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Volume 341:709-717 September 2, 1999 Number 10 Next

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ABSTRACT

Background and Methods Aldosterone is important in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In a double-blind study, we enrolled 1663 patients who had severe heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of no more than 35 percent and who were being treated with an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor, a loop diuretic, and in most cases digoxin. A total of 822 patients were randomly assigned to receive 25 mg of spironolactone daily, and 841 to receive placebo. The primary end point was death from all causes.

Results The trial was discontinued early, after a mean follow-up period of 24 months, because an interim analysis determined that spironolactone was efficacious. There were 386 deaths in the placebo group (46 percent) and 284 in the spironolactone group (35 percent; relative risk of death, 0.70; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.82; P<0.001). This 30 percent reduction in the risk of death among patients in the spironolactone group was attributed to a lower risk of both death from progressive heart failure and sudden death from cardiac causes. The frequency of hospitalization for worsening heart failure was 35 percent lower in the spironolactone group than in the placebo group (relative risk of hospitalization, 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.77; P<0.001). In addition, patients who received spironolactone had a significant improvement in the symptoms of heart failure, as assessed on the basis of the New York Heart Association functional class (P<0.001). Gynecomastia or breast pain was reported in 10 percent of men who were treated with spironolactone, as compared with 1 percent of men in the placebo group (P<0.001). The incidence of serious hyperkalemia was minimal in both groups of patients.

Conclusions Blockade of aldosterone receptors by spironolactone, in addition to standard therapy, substantially reduces the risk of both morbidity and death among patients with severe heart failure. (N Engl J Med 1999:341:709-17.)

Source Information

From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (B.P., R.C.); the Centre d'Investigation, Clinique de Nancy, Nancy, France (F.Z.); STICARES, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (W.J.R.); the Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France (A.C.); Global Medical Operations, Searle, Skokie, Ill. (A.P.); and the Statistics Collaborative, Washington, D.C. (J.P., J.W.). Preliminary data were presented at the American Heart Association meeting, Dallas, November 8–11, 1998.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Pitt at the Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3910 Taubman, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0366.

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Spironolactone in Patients with Heart Failure
Fernandez H. M., Leipzig R. M., Larkin R. J., Atlas S. A., Donohue T. J., Vanpee D., Swine C., Glick G., Pitt B., Perez A., The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 2000; 342:132-134, Jan 13, 2000. Correspondence

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• McMurray, J., Petrie, M., Swedberg, K., Komajda, M., Anker, S., Gardner, R. (2009). CHAPTER 23 Heart Failure. ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2: med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eckardt, L., Breithardt, G&#x.;n., Hohnloser, S. (2009). CHAPTER 30 Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death. ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2: med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Go, A. S., Yang, J., Gurwitz, J. H., Hsu, J., Lane, K., Platt, R. (2008). Comparative Effectiveness of Different {beta}-Adrenergic Antagonists on Mortality Among Adults With Heart Failure in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 168: 2415-2421 [Abstract] [Full Text]