Background Inadequate dietary intake of calcium and vitaminD may contribute to the high prevalence of osteoporosis amongolder persons.
Methods We studied the effects of three years of dietary supplementationwith calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density, biochemicalmeasures of bone metabolism, and the incidence of nonvertebralfractures in 176 men and 213 women 65 years of age or olderwho were living at home. They received either 500 mg of calciumplus 700 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) per day or placebo.Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry,blood and urine were analyzed every six months, and cases ofnonvertebral fracture were ascertained by means of interviewsand verified with use of hospital records.
Results The mean (±SD) changes in bone mineral densityin the calcium–vitamin D and placebo groups were as follows:femoral neck, +0.50±4.80 and -0.70±5.03 percent,respectively (P = 0.02); spine, +2.12±4.06 and +1.22±4.25percent (P = 0.04); and total body, +0.06±1.83 and -1.09±1.71percent (P< 0.001). The difference between the calcium–vitaminD and placebo groups was significant at all skeletal sites afterone year, but it was significant only for total-body bone mineraldensity in the second and third years. Of 37 subjects who hadnonvertebral fractures, 26 were in the placebo group and 11were in the calcium–vitamin D group (P = 0.02).
Conclusions In men and women 65 years of age or older who areliving in the community, dietary supplementation with calciumand vitamin D moderately reduced bone loss measured in the femoralneck, spine, and total body over the three-year study periodand reduced the incidence of nonvertebral fractures.
Source Information
This article does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government.
From the Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Dawson-Hughes.
Gardner, R. L., Harris, F., Vittinghoff, E., Cummings, S. R.
(2008). The Risk of Fracture Following Hospitalization in Older Women and Men. Arch Intern Med
168: 1671-1677
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shea, M K., Dallal, G. E, Dawson-Hughes, B., Ordovas, J. M, O'Donnell, C. J, Gundberg, C. M, Peterson, J. W, Booth, S. L
(2008). Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
88: 356-363
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lamberg-Allardt, C. J., Viljakainen, H. T
(2008). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and functional outcomes in adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
88: 534S-536S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2008). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and functional outcomes in the elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
88: 537S-540S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Michaelson, M. D., Cotter, S. E., Gargollo, P. C., Zietman, A. L., Dahl, D. M., Smith, M. R.
(2008). Management of Complications of Prostate Cancer Treatment. CA Cancer J Clin
58: 196-213
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A, Rees, J. R, Grau, M. V, Barry, E., Gui, J., Baron, J. A
(2008). Effect of calcium supplementation on fracture risk: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
87: 1945-1951
[Abstract][Full Text]
Khosla, S., Amin, S., Orwoll, E.
(2008). Osteoporosis in Men. Endocr. Rev.
29: 441-464
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bowden, S. A., Robinson, R. F., Carr, R., Mahan, J. D.
(2008). Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency in Children With Osteopenia or Osteoporosis Referred to a Pediatric Metabolic Bone Clinic. Pediatrics
121: e1585-e1590
[Abstract][Full Text]
WILLIAMS, S. E., COOPER, K., RICHMOND, B., SCHAUER, P.
(2008). Perioperative management of bariatric surgery patients: Focus on metabolic bone disease. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
75: 333-349
[Abstract][Full Text]
Forbes, D. A
(2008). Review: calcium supplementation, with or without vitamin D, prevents osteoporotic fractures in people >=50 years of age. Evid. Based Nurs.
11: 59-59
[Full Text]
Blum, M., Dallal, G. E., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2008). Body Size and Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Response to Oral Supplements in Healthy Older Adults. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
27: 274-279
[Abstract][Full Text]
Booth, S. L., Dallal, G., Shea, M. K., Gundberg, C., Peterson, J. W., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2008). Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 1217-1223
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S, Ceglia, L.
(2008). Alkaline diets favor lean tissue mass in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
87: 662-665
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brink, E., Coxam, V., Robins, S., Wahala, K., Cassidy, A., Branca, F., on behalf of the PHYTOS Investigators,
(2008). Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
87: 761-770
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daly, R. M, Petrass, N., Bass, S., Nowson, C. A
(2008). The skeletal benefits of calcium- and vitamin D3-fortified milk are sustained in older men after withdrawal of supplementation: an 18-mo follow-up study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
87: 771-777
[Abstract][Full Text]
Petridou, E. Th., Dikalioti, S. K., Dessypris, N., Skalkidis, I., Barbone, F., Fitzpatrick, P., Heloma, A., Segui-Gomez, M., Sethi, D.
(2008). The Evolution of Unintentional Injury Mortality Among Elderly in Europe. J Aging Health
20: 159-182
[Abstract]
MacLaughlin, E. J., Raehl, C. L.
(2008). ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Adults. Am J Health Syst Pharm
65: 343-357
[Full Text]
Karfunkel, P.
(2007). Vitamin D Levels in Men in a Single Primary Care Practice Near Boston. American Journal of Men's Health
1: 262-268
[Abstract]
Smith, H., Anderson, F., Raphael, H., Maslin, P., Crozier, S., Cooper, C.
(2007). Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D on fracture risk in elderly men and women a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford)
46: 1852-1857
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rivlin, R. S
(2007). Keeping the young-elderly healthy: is it too late to improve our health through nutrition?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 1572S-1576S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hunt, C. D, Johnson, L. K
(2007). Calcium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of calcium balance data from metabolic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 1054-1063
[Abstract][Full Text]
Laaksi, I., Ruohola, J.-P., Tuohimaa, P., Auvinen, A., Haataja, R., Pihlajamaki, H., Ylikomi, T.
(2007). An association of serum vitamin D concentrations < 40 nmol/L with acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 714-717
[Abstract][Full Text]
Harris, S. S., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2007). Reduced Sun Exposure Does Not Explain the Inverse Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Percent Body Fat in Older Adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
92: 3155-3157
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holick, M. F.
(2007). Vitamin D Deficiency. NEJM
357: 266-281
[Full Text]
Straub, D. A.
(2007). Calcium Supplementation in Clinical Practice: A Review of Forms, Doses, and Indications. Nutr Clin Pract
22: 286-296
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shinchuk, L., Holick, M. F.
(2007). Vitamin D and Rehabilitation: Improving Functional Outcomes. Nutr Clin Pract
22: 297-304
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schwalfenberg, G.
(2007). Not enough vitamin D: Health consequences for Canadians. cfp
53: 841-854
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chaudhry, S.
(2007). The management of subcapital fractures in the elderly with an emphasis on economic aspects. Trauma
9: 119-126
[Abstract]
Boonen, S., Lips, P., Bouillon, R., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Vanderschueren, D., Haentjens, P.
(2007). Need for Additional Calcium to Reduce the Risk of Hip Fracture with Vitamin D Supplementation: Evidence from a Comparative Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
92: 1415-1423
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jackson, C., Gaugris, S., Sen, S.S., Hosking, D.
(2007). The effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the risk of fall and fracture: a meta-analysis. QJM
100: 185-192
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pittas, A. G., Harris, S. S., Stark, P. C., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2007). The Effects of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Markers of Inflammation in Nondiabetic Adults. Diabetes Care
30: 980-986
[Abstract][Full Text]
Law, M., Morris, J., Withers, H.
(2007). Reply. Age Ageing
36: 233-233
[Full Text]
Heaney, R. P
(2007). Bone health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
85: 300S-303S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Albertsson, D. M., Mellstrom, D., Petersson, C., Eggertsen, R.
(2007). Validation of a 4-Item Score Predicting Hip Fracture and Mortality Risk Among Elderly Women. Ann Fam Med
5: 48-56
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schett, G., Kiechl, S., Weger, S., Pederiva, A., Mayr, A., Petrangeli, M., Oberhollenzer, F., Lorenzini, R., Redlich, K., Axmann, R., Zwerina, J., Willeit, J.
(2006). High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Nontraumatic Fractures in the Bruneck Study. Arch Intern Med
166: 2495-2501
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yamada, Y., Miyawaki, K., Tsukiyama, K., Harada, N., Yamada, C., Seino, Y.
(2006). Pancreatic and Extrapancreatic Effects of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide. Diabetes
55: S86-S91
[Abstract][Full Text]
Smith, M. R.
(2006). Treatment-related osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer.. Clin. Cancer Res.
12: 6315s-6319s
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lappe, J. M., Davies, K. M., Travers-Gustafson, D., Heaney, R. P.
(2006). Vitamin d status in a rural postmenopausal female population.. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
25: 395-402
[Abstract][Full Text]
Loud, K. J., Gordon, C. M.
(2006). Adolescent bone health.. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
160: 1026-1032
[Abstract][Full Text]
Law, M., Withers, H., Morris, J., Anderson, F.
(2006). Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls: results of a randomised trial in elderly people in residential accommodation. Age Ageing
35: 482-486
[Abstract][Full Text]
Snijder, M. B., van Schoor, N. M., Pluijm, S. M. F., van Dam, R. M., Visser, M., Lips, P.
(2006). Vitamin D Status in Relation to One-Year Risk of Recurrent Falling in Older Men and Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
91: 2980-2985
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A, Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C, Dietrich, T., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2006). Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 18-28
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tsukiyama, K., Yamada, Y., Yamada, C., Harada, N., Kawasaki, Y., Ogura, M., Bessho, K., Li, M., Amizuka, N., Sato, M., Udagawa, N., Takahashi, N., Tanaka, K., Oiso, Y., Seino, Y.
(2006). Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide as an Endogenous Factor Promoting New Bone Formation after Food Ingestion. Mol. Endocrinol.
20: 1644-1651
[Abstract][Full Text]
Semba, R. D., Bartali, B., Zhou, J., Blaum, C., Ko, C.-W., Fried, L. P.
(2006). Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community.. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.
61: 594-599
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bunout, D., Barrera, G., Leiva, L., Gattas, V., de la Maza, M. P., Haschke, F., Steenhout, P., Klassen, P., Hager, C., Offord, E., Hirsch, S.
(2006). Effect of a Nutritional Supplementation on Bone Health in Chilean Elderly Subjects with Femoral Osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
25: 170-177
[Abstract][Full Text]
Francis, R.M., Anderson, F.H., Patel, S., Sahota, O., van Staa, T.P.
(2006). Calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. QJM
99: 355-363
[Full Text]
Prince, R. L., Devine, A., Dhaliwal, S. S., Dick, I. M.
(2006). Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Clinical Fracture and Bone Structure: Results of a 5-Year, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Elderly Women.. Arch Intern Med
166: 869-875
[Abstract][Full Text]
Michaud, L. B., Goodin, S.
(2006). Cancer-treatment-induced bone loss, part 2. Am J Health Syst Pharm
63: 534-546
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Orav, E. J., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2006). Effect of cholecalciferol plus calcium on falling in ambulatory older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial.. Arch Intern Med
166: 424-430
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jackson, R. D., LaCroix, A. Z., Gass, M., Wallace, R. B., Robbins, J., Lewis, C. E., Bassford, T., Beresford, S. A.A., Black, H. R., Blanchette, P., Bonds, D. E., Brunner, R. L., Brzyski, R. G., Caan, B., Cauley, J. A., Chlebowski, R. T., Cummings, S. R., Granek, I., Hays, J., Heiss, G., Hendrix, S. L., Howard, B. V., Hsia, J., Hubbell, F. A., Johnson, K. C., Judd, H., Kotchen, J. M., Kuller, L. H., Langer, R. D., Lasser, N. L., Limacher, M. C., Ludlam, S., Manson, J. E., Margolis, K. L., McGowan, J., Ockene, J. K., O'Sullivan, M. J., Phillips, L., Prentice, R. L., Sarto, G. E., Stefanick, M. L., Van Horn, L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Whitlock, E., Anderson, G. L., Assaf, A. R., Barad, D., the Women's Health Initiative Investigators,
(2006). Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures. NEJM
354: 669-683
[Abstract][Full Text]
Finkelstein, J. S.
(2006). Calcium plus Vitamin D for Postmenopausal Women -- Bone Appetit?. NEJM
354: 750-752
[Full Text]
Garland, C. F., Garland, F. C., Gorham, E. D., Lipkin, M., Newmark, H., Mohr, S. B., Holick, M. F.
(2006). The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention. Am. J. Public Health
96: 252-261
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2005). Sato Shines a Light on Sunshine. IBMS BoneKEy
2: 39-41
[Full Text]
Heaney, R. P., Weaver, C. M.
(2005). Newer Perspectives on Calcium Nutrition and Bone Quality. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
24: 574S-581S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Allain, T. J.
(2005). Vitamin D and fracture prevention--treatment still indicated but clarification needed. Age Ageing
34: 542-544
[Full Text]
Karlsson, M. K., Gerdhem, P., Ahlborg, H. G.
(2005). The prevention of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br
87-B: 1320-1327
[Full Text]
Elwood, P. C
(2005). Time to value milk. Int J Epidemiol
34: 1160-1162
[Full Text]
Wolf, R. L, Cauley, J. A, Pettinger, M., Jackson, R., Lacroix, A., Leboff, M. S, Lewis, C. E, Nevitt, M. C, Simon, J. A, Stone, K. L, Wactawski-Wende, J.
(2005). Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
82: 581-588
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gaugris, S., Heaney, R.P., Boonen, S., Kurth, H., Bentkover, J.D., Sen, S.S.
(2005). Vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women: a systematic review. QJM
98: 667-676
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rosen, C. J.
(2005). Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. NEJM
353: 595-603
[Full Text]
Hodsman, A. B., Bauer, D. C., Dempster, D. W., Dian, L., Hanley, D. A., Harris, S. T., Kendler, D. L., McClung, M. R., Miller, P. D., Olszynski, W. P., Orwoll, E., Yuen, C. K.
(2005). Parathyroid Hormone and Teriparatide for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Review of the Evidence and Suggested Guidelines for Its Use. Endocr. Rev.
26: 688-703
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aloia, J. F., Talwar, S. A., Pollack, S., Yeh, J.
(2005). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in African American Women. Arch Intern Med
165: 1618-1623
[Abstract][Full Text]
Greenspan, S. L., Resnick, N. M., Parker, R. A.
(2005). Vitamin D Supplementation in Older Women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.
60: 754-759
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holick, M. F., Siris, E. S., Binkley, N., Beard, M. K., Khan, A., Katzer, J. T., Petruschke, R. A., Chen, E., de Papp, A. E.
(2005). Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy among Postmenopausal North American Women Receiving Osteoporosis Therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
90: 3215-3224
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Willett, W. C., Wong, J. B., Giovannucci, E., Dietrich, T., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2005). Fracture Prevention With Vitamin D Supplementation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA
293: 2257-2264
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nieves, J. W
(2005). Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
81: 1232S-1239S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Porthouse, J., Cockayne, S., King, C., Saxon, L., Steele, E., Aspray, T., Baverstock, M., Birks, Y., Dumville, J., Francis, R., Iglesias, C., Puffer, S., Sutcliffe, A., Watt, I., Torgerson, D. J
(2005). Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ
330: 1003-
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2005). The Role of Vitamin D in Fracture Prevention. IBMS BoneKEy
2: 6-10
[Full Text]
Venning, G.
(2005). Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. BMJ
330: 524-526
[Full Text]
Sato, Y., Honda, Y., Iwamoto, J., Kanoko, T., Satoh, K.
(2005). Effect of Folate and Mecobalamin on Hip Fractures in Patients With Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA
293: 1082-1088
[Abstract][Full Text]
Levis, S., Gomez, A., Jimenez, C., Veras, L., Ma, F., Lai, S., Hollis, B., Roos, B. A.
(2005). Vitamin D Deficiency and Seasonal Variation in an Adult South Florida Population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
90: 1557-1562
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lovelace, H. Y., Barr, S. I.
(2005). Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Calcium Intakes of Individuals with Self-Reported Lactose Intolerance. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
24: 51-57
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goussous, R., Song, L., Dallal, G. E., Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2005). Lack of Effect of Calcium Intake on the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response to Oral Vitamin D3. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
90: 707-711
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kern, L. M., Powe, N. R., Levine, M. A., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Harris, T. B., Robbins, J., Fried, L. P.
(2005). Association between Screening for Osteoporosis and the Incidence of Hip Fracture. ANN INTERN MED
142: 173-181
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hanley, D. A., Davison, K. S.
(2005). Vitamin D Insufficiency in North America. J. Nutr.
135: 332-337
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gardner, M. J., Brophy, R. H., Demetrakopoulos, D., Koob, J., Hong, R., Rana, A., Lin, J. T., Lane, J. M.
(2005). Interventions to Improve Osteoporosis Treatment Following Hip Fracture. A Prospective, Randomized Trial. JBJS
87: 3-7
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tangpricha, V., Turner, A., Spina, C., Decastro, S., Chen, T. C, Holick, M. F
(2004). Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 1645-1649
[Abstract][Full Text]
Calvo, M. S, Whiting, S. J, Barton, C. N
(2004). Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 1710S-1716S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weaver, C. M, Fleet, J. C
(2004). Vitamin D requirements: current and future. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 1735S-1739S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2004). Racial/ethnic considerations in making recommendations for vitamin D for adult and elderly men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 1763S-1766S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cummings, S., Sellmeyer, D.
(2004). Review: calcium supplementation has a small positive effect on bone mineral density but not fractures in postmenopausal women. Evid. Based Med.
9: 170-170
[Full Text]
Bouxsein, M. L., Kaufman, J., Tosi, L., Cummings, S., Lane, J., Johnell, O.
(2004). Recommendations for Optimal Care of the Fragility Fracture Patient to Reduce the Risk of Future Fracture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg
12: 385-395
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sloane, P. D., Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Zimmerman, S., Roth, M., Watson, L., Boustani, M., Magaziner, J., Hebel, J. R.
(2004). Medication Undertreatment in Assisted Living Settings. Arch Intern Med
164: 2031-2037
[Abstract][Full Text]
McCabe, L. D, Martin, B. R, McCabe, G. P, Johnston, C. C, Weaver, C. M, Peacock, M.
(2004). Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 1066-1074
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A, Dietrich, T., Orav, E J., Hu, F. B, Zhang, Y., Karlson, E. W, Dawson-Hughes, B.
(2004). Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged >=60 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 752-758
[Abstract][Full Text]
Newmark, H. L, Heaney, R. P, Lachance, P. A
(2004). Should calcium and vitamin D be added to the current enrichment program for cereal-grain products?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 264-270
[Abstract][Full Text]
L'Abbe, M. R., Whiting, S. J., Hanley, D. A.
(2004). The Canadian Health Claim for Calcium, Vitamin D and Osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
23: 303-308
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Torrente de la Jara, G., Pecoud, A., Favrat, B.
(2004). Musculoskeletal pain in female asylum seekers and hypovitaminosis D3. BMJ
329: 156-157
[Full Text]
Dietrich, T., Joshipura, K. J, Dawson-Hughes, B., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A
(2004). Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 108-113
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ho, S. C., Chen, Y.-M., Woo, J. L. F., Lam, S. S. H.
(2004). High Habitual Calcium Intake Attenuates Bone Loss in Early Postmenopausal Chinese Women: An 18-Month Follow-Up Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89: 2166-2170
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Dawson-Hughes, B., Willett, W. C., Staehelin, H. B., Bazemore, M. G., Zee, R. Y., Wong, J. B.
(2004). Effect of Vitamin D on Falls: A Meta-analysis. JAMA
291: 1999-2006
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schett, G., Kiechl, S., Redlich, K., Oberhollenzer, F., Weger, S., Egger, G., Mayr, A., Jocher, J., Xu, Q., Pietschmann, P., Teitelbaum, S., Smolen, J., Willeit, J.
(2004). Soluble RANKL and Risk of Nontraumatic Fracture. JAMA
291: 1108-1113
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hundrup, Y. A., Hoidrup, S., Obel, E. B., Rasmussen, N. Kr.
(2004). The validity of self-reported fractures among Danish female nurses: comparison with fractures registered in the Danish National Hospital Register. Scand J Public Health
32: 136-143
[Abstract]
Francis, R.M., Baillie, S.P., Chuck, A.J., Crook, P.R., Dunn, N., Fordham, J.N., Kelly, C., Rodgers, A.
(2004). Acute and long-term management of patients with vertebral fractures. QJM
97: 63-74
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ettinger, B., Ray, G. T., Pressman, A. R., Gluck, O.
(2003). Limb Fractures in Elderly Men as Indicators of Subsequent Fracture Risk. Arch Intern Med
163: 2741-2747
[Abstract][Full Text]
Heaney, R. P
(2003). Long-latency deficiency disease: insights from calcium and vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
78: 912-919
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
