D., David J. Hunter, M.B., B.S., Walter C. Willett, M.D., JoAnn E. Manson, M.D., Meir J. Stampfer, M.D., Charles Hennekens, M.D., Bernard Rosner, Ph.D., and Frank E. Speizer, M.D.
Background The effect of adding progestins to estrogen therapyon the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women is controversial.
Methods To quantify the relation between the use of hormonesand the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, we extendedour follow-up of the participants in the Nurses' Health Studyto 1992. The women were asked to complete questionnaires everytwo years to update information on their menopausal status,use of estrogen and progestin preparations, and any diagnosisof breast cancer. During 725,550 person-years of follow-up,we documented 1935 cases of newly diagnosed invasive breastcancer.
Results The risk of breast cancer was significantly increasedamong women who were currently using estrogen alone (relativerisk, 1.32; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.54) orestrogen plus progestin (relative risk, 1.41; 95 percent confidenceinterval, 1.15 to 1.74), as compared with postmenopausal womenwho had never used hormones. Women currently taking hormoneswho had used such therapy for 5 to 9 years had an adjusted relativerisk of breast cancer of 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval,1.22 to 1.74), as did those currently using hormones who haddone so for a total of 10 or more years (relative risk, 1.46;95 percent confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.76). The increasedrisk of breast cancer associated with five or more years ofpostmenopausal hormone therapy was greater among older women(relative risk for women 60 to 64 years old, 1.71; 95 percentconfidence interval, 1.34 to 2.18). The relative risk of deathdue to breast cancer was 1.45 (95 percent confidence interval,1.01 to 2.09) among women who had taken estrogen for five ormore years.
Conclusions The addition of progestins to estrogen therapy doesnot reduce the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women.The substantial increase in the risk of breast cancer amongolder women who take hormones suggests that the trade-offs betweenrisks and benefits should be carefully assessed.
Source Information
From the Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (G.A.C., S.E.H., D.J.H., W.C.W., J.E.M., M.J.S., C.H., B.R., F.E.S.), and the Departments of Epidemiology (G.A.C., S.E.H., D.J.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Biostatistics (B.R.), and Nutrition (W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard School of Public Health — all in Boston. Presented in part at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco, February 22, 1994.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Colditz at Harvard Medical School, Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115.
Breast Cancer and Hormone-Replacement Therapy
Brunoski T., Powell L. H., Blackman J. A., Bush T. L., Joseph K.S., Dupont W. D., Wigg D.R., Bluming A. Z., Colditz G. A., Willett W. C., Speizer F. E.
Extract |
Full Text
N Engl J Med 1995;
333:1355-1358, Nov 16, 1995.
Correspondence
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality
Whooley M. A., Grady D., Cummings S. R., Green J., Wintfeld N., Atkins C. D., Grodstein F., Stampfer M. J., Willett W. C.
Extract |
Full Text
N Engl J Med 1997;
337:1389-1391, Nov 6, 1997.
Correspondence
This article has been cited by other articles:
Wong, W. W, Lewis, R. D, Steinberg, F. M, Murray, M. J, Cramer, M. A, Amato, P., Young, R. L, Barnes, S., Ellis, K. J, Shypailo, R. J, Fraley, J K., Konzelmann, K. L, Fischer, J. G, Smith, E O.
(2009). Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
90: 1433-1439
[Abstract][Full Text]
Beslija, S., Bonneterre, J., Burstein, H. J., Cocquyt, V., Gnant, M., Heinemann, V., Jassem, J., Kostler, W. J., Krainer, M., Menard, S., Petit, T., Petruzelka, L., Possinger, K., Schmid, P., Stadtmauer, E., Stockler, M., Van Belle, S., Vogel, C., Wilcken, N., Wiltschke, C., Zielinski, C. C., Zwierzina, H., for the Central European Cooperative Oncology Grou,
(2009). Third consensus on medical treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol
20: 1771-1785
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cook, N. R., Rosner, B. A., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A.
(2009). Mammographic Screening and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol
0: kwp304v1-kwp304
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, Z., Wijewickrama, G. T., Peng, K.-w., Dietz, B. M., Yuan, L., van Breemen, R. B., Bolton, J. L., Thatcher, G. R. J.
(2009). Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Enhances the Rate of Oxidative DNA Damage by Targeting an Equine Estrogen Catechol Metabolite to the Nucleus. J. Biol. Chem.
284: 8633-8642
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brinton, L. A., Richesson, D., Leitzmann, M. F., Gierach, G. L., Schatzkin, A., Mouw, T., Hollenbeck, A. R., Lacey, J. V. Jr.
(2008). Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
17: 3150-3160
[Abstract][Full Text]
Colditz, G. A., Winn, D. M.
(2008). Criteria for the Evaluation of Large Cohort Studies: An Application to the Nurses' Health Study. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
100: 918-925
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grossini, E., Molinari, C., Mary, D. A. S. G., Uberti, F., Caimmi, P. P., Surico, N., Vacca, G.
(2008). Intracoronary Genistein Acutely Increases Coronary Blood Flow in Anesthetized Pigs through {beta}-Adrenergic Mediated Nitric Oxide Release and Estrogenic Receptors. Endocrinology
149: 2678-2687
[Abstract][Full Text]
Colditz, G. A
(2008). Oral Contraceptives, Postmenopausal Hormones, and Breast Cancer. aacredbook
2008: 233-236
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goodwin, J. W., Green, S. J., Moinpour, C. M., Bearden, J. D. III, Giguere, J. K., Jiang, C. S., Lippman, S. M., Martino, S., Albain, K. S.
(2008). Phase III Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Two Doses of Megestrol Acetate as Treatment for Menopausal Symptoms in Women With Breast Cancer: Southwest Oncology Group Study 9626. JCO
26: 1650-1656
[Abstract][Full Text]
Newcomb, P. A., Egan, K. M., Trentham-Dietz, A., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Baron, J. A., Hampton, J. M., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C.
(2008). Prediagnostic Use of Hormone Therapy and Mortality After Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
17: 864-871
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sherman, M.
(2008). Evidence-based common sense?. cfp
54: 166-168
[Full Text]
Sherman, M.
(2008). Bon sens fonde sur des donnees probantes?. cfp
54: 169-171
[Full Text]
Suzuki, T., Matsuo, K., Hirose, K., Hiraki, A., Kawase, T., Watanabe, M., Yamashita, T., Iwata, H., Tajima, K.
(2008). One-carbon metabolism-related gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis
29: 356-362
[Abstract][Full Text]
Corrao, G., Zambon, A., Conti, V., Nicotra, F., La Vecchia, C., Fornari, C., Cesana, G., Contiero, P., Tagliabue, G., Nappi, R. E., Merlino, L.
(2008). Menopause hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk: an Italian record linkage investigation. Ann Oncol
19: 150-155
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vercambre, M.-N., Fournier, A., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Ringa, V., Berr, C.
(2007). Differential Dietary Nutrient Intake according to Hormone Replacement Therapy Use: An Underestimated Confounding Factor in Epidemiologic Studies?. Am J Epidemiol
166: 1451-1460
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, C. I., Daling, J. R.
(2007). Changes in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in the United States by Histologic Subtype and Race/Ethnicity, 1995 to 2004. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16: 2773-2780
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kerlikowske, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Buist, D. S. M., Walker, R., Carney, P. A.
(2007). Declines in Invasive Breast Cancer and Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in a Screening Mammography Population. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
99: 1335-1339
[Abstract][Full Text]
Biglia, N., Mariani, L., Sgro, L., Mininanni, P., Moggio, G., Sismondi, P.
(2007). Increased incidence of lobular breast cancer in women treated with hormone replacement therapy: implications for diagnosis, surgical and medical treatment. Endocr Relat Cancer
14: 549-567
[Abstract][Full Text]
Santen, R. J, Boyd, N. F, Chlebowski, R. T, Cummings, S., Cuzick, J., Dowsett, M., Easton, D., Forbes, J. F, Key, T., Hankinson, S. E, Howell, A., Ingle, J.
(2007). Critical assessment of new risk factors for breast cancer: considerations for development of an improved risk prediction model. Endocr Relat Cancer
14: 169-187
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chan, A. T., Manson, J. E., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Fuchs, C. S.
(2007). Long-term Aspirin Use and Mortality in Women. Arch Intern Med
167: 562-572
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zhang, S. M., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Cook, N. R., Buring, J. E., Lee, I-M.
(2007). Use of Oral Conjugated Estrogen Alone and Risk of Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol
165: 524-529
[Abstract][Full Text]
Terry, K. L., Willett, W. C., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Michels, K. B.
(2006). A Prospective Study of Infertility Due to Ovulatory Disorders, Ovulation Induction, and Incidence of Breast Cancer. Arch Intern Med
166: 2484-2489
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin, K. E., Helvie, M. A., Zhou, C., Roubidoux, M. A., Bailey, J. E., Paramagul, C., Blane, C. E., Klein, K. A., Sonnad, S. S., Chan, H.-P.
(2006). Mammographic Density Measured with Quantitative Computer-aided Method: Comparison with Radiologists' Estimates and BI-RADS Categories. Radiology
240: 656-665
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tamimi, R. M., Hankinson, S. E., Chen, W. Y., Rosner, B., Colditz, G. A.
(2006). Combined Estrogen and Testosterone Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women. Arch Intern Med
166: 1483-1489
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stevenson, J. C., on behalf of the International Consensus Group on,
(2006). HRT, osteoporosis and regulatory authorities Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?. Hum Reprod
21: 1668-1671
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chen, W. Y., Manson, J. E., Hankinson, S. E., Rosner, B., Holmes, M. D., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A.
(2006). Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer.. Arch Intern Med
166: 1027-1032
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stefanick, M. L., Anderson, G. L., Margolis, K. L., Hendrix, S. L., Rodabough, R. J., Paskett, E. D., Lane, D. S., Hubbell, F. A., Assaf, A. R., Sarto, G. E., Schenken, R. S., Yasmeen, S., Lessin, L., Chlebowski, R. T., for the WHI Investigators,
(2006). Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy. JAMA
295: 1647-1657
[Abstract][Full Text]
Loprinzi, C. L., Levitt, R., Barton, D., Sloan, J. A., Dakhil, S. R., Nikcevich, D. A., Bearden, J. D. III, Mailliard, J. A., Tschetter, L. K., Fitch, T. R., Kugler, J. W.
(2006). Phase III Comparison of Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate to Venlafaxine for Managing Hot Flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7. JCO
24: 1409-1414
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bots, M. L., Evans, G. W., Riley, W., McBride, K. H., Paskett, E. D., Helmond, F. A., Grobbee, D. E., for the OPAL Investigators,
(2006). The effect of tibolone and continuous combined conjugated equine oestrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate on progression of carotid intima-media thickness: the Osteoporosis Prevention and Arterial effects of tiboLone (OPAL) study. Eur Heart J
27: 746-755
[Abstract][Full Text]
Labrie, F, Luu-The, V, Belanger, A, Lin, S-X, Simard, J, Pelletier, G, Labrie, C
(2005). Is dehydroepiandrosterone a hormone?. J Endocrinol
187: 169-196
[Abstract][Full Text]
Greiser, C. M., Greiser, E. M., Doren, M.
(2005). Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Hum Reprod Update
11: 561-573
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pinheiro, S. P., Holmes, M. D., Pollak, M. N., Barbieri, R. L., Hankinson, S. E.
(2005). Racial Differences in Premenopausal Endogenous Hormones. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 2147-2153
[Abstract][Full Text]
Coombs, N. J, Taylor, R., Wilcken, N., Boyages, J.
(2005). Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: estimate of risk. BMJ
331: 347-349
[Full Text]
Dietel, M., Lewis, M.A., Shapiro, S.
(2005). Hormone replacement therapy: pathobiological aspects of hormone-sensitive cancers in women relevant to epidemiological studies on HRT: a mini-review. Hum Reprod
20: 2052-2060
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lacey, J. V. Jr., Brinton, L. A., Lubin, J. H., Sherman, M. E., Schatzkin, A., Schairer, C.
(2005). Endometrial Carcinoma Risks among Menopausal Estrogen plus Progestin and Unopposed Estrogen Users in a Cohort of Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1724-1731
[Abstract][Full Text]
Terry, K. L., Willett, W. C., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Hunter, D. J., Michels, K. B.
(2005). Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Incidence of Premenopausal Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1509-1513
[Abstract][Full Text]
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force*,
(2005). Hormone Therapy for the Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ANN INTERN MED
142: 855-860
[Abstract][Full Text]
Delille, J.-P., Slanetz, P. J., Yeh, E. D., Kopans, D. B., Halpern, E. F., Garrido, L.
(2005). Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: Breast Tissue Perfusion Determined with MR Imaging--Initial Observations. Radiology
235: 36-41
[Abstract][Full Text]
Colditz, G. A.
(2005). Estrogen, Estrogen Plus Progestin Therapy, and Risk of Breast Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 909s-917s
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dunn, B. K., Wickerham, D. L., Ford, L. G.
(2005). Prevention of Hormone-Related Cancers: Breast Cancer. JCO
23: 357-367
[Abstract][Full Text]
Missmer, S. A., Eliassen, A. H., Barbieri, R. L., Hankinson, S. E.
(2004). Endogenous Estrogen, Androgen, and Progesterone Concentrations and Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
96: 1856-1865
[Abstract][Full Text]
McDonald, J. A., Mandel, M. G., Marchbanks, P. A., Folger, S. G., Daling, J. R., Ursin, G., Simon, M. S., Bernstein, L., Strom, B. L., Norman, S. A., Malone, K. E., Weiss, L. K., Burkman, R. T., Weber, A. L., Spirtas, R.
(2004). Alcohol Exposure and Breast Cancer: Results of the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
13: 2106-2116
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lochner, H. V., Einhorn, T. A.
(2004). Hormone Replacement Therapy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg
12: 291-294
[Full Text]
Bernatsky, S., Clarke, A., Ramsey-Goldman, R., Joseph, L., Boivin, J.-F., Rajan, R., Moore, A. D., Leung, M.-H., Allen, A., Gordon, C.
(2004). Hormonal exposures and breast cancer in a sample of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford)
43: 1178-1181
[Abstract][Full Text]
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group,
(2004). Hormones and breast cancer. Hum Reprod Update
10: 281-293
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holmes, M. D., Liu, S., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C.
(2004). Dietary Carbohydrates, Fiber, and Breast Cancer Risk. Am J Epidemiol
159: 732-739
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martino, S., Costantino, J., McNabb, M., Mershon, J., Bryant, K., Powles, T., Secrest, R. J.
(2004). The Role of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in the Prevention of Breast Cancer: Comparison of the Clinical Trials. The Oncologist
9: 116-125
[Abstract][Full Text]
Muggia, F. M.
(2004). The Emerging Roles of Screening and Prevention in Women's Cancer. The Oncologist
9: 228-231
[Full Text]
Kerlikowske, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Ballard-Barbash, R., Weaver, D. L., Buist, D. S.M., Barlow, W. E., Cutter, G., Geller, B. M., Yankaskas, B., Taplin, S. H., Carney, P. A.
(2003). Prognostic Characteristics of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Hormone Users in a Screened Population. JCO
21: 4314-4321
[Abstract][Full Text]
Labrie, F., El-Alfy, M., Berger, L., Labrie, C., Martel, C., Belanger, A., Candas, B., Pelletier, G.
(2003). The Combination of a Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator with an Estrogen Protects the Mammary Gland and Uterus in a Rodent Model: The Future of Postmenopausal Women's Health?. Endocrinology
144: 4700-4706
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chlebowski, R. T., Hendrix, S. L., Langer, R. D., Stefanick, M. L., Gass, M., Lane, D., Rodabough, R. J., Gilligan, M. A., Cyr, M. G., Thomson, C. A., Khandekar, J., Petrovitch, H., McTiernan, A.
(2003). Influence of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Breast Cancer and Mammography in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA
289: 3243-3253
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, C. I., Malone, K. E., Porter, P. L., Weiss, N. S., Tang, M.-T. C., Cushing-Haugen, K. L., Daling, J. R.
(2003). Relationship Between Long Durations and Different Regimens of Hormone Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer. JAMA
289: 3254-3263
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gann, P. H., Morrow, M.
(2003). Combined Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: A Single-Edged Sword. JAMA
289: 3304-3306
[Full Text]
Siraj, E. S., Gupta, M. K., Reddy, S. S. K.
(2003). Raloxifene Causing Malabsorption of Levothyroxine. Arch Intern Med
163: 1367-1370
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kelsey, J. J., Lourwood, D. L.
(2003). Introduction. Journal of Pharmacy Practice
16: 147-148
Yasui, M., Matsui, S., Laxmi, Y.R.S., Suzuki, N., Kim, S. Y., Shibutani, S., Matsuda, T.
(2003). Mutagenic events induced by 4-hydroxyequilin in supF shuttle vector plasmid propagated in human cells. Carcinogenesis
24: 911-917
[Abstract][Full Text]
Labrie, F., Luu-The, V., Labrie, C., Belanger, A., Simard, J., Lin, S.-X., Pelletier, G.
(2003). Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of Androgens in Women: Inhibition of Breast Cancer and Other Roles of Androgens and Their Precursor Dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocr. Rev.
24: 152-182
[Abstract][Full Text]
Christodoulou, C, Cooper, C
(2003). What is osteoporosis?. Postgrad. Med. J.
79: 133-138
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kessenich, C.
(2003). Oestrogen plus progestin increased coronary heart disease and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Evid. Based Nurs.
6: 20-20
[Full Text]
Malik, A R, Campbell, S H, Toma, N M G
(2002). Bilateral acute anterior uveitis after alendronate. Br J Ophthalmol
86: 1443-1443
[Full Text]
Chen, W. Y., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Hankinson, S. E., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E.
(2002). Use of Postmenopausal Hormones, Alcohol, and Risk for Invasive Breast Cancer. ANN INTERN MED
137: 798-804
[Abstract][Full Text]
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force*,
(2002). Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy for Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions: Recommendations and Rationale. ANN INTERN MED
137: 834-839
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vachon, C. M., Sellers, T. A., Vierkant, R. A., Wu, F.-F., Brandt, K. R.
(2002). Case-Control Study of Increased Mammographic Breast Density Response to Hormone Replacement Therapy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
11: 1382-1388
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fallowfield, L., Baum, M.
(2002). What is newsworthy?. BMJ
325: 774-774
[Full Text]
Holmes, M. D., Pollak, M. N., Hankinson, S. E.
(2002). Lifestyle Correlates of Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Concentrations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
11: 862-867
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cucinelli, F., Soranna, L., Romualdi, D., Muzj, G., Mancuso, S., Lanzone, A.
(2002). The Effect of Raloxifene on Glyco-Insulinemic Homeostasis in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
87: 4186-4192
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nelson, H. D., Humphrey, L. L., Nygren, P., Teutsch, S. M., Allan, J. D.
(2002). Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy: Scientific Review. JAMA
288: 872-881
[Abstract][Full Text]
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative In,
(2002). Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA
288: 321-333
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fletcher, S. W., Colditz, G. A.
(2002). Failure of Estrogen Plus Progestin Therapy for Prevention. JAMA
288: 366-368
[Full Text]
Newcomb, P. A., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Egan, K. M., Trentham-Dietz, A., Baron, J. A., Storer, B. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J.
(2002). Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Use in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
11: 593-600
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grady, D.
(2002). A 60-Year-Old Woman Trying to Discontinue Hormone Replacement Therapy. JAMA
287: 2130-2137
[Full Text]
Izevbigie, E. B., Ekunwe, S. I., Jordan, J., Howard, C. B.
(2002). Ethanol Modulates the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Exp. Biol. Med.
227: 260-265
[Abstract][Full Text]
Byrne, C., Rockett, H., Holmes, M. D.
(2002). Dietary Fat, Fat Subtypes, and Breast Cancer Risk: Lack of an Association among Postmenopausal Women with No History of Benign Breast Disease. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
11: 261-265
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chen, C.-L., Weiss, N. S., Newcomb, P., Barlow, W., White, E.
(2002). Hormone Replacement Therapy in Relation to Breast Cancer. JAMA
287: 734-741
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vogel, V. G.
(2002). Why Do We Still Use Hormone Replacement Therapy? Why Don't We Use It More?. JCO
20: 616-619
[Full Text]
Brown, N. J., Abbas, A., Byrne, D., Schoenhard, J. A., Vaughan, D. E.
(2002). Comparative Effects of Estrogen and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. Circulation
105: 304-309
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hedblad, B., Merlo, J., Manjer, J., Engstrom, G., Berglund, G., Janzon, L.
(2002). Incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer and death in postmenopausal women affirming use of hormone replacement therapy. Scand J Public Health
30: 12-19
[Abstract]
Burdette, J. E., Liu, J., Lantvit, D., Lim, E., Booth, N., Bhat, K. P. L., Hedayat, S., Van Breemen, R. B., Constantinou, A. I., Pezzuto, J. M., Farnsworth, N. R., Bolton, J. L.
(2002). Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Exhibits Estrogenic Effects In Vivo in Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley Rats. J. Nutr.
132: 27-30
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dixon, J M
(2001). Hormone replacement therapy and the breast. BMJ
323: 1381-1382
[Full Text]
Hisamoto, K., Ohmichi, M., Kanda, Y., Adachi, K., Nishio, Y., Hayakawa, J., Mabuchi, S., Takahashi, K., Tasaka, K., Miyamoto, Y., Taniguchi, N., Murata, Y.
(2001). Induction of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Phosphorylation by the Raloxifene Analog LY117018 Is Differentially Mediated by Akt and Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase in Vascular Endothelial Cells. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 47642-47649
[Abstract][Full Text]
Palacios, S.
(2001). Tibolone: a tissue-specific approach to the menopause. Eur Heart J Suppl
3: M12-M16
[Abstract]
Saitta, A., Altavilla, D., Cucinotta, D., Morabito, N., Frisina, N., Corrado, F., D'Anna, R., Lasco, A., Squadrito, G., Gaudio, A., Cancellieri, F., Arcoraci, V., Squadrito, F.
(2001). Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on Effects of Raloxifene and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Plasma NO Concentrations, Endothelin-1 Levels, and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Postmenopausal Women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
21: 1512-1519
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rinaldi, S., Dechaud, H., Biessy, C., Morin-Raverot, V., Toniolo, P., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Akhmedkhanov, A., Shore, R. E., Secreto, G., Ciampi, A., Riboli, E., Kaaks, R.
(2001). Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available, Direct Radioimmunoassays for Measurement of Blood Androgens and Estrogens in Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
10: 757-765
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hanson, B.
(2001). Social Constructions of Femaleness in Writing about Cancer. Qual Health Res
11: 464-476
[Abstract]
Sharma, A. M., Homuth, V., Luft, F. C.
(2001). Hormone replacement therapy and blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive women. Nephrol Dial Transplant
16: 888-890
[Full Text]
Brighouse, D.
(2001). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth
86: 709-716
[Abstract][Full Text]
Col, N. F., Hirota, L. K., Orr, R. K., Erban, J. K., Wong, J. B., Lau, J.
(2001). Hormone Replacement Therapy After Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment of Risk. JCO
19: 2357-2363
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rodriguez, C., Patel, A. V., Calle, E. E., Jacob, E. J., Thun, M. J.
(2001). Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Ovarian Cancer Mortality in a Large Prospective Study of US Women. JAMA
285: 1460-1465
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alexandersen, P., Riis, B. J., Stakkestad, J. A., Delmas, P. D., Christiansen, C.
(2001). Efficacy of Levormeloxifene in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss and on the Lipid Profile Compared to Low Dose Hormone Replacement Therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
86: 755-760
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rodriguez, C., Calle, E. E., Patel, A. V., Tatham, L. M., Jacobs, E. J., Thun, M. J.
(2001). Effect of Body Mass on the Association between Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Mortality among Elderly US Women. Am J Epidemiol
153: 145-152
[Abstract][Full Text]
Donker, G. A, Spreeuwenberg, P., Bartelds, A. I., van der Velden, K., Foets, M.
(2000). Hormone replacement therapy: changes in frequency and type of prescription by Dutch GPs during the last decade of the millennium. Fam Pract
17: 508-513
[Abstract][Full Text]
Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B.
(2000). Cumulative Risk of Breast Cancer to Age 70 Years According to Risk Factor Status: Data from the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol
152: 950-964
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nuttall, M. E., Stroup, G. B., Fisher, P. W., Nadeau, D. P., Gowen, M., Suva, L. J.
(2000). Distinct mechanisms of action of selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast and osteoblastic cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.
279: C1550-C1557
[Abstract][Full Text]
A correction has been published: N Engl J Med 1995;333(20):1355.
