Background The effect of age on optimal body weight is controversial,and few studies have had adequate numbers of subjects to analyzemortality as a function of body-mass index across age groups.
Methods We studied mortality over 12 years among white men andwomen who participated in the American Cancer Society's CancerPrevention Study I (from 1960 through 1972). The 62,116 menand 262,019 women included in this analysis had never smokedcigarettes, had no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer(other than skin cancer) at base line in 1959–1960, andhad no history of recent unintentional weight loss. The dateand cause of death for subjects who died were determined fromdeath certificates. The associations between body-mass index(defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square ofthe height in meters) and mortality were examined for six agegroups in analyses in which we adjusted for age, educationallevel, physical activity, and alcohol consumption.
Results Greater body-mass index was associated with higher mortalityfrom all causes and from cardiovascular disease in men and womenup to 75 years of age. However, the relative risk associatedwith greater body-mass index declined with age. For example,for mortality from cardiovascular disease, the relative riskassociated with an increment of 1 in the body-mass index was1.10 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.16) for 30-to-44-year-oldmen and 1.03 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.05)for 65-to-74-year-old men. For women, the corresponding relativerisk estimates were 1.08 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.05to 1.11) and 1.02 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.03).
Conclusions Excess body weight increases the risk of death fromany cause and from cardiovascular disease in adults between30 and 74 years of age. The relative risk associated with greaterbody weight is higher among younger subjects.
Source Information
From the Departments of Nutrition (J.S.), Biostatistics (J.C.), and Epidemiology (J.S., J.L.W.), School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Md. (E.R.P.); the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta (D.F.W.); and the American Cancer Society, Atlanta (M.J.T.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Stevens at the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, CB 7400, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400.
The Obesity Problem
Field A. E., Krauss R. M., Eckel R. H., Dietz W. H., Franks A. L., Marks J. S., Gaesser G. A., McGinnis J. M., Foege W. H., Werner A., Gruber H., Abraham S., Imperato J. P., Kassirer J. P., Angell M.
Extract |
Full Text
N Engl J Med 1998;
338:1156-1158, Apr 16, 1998.
Correspondence
Newman, A. B., Sachs, M. C., Arnold, A. M., Fried, L. P., Kronmal, R., Cushman, M., Psaty, B. M., Harris, T. B., Robbins, J. A., Burke, G. L., Kuller, L. H., Lumley, T.
(2009). Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
64A: 1251-1261
[Abstract][Full Text]
Osher, E., Stern, N.
(2009). Obesity in Elderly Subjects: In sheep's clothing perhaps, but still a wolf!. Diabetes Care
32: S398-S402
[Full Text]
Towfighi, A., Ovbiagele, B.
(2009). The Impact of Body Mass Index on Mortality After Stroke. Stroke
40: 2704-2708
[Abstract][Full Text]
Auyeung, T. W., Lee, J. S. W., Leung, J., Kwok, T., Leung, P. C., Woo, J.
(2009). Survival in Older Men May Benefit From Being Slightly Overweight and Centrally Obese--A 5-Year Follow-up Study in 4,000 Older Adults Using DXA. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
0: glp099v1-glp099
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fujita, M., Ueno, K., Hata, A.
(2009). Effect of Obesity on Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Declines with Age Among Japanese Women. Exp. Biol. Med.
234: 750-757
[Abstract][Full Text]
Munafo, M. R., Tilling, K., Ben-Shlomo, Y.
(2009). Smoking status and body mass index: A longitudinal study. Nicotine Tob Res
11: 765-771
[Abstract][Full Text]
Field, A. E., Malspeis, S., Willett, W. C.
(2009). Weight Cycling and Mortality Among Middle-aged or Older Women. Arch Intern Med
169: 881-886
[Abstract][Full Text]
Levitan, E. B., Yang, A. Z., Wolk, A., Mittleman, M. A.
(2009). Adiposity and Incidence of Heart Failure Hospitalization and Mortality: A Population-Based Prospective Study. Circ Heart Fail
2: 202-208
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ojima, T., Iwahashi, M., Nakamori, M., Nakamura, M., Naka, T., Ishida, K., Ueda, K., Katsuda, M., Iida, T., Tsuji, T., Yamaue, H.
(2009). Influence of Overweight on Patients With Gastric Cancer After Undergoing Curative Gastrectomy: An Analysis of 689 Consecutive Cases Managed by a Single Center. Arch Surg
144: 351-358
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pierce, G. L., Lesniewski, L. A., Lawson, B. R., Beske, S. D., Seals, D. R.
(2009). Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Activation Contributes to Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction via Oxidative Stress in Overweight/Obese Middle-Aged and Older Humans. Circulation
119: 1284-1292
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fitzpatrick, A. L., Kuller, L. H., Lopez, O. L., Diehr, P., O'Meara, E. S., Longstreth, W. T. Jr, Luchsinger, J. A.
(2009). Midlife and Late-Life Obesity and the Risk of Dementia: Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Neurol
66: 336-342
[Abstract][Full Text]
Keenan, P. S.
(2009). Smoking and Weight Change After New Health Diagnoses in Older Adults. Arch Intern Med
169: 237-242
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sauvaget, C., Ramadas, K., Thomas, G., Vinoda, J., Thara, S., Sankaranarayanan, R.
(2008). Body mass index, weight change and mortality risk in a prospective study in India. Int J Epidemiol
37: 990-1004
[Abstract][Full Text]
Litwin, S. E.
(2008). Which Measures of Obesity Best Predict Cardiovascular Risk?. J Am Coll Cardiol
52: 616-619
[Full Text]
Adams, K. F., Leitzmann, M. F., Albanes, D., Kipnis, V., Moore, S. C., Schatzkin, A., Chow, W.-H.
(2008). Body Size and Renal Cell Cancer Incidence in a Large US Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol
168: 268-277
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, S. J., Go, A. S., Lindquist, K., Bertenthal, D., Covinsky, K. E.
(2008). Chronic Conditions and Mortality Among the Oldest Old. AJPH
98: 1209-1214
[Abstract][Full Text]
McClean, K M, Kee, F, Young, I S, Elborn, J S
(2008). Obesity and the lung: 1 {middle dot} Epidemiology. Thorax
63: 649-654
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carroll, D., Phillips, A. C., Der, G.
(2008). Body Mass Index, Abdominal Adiposity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Reactions to Psychological Stress in a Large Community Sample. Psychosom. Med.
70: 653-660
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pierce, G. L., Beske, S. D., Lawson, B. R., Southall, K. L., Benay, F. J., Donato, A. J., Seals, D. R.
(2008). Weight Loss Alone Improves Conduit and Resistance Artery Endothelial Function in Young and Older Overweight/Obese Adults. Hypertension
52: 72-79
[Abstract][Full Text]
Muller-Ehmsen, J., Braun, D., Schneider, T., Pfister, R., Worm, N., Wielckens, K., Scheid, C., Frommolt, P., Flesch, M.
(2008). Decreased number of circulating progenitor cells in obesity: beneficial effects of weight reduction. Eur Heart J
29: 1560-1568
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mozaffarian, D., Kamineni, A., Prineas, R. J., Siscovick, D. S.
(2008). Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med
168: 969-978
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bruce, E. C., Guo, Y., Lawson, K. C., Manatunga, A. K., Auyeung, S. F., McDonald, W. M., Rushing, N., Brown, A. R., Gilles, N., Emery, M., Bonsall, R., Porquez, J., Stowe, Z., Nemeroff, C. B., Musselman, D. L.
(2008). Platelet Thromboxane A2 Secretion in Patients With Major Depression Responsive to Electroconvulsive Therapy. Psychosom. Med.
70: 319-327
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cameron, A. J., Zimmet, P. Z.
(2008). Expanding Evidence for the Multiple Dangers of Epidemic Abdominal Obesity. Circulation
117: 1624-1626
[Full Text]
Al Snih, S., Ottenbacher, K. J., Markides, K. S., Kuo, Y.-F., Eschbach, K., Goodwin, J. S.
(2007). The Effect of Obesity on Disability vs Mortality in Older American: The Potential Implication of Testosterone Reply. Arch Intern Med
167: 2528-2528
[Full Text]
Locher, J. L., Roth, D. L., Ritchie, C. S., Cox, K., Sawyer, P., Bodner, E. V., Allman, R. M.
(2007). Body Mass Index, Weight Loss, and Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
62: 1389-1392
[Abstract][Full Text]
Curtis, L. H., Hammill, B. G., Bethel, M. A., Anstrom, K. J., Gottdiener, J. S., Schulman, K. A.
(2007). Costs of the Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Individuals: Findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes Care
30: 2553-2558
[Abstract][Full Text]
Williams, P. T., Hoffman, K., La, I.
(2007). Weight-Related Increases in Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, and Diabetes Risk in Normal Weight Male and Female Runners. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
27: 1811-1819
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reeves, K. W., Faulkner, K., Modugno, F., Hillier, T. A., Bauer, D. C., Ensrud, K. E., Cauley, J. A., for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research G,
(2007). Body Mass Index and Mortality among Older Breast Cancer Survivors in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16: 1468-1473
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dolan, C. M., Kraemer, H., Browner, W., Ensrud, K., Kelsey, J. L.
(2007). Associations Between Body Composition, Anthropometry, and Mortality in Women Aged 65 Years and Older. AJPH
97: 913-918
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fantuzzi, G., Mazzone, T.
(2007). Adipose Tissue and Atherosclerosis: Exploring the Connection. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
27: 996-1003
[Abstract][Full Text]
Samaha, F. F.
(2007). New International Measuring Stick for Defining Obesity in Non-Europeans. Circulation
115: 2089-2090
[Full Text]
Al Snih, S., Ottenbacher, K. J., Markides, K. S., Kuo, Y.-F., Eschbach, K., Goodwin, J. S.
(2007). The Effect of Obesity on Disability vs Mortality in Older Americans. Arch Intern Med
167: 774-780
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, K., Frongillo, E. A.
(2007). Participation in Food Assistance Programs Modifies the Relation of Food Insecurity with Weight and Depression in Elders. J. Nutr.
137: 1005-1010
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fontana, L., Klein, S.
(2007). Aging, Adiposity, and Calorie Restriction. JAMA
297: 986-994
[Abstract][Full Text]
Luchsinger, J. A., Patel, B., Tang, M.-X., Schupf, N., Mayeux, R.
(2007). Measures of Adiposity and Dementia Risk in Elderly Persons. Arch Neurol
64: 392-398
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Mutsert, R., Snijder, M. B., van der Sman-de Beer, F., Seidell, J. C., Boeschoten, E. W., Krediet, R. T., Dekker, J. M., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Dekker, F. W., for the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequ,
(2007). Association between Body Mass Index and Mortality Is Similar in the Hemodialysis Population and the General Population at High Age and Equal Duration of Follow-Up. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
18: 967-974
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schmidt, D., Salahudeen, A.
(2007). The Obesity-Survival Paradox in Hemodialysis Patients: Why Do Overweight Hemodialysis Patients Live Longer?. Nutr Clin Pract
22: 11-15
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alexander, J. W., Goodman, H.
(2007). Gastric Bypass in Chronic Renal Failure and Renal Transplant. Nutr Clin Pract
22: 16-21
[Abstract][Full Text]
Buchman, A. S., Schneider, J. A., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A.
(2006). Body mass index in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology
67: 1949-1954
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pope, G. D., Finlayson, S. R.G., Kemp, J. A., Birkmeyer, J. D.
(2006). Life Expectancy Benefits of Gastric Bypass Surgery. SURG INNOV
13: 265-273
[Abstract]
Hensrud, D. D., Klein, S.
(2006). Extreme Obesity: A New Medical Crisis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc.
81: S5-S10
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sandek, A., Lainscak, M., Doehner, W.
(2006). Survival and body fat in hemodialysis patients: true association or effects of concomitant therapy?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 663-664
[Full Text]
Jee, S. H., Sull, J. W., Park, J., Lee, S.-Y., Ohrr, H., Guallar, E., Samet, J. M.
(2006). Body-Mass Index and Mortality in Korean Men and Women. NEJM
355: 779-787
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bolin, K., Lindgren, B., Rossner, S.
(2006). The significance of overweight and obesity for individual health behaviour: An economic analysis based on the Swedish surveys of living conditions 1980--81, 1988--89, and 1996--97. Scand J Public Health
34: 422-431
[Abstract]
Schooling, C. M., Lam, T. H., Li, Z. B., Ho, S. Y., Chan, W. M., Ho, K. S., Tham, M. K., Cowling, B. J., Leung, G. M.
(2006). Obesity, physical activity, and mortality in a prospective chinese elderly cohort.. Arch Intern Med
166: 1498-1504
[Abstract][Full Text]
McTigue, K., Larson, J. C., Valoski, A., Burke, G., Kotchen, J., Lewis, C. E., Stefanick, M. L., Van Horn, L., Kuller, L.
(2006). Mortality and cardiac and vascular outcomes in extremely obese women.. JAMA
296: 79-86
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weil, R. J., Vortmeyer, A. O., Nieman, L. K., DeVroom, H. L., Wanebo, J., Oldfield, E. H.
(2006). Surgical Remission of Pituitary Adenomas Confined to the Neurohypophysis in Cushing's Disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
91: 2656-2664
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bostrom, G., Eliasson, M.
(2006). Chapter 5.3: Major public health problems -- overweight and obesity. Scand J Public Health
34: 69-77
Corrada, M. M., Kawas, C. H., Mozaffar, F., Paganini-Hill, A.
(2006). Association of Body Mass Index and Weight Change with All-Cause Mortality in the Elderly. Am J Epidemiol
163: 938-949
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carter, A. O., Hambleton, I. R., Broome, H. L., Fraser, H. S., Hennis, A. J.
(2006). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Obesity in the Elderly in Barbados. J Aging Health
18: 240-258
[Abstract]
Gu, D., He, J., Duan, X., Reynolds, K., Wu, X., Chen, J., Huang, G., Chen, C.-S., Whelton, P. K.
(2006). Body Weight and Mortality Among Men and Women in China. JAMA
295: 776-783
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, S., Popkin, B. M
(2006). Commentary: Understanding the epidemiology of overweight and obesity--a real global public health concern. Int J Epidemiol
35: 60-67
[Full Text]
Park, H. S., Song, Y.-M., Cho, S.-I.
(2006). Obesity has a greater impact on cardiovascular mortality in younger men than in older men among non-smoking Koreans. Int J Epidemiol
35: 181-187
[Abstract][Full Text]
Flint, A. J., Rimm, E. B.
(2006). Commentary: Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk among the young and old--is BMI the wrong benchmark?. Int J Epidemiol
35: 187-189
[Full Text]
Villareal, D. T, Apovian, C. M, Kushner, R. F, Klein, S.
(2005). Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
82: 923-934
[Abstract][Full Text]
Scopinaro, N., Marinari, G. M., Camerini, G. B., Papadia, F. S., Adami, G. F.
(2005). Specific Effects of Biliopancreatic Diversion on the Major Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A long-term follow-up study. Diabetes Care
28: 2406-2411
[Abstract][Full Text]
Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Shah, R. C., Evans, D. A., Bennett, D. A.
(2005). Change in body mass index and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology
65: 892-897
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vitacca, M., Bianchi, L., Barbano, L., Ziliani, M., Ambrosino, N.
(2005). Effects of Acute on Chronic Respiratory Failure on Hypercapnia and 3-Month Survival. Chest
128: 1209-1215
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grabowski, D. C., Campbell, C. M., Ellis, J. E.
(2005). Obesity and Mortality in Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
60: 1184-1189
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindstrom, M., Sundquist, K.
(2005). The impact of country of birth and time in Sweden on overweight and obesity: A population-based study. Scand J Public Health
33: 276-284
[Abstract]
Hida, K., Wada, J., Eguchi, J., Zhang, H., Baba, M., Seida, A., Hashimoto, I., Okada, T., Yasuhara, A., Nakatsuka, A., Shikata, K., Hourai, S., Futami, J., Watanabe, E., Matsuki, Y., Hiramatsu, R., Akagi, S., Makino, H., Kanwar, Y. S.
(2005). Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: A unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
102: 10610-10615
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jee, S. H., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Appel, L. J., Suh, I., Miller, E. R. III, Guallar, E.
(2005). Body Mass Index and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in South Korean Men and Women. Am J Epidemiol
162: 42-48
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yancy, W. S. Jr, Olsen, M. K., Curtis, L. H., Schulman, K. A., Cuffe, M. S., Oddone, E. Z.
(2005). Variations in Coronary Procedure Utilization Depending on Body Mass Index. Arch Intern Med
165: 1381-1387
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kopple, J. D
(2005). The phenomenon of altered risk factor patterns or reverse epidemiology in persons with advanced chronic kidney failure. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
81: 1257-1266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sergi, G., Perissinotto, E., Pisent, C., Buja, A., Maggi, S., Coin, A., Grigoletto, F., Enzi, G., for the ILSA Working Group,
(2005). An Adequate Threshold for Body Mass Index to Detect Underweight Condition in Elderly Persons: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA). Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
60: 866-871
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ray, D. E., Matchett, S. C., Baker, K., Wasser, T., Young, M. J.
(2005). The Effect of Body Mass Index on Patient Outcomes in a Medical ICU. Chest
127: 2125-2131
[Abstract][Full Text]
St-Pierre, A. C., Cantin, B., Mauriege, P., Bergeron, J., Dagenais, G. R., Despres, J.-P., Lamarche, B.
(2005). Insulin resistance syndrome, body mass index and the risk of ischemic heart disease. CMAJ
172: 1301-1305
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yaegashi, M., Jean, R., Zuriqat, M., Noack, S., Homel, P.
(2005). Outcome of Morbid Obesity in the Intensive Care Unit. J Intensive Care Med
20: 147-154
[Abstract]
Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Abbott, K. C, Salahudeen, A. K, Kilpatrick, R. D, Horwich, T. B
(2005). Survival advantages of obesity in dialysis patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
81: 543-554
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zhu, S., Heymsfield, S. B, Toyoshima, H., Wang, Z., Pietrobelli, A., Heshka, S.
(2005). Race-ethnicity-specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
81: 409-415
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wee, C. C., Phillips, R. S., Legedza, A. T. R., Davis, R. B., Soukup, J. R., Colditz, G. A., Hamel, M. B.
(2005). Health Care Expenditures Associated With Overweight and Obesity Among US Adults: Importance of Age and Race. AJPH
95: 159-165
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gustafsson, F., Kragelund, C. B., Torp-Pedersen, C., Seibaek, M., Burchardt, H., Akkan, D., Thune, J. J., Kober, L., for the DIAMOND study group,
(2005). Effect of obesity and being overweight on long-term mortality in congestive heart failure: influence of left ventricular systolic function. Eur Heart J
26: 58-64
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lavie, C. J., Kuruvanka, T., Milani, R. V., Prasad, A., Ventura, H. O.
(2004). Exercise Capacity in Adult African-Americans Referred for Exercise Stress Testing: Is Fitness Affected by Race?. Chest
126: 1962-1968
[Abstract][Full Text]
Widlansky, M. E., Sesso, H. D., Rexrode, K. M., Manson, J. E., Gaziano, J. M.
(2004). Body Mass Index and Total and Cardiovascular Mortality in Men With a History of Cardiovascular Disease. Arch Intern Med
164: 2326-2332
[Abstract][Full Text]
Caterson, I. D., Hubbard, V., Bray, G. A., Grunstein, R., Hansen, B. C., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Seidell, J. C., Smith, S. C. Jr
(2004). Prevention Conference VII: Obesity, a Worldwide Epidemic Related to Heart Disease and Stroke: Group III: Worldwide Comorbidities of Obesity. Circulation
110: e476-e483
[Full Text]
Aude, Y. W., Agatston, A. S., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Lieberman, E. H., Marie Almon, , Hansen, M., Rojas, G., Lamas, G. A., Hennekens, C. H.
(2004). The National Cholesterol Education Program Diet vs a Diet Lower in Carbohydrates and Higher in Protein and Monounsaturated Fat: A Randomized Trial. Arch Intern Med
164: 2141-2146
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nicklas, B. J., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Cesari, M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Kanaya, A. M., Pahor, M., Jingzhong, D., Harris, T. B.
(2004). Association of Visceral Adipose Tissue with Incident Myocardial Infarction in Older Men and Women: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Am J Epidemiol
160: 741-749
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dandona, P., Aljada, A., Ghanim, H., Mohanty, P., Tripathy, C., Hofmeyer, D., Chaudhuri, A.
(2004). Increased Plasma Concentration of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and MIF mRNA in Mononuclear Cells in the Obese and the Suppressive Action of Metformin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89: 5043-5047
[Abstract][Full Text]
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F.
(2004). Methods of Calculating Deaths Attributable to Obesity. Am J Epidemiol
160: 331-338
[Abstract][Full Text]
Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration,
(2004). Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving 310 000 participants. Int J Epidemiol
33: 751-758
[Abstract][Full Text]
Visscher, T. L. S., Rissanen, A., Seidell, J. C., Heliovaara, M., Knekt, P., Reunanen, A., Aromaa, A.
(2004). Obesity and Unhealthy Life-Years in Adult Finns: An Empirical Approach. Arch Intern Med
164: 1413-1420
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maru, S., van Der Schouw, Y. T, Gimbrere, C. H., Grobbee, D. E, Peeters, P. H.
(2004). Body mass index and short-term weight change in relation to mortality in Dutch women after age 50 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
80: 231-236
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mizuno, T., Shu, I-W., Makimura, H., Mobbs, C.
(2004). Obesity Over the Life Course. Sci Aging Knowl Environ
2004: re4-re4
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bray, G. A.
(2004). Medical Consequences of Obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89: 2583-2589
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Block, G., Horwich, T., Fonarow, G. C.
(2004). Reverse epidemiology of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol
43: 1439-1444
[Abstract][Full Text]
Takano, H., Yanagisawa, R., Inoue, K.-I., Shimada, A., Ichinose, T., Sadakane, K., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., Morita, M., Yoshikawa, T.
(2004). Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution near Ambient Levels Is an Atherogenic Risk Primarily in Obese Subjects: A Brief Communication. Exp. Biol. Med.
229: 361-364
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dogu, O., Sevim, S., Louis, E. D., Kaleagasi, H., Aral, M.
(2004). Reduced Body Mass Index in Patients With Essential Tremor: A Population-Based Study in the Province of Mersin, Turkey. Arch Neurol
61: 386-389
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gibson, D.
(2004). Long-Term Food Stamp Program Participation is Differentially Related to Overweight in Young Girls and Boys. J. Nutr.
134: 372-379
[Abstract][Full Text]
Krueger, P. M., Rogers, R. G., Hummer, R. A., Boardman, J. D.
(2004). Body Mass, Smoking, and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Older U.S. Adults. Research on Aging
26: 82-107
[Abstract]
McDonald, S. P., Collins, J. F., Johnson, D. W.
(2003). Obesity Is Associated with Worse Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes in the Australia and New Zealand Patient Populations. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
14: 2894-2901
[Abstract][Full Text]
Abete, P., Cacciatore, F., Ferrara, N., Calabrese, C., de Santis, D., Testa, G., Galizia, G., Del Vecchio, S., Leosco, D., Condorelli, M., Napoli, C., Rengo, F.
(2003). Body mass index and preinfarction angina in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
78: 796-801
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ried, L D., Renner, B. T, Bengtson, M. A, Wilcox, B. M, Acholonu, W. W Jr
(2003). Weight Change After an Atypical Antipsychotic Switch. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
37: 1381-1386
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zhu, S., Wang, Z., Shen, W., Heymsfield, S. B, Heshka, S.
(2003). Percentage body fat ranges associated with metabolic syndrome risk: results based on the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
78: 228-235
[Abstract][Full Text]
