Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Era of Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Stephanie J. Schrag, D.Phil., Sara Zywicki, M.P.H., Monica M. Farley, M.D., Arthur L. Reingold, M.D., Lee H. Harrison, M.D., Lewis B. Lefkowitz, M.D., James L. Hadler, M.D., Richard Danila, M.D., Paul R. Cieslak, M.D., and Anne Schuchat, M.D.
Background Group B streptococcal infections are a leading causeof neonatal mortality, and they also affect pregnant women andthe elderly. Many cases of the disease in newborns can be preventedby the administration of prophylactic intrapartum antibiotics.In the 1990s, prevention efforts increased. In 1996, consensusguidelines recommended use of either a risk-based or a screening-basedapproach to identify candidates for intrapartum antibiotics.To assess the effects of the preventive efforts, we analyzedtrends in the incidence of group B streptococcal disease from1993 to 1998.
Methods Active, population-based surveillance was conductedin selected counties of eight states. A case was defined bythe isolation of group B streptococci from a normally sterilesite. Census and live-birth data were used to calculate therace-specific incidence of disease; national projections wereadjusted for race.
Results Disease in infants less than seven days old accountedfor 20 percent of all 7867 group B streptococcal infections.The incidence of early-onset neonatal infections decreased by65 percent, from 1.7 per 1000 live births in 1993 to 0.6 per1000 in 1998. The excess incidence of early-onset disease inblack infants, as compared with white infants, decreased by75 percent. Projecting our findings to the entire United States,we estimate that 3900 early-onset infections and 200 neonataldeaths were prevented in 1998 by the use of intrapartum antibiotics.Among pregnant girls and women, the incidence of invasive groupB streptococcal disease declined by 21 percent. The incidenceamong nonpregnant adults did not decline.
Conclusions Over a six-year period, there has been a substantialdecline in the incidence of group B streptococcal disease innewborns, including a major reduction in the excess incidenceof these infections in black infants. These improvements coincidewith the efforts to prevent perinatal disease by the wider useof prophylactic intrapartum antibiotics.
Source Information
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (S.J.S., S.Z., A.S.); the Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Services, Atlanta (M.M.F.); the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (A.L.R.); the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore (L.H.H.); Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville (L.B.L.); the Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford (J.L.H.); the Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis (R.D.); and the Department of Human Resources, Portland, Oreg. (P.R.C.). The members of the surveillance team are listed in the Appendix.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Schrag at the Respiratory Diseases Branch, MS-C23, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, or at zha6{at}cdc.gov.
Tiemstra, J., Miranda, R. L. F.
(2009). Role of Non-Group A Streptococci in Acute Pharyngitis. J Am Board Fam Med
22: 663-669
[Abstract][Full Text]
Springman, A. C., Lacher, D. W., Wu, G., Milton, N., Whittam, T. S., Davies, H. D., Manning, S. D.
(2009). Selection, Recombination, and Virulence Gene Diversity among Group B Streptococcal Genotypes. J. Bacteriol.
191: 5419-5427
[Abstract][Full Text]
Van Dyke, M. K., Phares, C. R., Lynfield, R., Thomas, A. R., Arnold, K. E., Craig, A. S., Mohle-Boetani, J., Gershman, K., Schaffner, W., Petit, S., Zansky, S. M., Morin, C. A., Spina, N. L., Wymore, K., Harrison, L. H., Shutt, K. A., Bareta, J., Bulens, S. N., Zell, E. R., Schuchat, A., Schrag, S. J.
(2009). Evaluation of Universal Antenatal Screening for Group B Streptococcus. NEJM
360: 2626-2636
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lepercq, J., Treluyer, J. M., Auger, C., Raymond, J., Rey, E., Schmitz, T., Jullien, V.
(2009). Evaluation of Cefotaxime and Desacetylcefotaxime Concentrations in Cord Blood after Intrapartum Prophylaxis with Cefotaxime. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 2342-2345
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eberly, M. D., Rajnik, M.
(2009). The Effect of Universal Maternal Screening on the Incidence of Neonatal Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease. CLIN PEDIATR
48: 369-375
[Abstract]
Manning, S. D., Springman, A. C., Lehotzky, E., Lewis, M. A., Whittam, T. S., Davies, H. D.
(2009). Multilocus Sequence Types Associated with Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Sepsis and Meningitis in Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol.
47: 1143-1148
[Abstract][Full Text]
Puliti, M., Uematsu, S., Akira, S., Bistoni, F., Tissi, L.
(2009). Toll-Like Receptor 2 Deficiency Is Associated with Enhanced Severity of Group B Streptococcal Disease. Infect. Immun.
77: 1524-1531
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hicks, P., Diaz-Perez, M. J.
(2009). Patient Self-Collection of Group B Streptococcal Specimens During Pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Med
22: 136-140
[Abstract][Full Text]
Block, T., Munson, E., Culver, A., Vaughan, K., Hryciuk, J. E.
(2008). Comparison of Carrot Broth- and Selective Todd-Hewitt Broth-Enhanced PCR Protocols for Real-Time Detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in Prenatal Vaginal/Anorectal Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 3615-3620
[Abstract][Full Text]
Phares, C., Schuchat, A., Schrag, S.
(2008). Reductions in Incidence of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States--Reply. JAMA
300: 1650-1650
[Full Text]
Muzny, C. A., Pearson, C. L. Jr, Campbell, G. D., Chapman, S. W.
(2008). Vomiting and Diarrhea in a 51-Year-Old Woman With Splenectomy. Chest
134: 438-441
[Full Text]
Kimura, K., Suzuki, S., Wachino, J.-i., Kurokawa, H., Yamane, K., Shibata, N., Nagano, N., Kato, H., Shibayama, K., Arakawa, Y.
(2008). First Molecular Characterization of Group B Streptococci with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
52: 2890-2897
[Abstract][Full Text]
Church, D. L., Baxter, H., Lloyd, T., Miller, B., Elsayed, S.
(2008). Evaluation of StrepB Carrot Broth versus Lim Broth for Detection of Group B Streptococcus Colonization Status of Near-Term Pregnant Women. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 2780-2782
[Abstract][Full Text]
Phares, C. R., Lynfield, R., Farley, M. M., Mohle-Boetani, J., Harrison, L. H., Petit, S., Craig, A. S., Schaffner, W., Zansky, S. M., Gershman, K., Stefonek, K. R., Albanese, B. A., Zell, E. R., Schuchat, A., Schrag, S. J.
(2008). Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA
299: 2056-2065
[Abstract][Full Text]
Berardi, A, Lugli, L, Rossi, C, Morini, M S, Vagnarelli, F, Ferrari, F
(2008). Group B streptococcus and preventive strategies in Europe. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.
93: F249-F249
[Full Text]
Bolduc, G. R., Madoff, L. C.
(2007). The group B streptococcal alpha C protein binds {alpha}1 1-integrin through a novel KTD motif that promotes internalization of GBS within human epithelial cells. Microbiology
153: 4039-4049
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2007). Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease After Universal Screening Recommendations United States, 2003-2005. JAMA
298: 1390-1392
[Full Text]
Berardi, A., Lugli, L., Baronciani, D., Creti, R., Rossi, K., Ciccia, M., Gambini, L., Mariani, S., Papa, I., Serra, L., Tridapalli, E., Ferrari, F., for the GBS Prevention Working Group of Emilia-Rom,
(2007). Group B Streptococcal Infections in a Northern Region of Italy. Pediatrics
120: e487-e493
[Abstract][Full Text]
Parham, N. J., Picard, F. J., Peytavi, R., Gagnon, M., Seyrig, G., Gagne, P.-A., Boissinot, M., Bergeron, M. G.
(2007). Specific Magnetic Bead Based Capture of Genomic DNA from Clinical Samples: Application to the Detection of Group B Streptococci in Vaginal/Anal Swabs. Clin. Chem.
53: 1570-1576
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, H.-H., Madoff, L. C., Guttormsen, H.-K., Liu, Y.-D., Paoletti, L. C.
(2007). Recombinant Group B Streptococcus Beta C Protein and a Variant with the Deletion of Its Immunoglobulin A-Binding Site Are Protective Mouse Maternal Vaccines and Effective Carriers in Conjugate Vaccines. Infect. Immun.
75: 3455-3461
[Abstract][Full Text]
Trijbels-Smeulders, M, de Jonge, G A, Pasker-de Jong, P C M, Gerards, L J, Adriaanse, A H, van Lingen, R A, Kollee, L A A
(2007). Epidemiology of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in the Netherlands before and after introduction of guidelines for prevention. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.
92: F271-F276
[Abstract][Full Text]
Larsson, C, Lindroth, M, Nordin, P, Stalhammar-Carlemalm, M, Lindahl, G, Krantz, I
(2006). Association between low concentrations of antibodies to protein {alpha} and Rib and invasive neonatal group B streptococcal infection.. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.
91: F403-F408
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tamura, G. S., Hull, J. R., Oberg, M. D., Castner, D. G.
(2006). High-Affinity Interaction between Fibronectin and the Group B Streptococcal C5a Peptidase Is Unaffected by a Naturally Occurring Four-Amino-Acid Deletion That Eliminates Peptidase Activity.. Infect. Immun.
74: 5739-5746
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tumbaga, P. F., Philip, A. G.S.
(2006). Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections and the New Guidelines: An Update. NeoReviews
7: e524-e530
[Full Text]
Schrag, S. J., Hadler, J. L., Arnold, K. E., Martell-Cleary, P., Reingold, A., Schuchat, A.
(2006). Risk Factors for Invasive, Early-Onset Escherichia coli Infections in the Era of Widespread Intrapartum Antibiotic Use. Pediatrics
118: 570-576
[Abstract][Full Text]
Natarajan, G., Johnson, Y. R., Zhang, F., Chen, K. M., Worsham, M. J.
(2006). Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Rapid Detection of Group B Streptococcal Colonization in Neonates. Pediatrics
118: 14-22
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fluegge, K., Siedler, A., Heinrich, B., Schulte-Moenting, J., Moennig, M.-J., Bartels, D. B., Dammann, O., von Kries, R., Berner, R., for the German Pediatric Surveillance Unit Study G,
(2006). Incidence and Clinical Presentation of Invasive Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infections in Germany. Pediatrics
117: e1139-e1145
[Abstract][Full Text]
Seifert, K. N., Adderson, E. E., Whiting, A. A., Bohnsack, J. F., Crowley, P. J., Brady, L. J.
(2006). A unique serine-rich repeat protein (Srr-2) and novel surface antigen ({varepsilon}) associated with a virulent lineage of serotype III Streptococcus agalactiae.. Microbiology
152: 1029-1040
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2006). Early-Onset and Late-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease--United States, 1996-2004. JAMA
295: 1371-1372
[Full Text]
Rallu, F., Barriga, P., Scrivo, C., Martel-Laferriere, V., Laferriere, C.
(2006). Sensitivities of antigen detection and PCR assays greatly increased compared to that of the standard culture method for screening for group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 725-728
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mosca, A., Russo, F., Miragliotta, G.
(2006). In vitro antimicrobial activity of benzalkonium chloride against clinical isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae. J Antimicrob Chemother
57: 566-568
[Abstract][Full Text]
Correia, N.
(2006). Specific Problems in Perinatal Infections: A Literature Review. Indoor and Built Environment
15: 25-28
[Abstract]
Harrison, L. H.
(2006). Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
19: 142-164
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dogan, B., Schukken, Y. H., Santisteban, C., Boor, K. J.
(2005). Distribution of Serotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates from Bovine and Human Hosts. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 5899-5906
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bizzarro, M. J., Raskind, C., Baltimore, R. S., Gallagher, P. G.
(2005). Seventy-Five Years of Neonatal Sepsis at Yale: 1928-2003. Pediatrics
116: 595-602
[Abstract][Full Text]
Glasgow, T. S., Young, P. C., Wallin, J., Kwok, C., Stoddard, G., Firth, S., Samore, M., Byington, C. L.
(2005). Association of Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure and Late-Onset Serious Bacterial Infections in Infants. Pediatrics
116: 696-702
[Abstract][Full Text]
von Both, U., Buerckstuemmer, A., Fluegge, K., Berner, R.
(2005). Heterogeneity of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation among Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
49: 3080-3082
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chaffin, D. O., Mentele, L. M., Rubens, C. E.
(2005). Sialylation of Group B Streptococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Is Mediated by cpsK and Is Required for Optimal Capsule Polymerization and Expression. J. Bacteriol.
187: 4615-4626
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bisharat, N., Jones, N., Marchaim, D., Block, C., Harding, R. M., Yagupsky, P., Peto, T., Crook, D. W.
(2005). Population structure of group B streptococcus from a low-incidence region for invasive neonatal disease. Microbiology
151: 1875-1881
[Abstract][Full Text]
Auperin, T. C., Bolduc, G. R., Baron, M. J., Heroux, A., Filman, D. J., Madoff, L. C., Hogle, J. M.
(2005). Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of the Group B Streptococcus Alpha C Protein. J. Biol. Chem.
280: 18245-18252
[Abstract][Full Text]
Puopolo, K. M., Madoff, L. C., Eichenwald, E. C.
(2005). Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Era of Maternal Screening. Pediatrics
115: 1240-1246
[Abstract][Full Text]
Seepersaud, R., Hanniffy, S. B., Mayne, P., Sizer, P., Le Page, R., Wells, J. M.
(2005). Characterization of a Novel Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Antigen from Group B Streptococci That Elicits Protective Immunity. Infect. Immun.
73: 1671-1683
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sukhnanand, S., Dogan, B., Ayodele, M. O., Zadoks, R. N., Craver, M. P. J., Dumas, N. B., Schukken, Y. H., Boor, K. J., Wiedmann, M.
(2005). Molecular Subtyping and Characterization of Bovine and Human Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 1177-1186
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marlowe, K. F.
(2005). Update on the Treatment of Infections in the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Pharmacy Practice
18: 3-8
[Abstract]
Lindahl, G., Stalhammar-Carlemalm, M., Areschoug, T.
(2005). Surface Proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae and Related Proteins in Other Bacterial Pathogens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
18: 102-127
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shepherd, E. G., Zhao, Q., Welty, S. E., Hansen, T. N., Smith, C. V., Liu, Y.
(2004). The Function of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 in Peptidoglycan-stimulated Macrophages. J. Biol. Chem.
279: 54023-54031
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fluegge, K., Supper, S., Siedler, A., Berner, R.
(2004). Antibiotic Susceptibility in Neonatal Invasive Isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae in a 2-Year Nationwide Surveillance Study in Germany. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
48: 4444-4446
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jaureguy, F., Carton, M., Panel, P., Foucaud, P., Butel, M.-J., Doucet-Populaire, F.
(2004). Effects of Intrapartum Penicillin Prophylaxis on Intestinal Bacterial Colonization in Infants. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 5184-5188
[Abstract][Full Text]
Negre, V. L., Colin-Gorski, A.-M., Magnier, S., Maisonneuve, L., Aujard, Y., Bingen, E., Bonacorsi, S.
(2004). Culture-Negative Neonatal Meningitis and Endocarditis Caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 4889-4890
[Abstract][Full Text]
Finn, A.
(2004). Bacterial polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Br Med Bull
70: 1-14
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2004). Diminishing Racial Disparities in Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease--United States, 2000-2003. JAMA
292: 676-677
[Full Text]
Lewis, A. L., Nizet, V., Varki, A.
(2004). Discovery and characterization of sialic acid O-acetylation in group B Streptococcus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101: 11123-11128
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rentz, A. C., Samore, M. H., Stoddard, G. J., Faix, R. G., Byington, C. L.
(2004). Risk Factors Associated With Ampicillin-Resistant Infection in Newborns in the Era of Group B Streptococcal Prophylaxis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
158: 556-560
[Abstract][Full Text]
Byington, C. L., Enriquez, F. R., Hoff, C., Tuohy, R., Taggart, E. W., Hillyard, D. R., Carroll, K. C., Christenson, J. C.
(2004). Serious Bacterial Infections in Febrile Infants 1 to 90 Days Old With and Without Viral Infections. Pediatrics
113: 1662-1666
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tang, P., Ng, P., Lum, M., Skulnick, M., Small, G. W., Low, D. E., Sarabia, A., Mazzulli, T., Wong, K., Simor, A. E., Willey, B. M.
(2004). Use of the Vitek-1 and Vitek-2 Systems for Detection of Constitutive and Inducible Macrolide Resistance in Group B Streptococci. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 2282-2284
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clermont, O., Bonacorsi, S., Bingen, E.
(2004). Characterization of an Anonymous Molecular Marker Strongly Linked to Escherichia coli Strains Causing Neonatal Meningitis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 1770-1772
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gilbert, R.
(2004). Prenatal screening for group B streptococcal infection: gaps in the evidence. Int J Epidemiol
33: 2-8
[Full Text]
Chiesa, C., Panero, A., Osborn, J. F., Simonetti, A. F., Pacifico, L.
(2004). Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis: A Clinical and Laboratory Challenge. Clin. Chem.
50: 279-287
[Full Text]
Reich, H. L., Crawford, G. H., Pelle, M. T., James, W. D.
(2004). Group B Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome. Arch Dermatol
140: 163-166
[Full Text]
Hansen, S. M., Uldbjerg, N., Kilian, M., Sorensen, U. B. S.
(2004). Dynamics of Streptococcus agalactiae Colonization in Women during and after Pregnancy and in Their Infants. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 83-89
[Abstract][Full Text]
Adair, C. E., Kowalsky, L., Quon, H., Ma, D., Stoffman, J., McGeer, A., Robertson, S., Mucenski, M., Davies, H. D.
(2003). Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates: a population-based case-control study. CMAJ
169: 198-203
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gras-Le Guen, C., Debillon, T., Toquet, C., Jarry, A., Winer, N., Jacqueline, C., Kergueris, M. F., Bingen, E., Roze, J. C., Potel, G., Bugnon, D.
(2003). Persistent Bacteremia in Rabbit Fetuses despite Maternal Antibiotic Therapy in a Novel Intrauterine-Infection Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
47: 2125-2130
[Abstract][Full Text]
von Both, U., Ruess, M., Mueller, U., Fluegge, K., Sander, A., Berner, R.
(2003). A Serotype V Clone Is Predominant among Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates in a Southwestern Region of Germany. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 2166-2169
[Abstract][Full Text]
Artz, L. A., Kempf, V. A. J., Autenrieth, I. B.
(2003). Rapid Screening for Streptococcus agalactiae in Vaginal Specimens of Pregnant Women by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 2170-2173
[Abstract][Full Text]
McDonald, L. C., Bryant, K., Snyder, J.
(2003). Peripartum Transmission of Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 2258-2260
[Abstract][Full Text]
Byington, C. L., Rittichier, K. K., Bassett, K. E., Castillo, H., Glasgow, T. S., Daly, J., Pavia, A. T.
(2003). Serious Bacterial Infections in Febrile Infants Younger Than 90 Days of Age: The Importance of Ampicillin-Resistant Pathogens. Pediatrics
111: 964-968
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baker, C J, Edwards, M S
(2003). Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines. Arch. Dis. Child.
88: 375-378
[Abstract][Full Text]
Heath, P T, Nik Yusoff, N K, Baker, C J
(2003). Neonatal meningitis. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.
88: F173-F178
[Abstract][Full Text]
Curtis, J., Kim, G., Wehr, N. B., Levine, R. L.
(2003). Group B streptococcal phospholipid causes pulmonary hypertension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
100: 5087-5090
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hansen, S. M., Sorensen, U. B. S.
(2003). Method for Quantitative Detection and Presumptive Identification of Group B Streptococci on Primary Plating. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 1399-1403
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tumbaga, P. F., Philip, A. G. S.
(2003). Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections: Past, Present, and Future. NeoReviews
4: e65-72
[Full Text]
Velaphi, S., Siegel, J. D., Wendel, G. D. Jr, Cushion, N., Eid, W. M., Sanchez, P. J.
(2003). Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection After a Combined Maternal and Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Chemoprophylaxis Strategy. Pediatrics
111: 541-547
[Abstract][Full Text]
Paul, D. A., Coleman, M. M., Leef, K. H., Tuttle, D., Stefano, J. L.
(2003). Maternal Antibiotics and Decreased Periventricular Leukomalacia in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
157: 145-149
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hyde, T. B., Hilger, T. M., Reingold, A., Farley, M. M., O'Brien, K. L., Schuchat, A.
(2002). Trends in Incidence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Early-Onset Sepsis: Population-Based Surveillance in San Francisco and Atlanta. Pediatrics
110: 690-695
[Abstract][Full Text]
Haberland, C. A., Benitz, W. E., Sanders, G. D., Pietzsch, J. B., Yamada, S., Nguyen, L., Garber, A. M.
(2002). Perinatal Screening for Group B Streptococci: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction. Pediatrics
110: 471-480
[Abstract][Full Text]
Oddie, S., Embleton, N. D
(2002). Risk factors for early onset neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: case-control study. BMJ
325: 308-308
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schrag, S. J., Zell, E. R., Lynfield, R., Roome, A., Arnold, K. E., Craig, A. S., Harrison, L. H., Reingold, A., Stefonek, K., Smith, G., Gamble, M., Schuchat, A., the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team,
(2002). A Population-Based Comparison of Strategies to Prevent Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Neonates. NEJM
347: 233-239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N., Fanaroff, A. A., Wright, L. L., Carlo, W. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Lemons, J. A., Donovan, E. F., Stark, A. R., Tyson, J. E., Oh, W., Bauer, C. R., Korones, S. B., Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Stevenson, D. K., Papile, L.-A., Poole, W. K.
(2002). Changes in Pathogens Causing Early-Onset Sepsis in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants. NEJM
347: 240-247
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eschenbach, D. A.
(2002). Prevention of Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infection. NEJM
347: 280-281
[Full Text]
(2002). Prevention of group B streptococcal infection in newborns: Recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ
166: 928-930
[Full Text]
Kong, F., Gowan, S., Martin, D., James, G., Gilbert, G. L.
(2002). Serotype Identification of Group B Streptococci by PCR and Sequencing. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 216-226
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Azavedo, J. C. S., McGavin, M., Duncan, C., Low, D. E., McGeer, A.
(2001). Prevalence and Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Invasive and Noninvasive Group B Streptococcus Isolates from Ontario, Canada. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 3504-3508
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hsueh, P.-R., Teng, L.-J., Lee, L.-N., Ho, S.-W., Yang, P.-C., Luh, K.-T.
(2001). High Incidence of Erythromycin Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae in Taiwan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 3205-3208
[Abstract][Full Text]
Paoletti, L. C., Rench, M. A., Kasper, D. L., Molrine, D., Ambrosino, D., Baker, C. J.
(2001). Effects of Alum Adjuvant or a Booster Dose on Immunogenicity during Clinical Trials of Group B Streptococcal Type III Conjugate Vaccines. Infect. Immun.
69: 6696-6701
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baltimore, R. S., Huie, S. M., Meek, J. I., Schuchat, A., O'Brien, K. L.
(2001). Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in the Era of Group B Streptococcal Prevention. Pediatrics
108: 1094-1098
[Abstract][Full Text]
Matsubara, K., Nishiyama, Y., Katayama, K., Yamamoto, G., Sugiyama, M., Murai, T., Baba, K.
(2001). Change of antimicrobial susceptibility of group B streptococci over 15 years in Japan. J Antimicrob Chemother
48: 579-582
[Abstract][Full Text]
Puopolo, K. M., Hollingshead, S. K., Carey, V. J., Madoff, L. C.
(2001). Tandem Repeat Deletion in the Alpha C Protein of Group B Streptococcus Is recA Independent. Infect. Immun.
69: 5037-5045
[Abstract][Full Text]
Davies, H. D., Adair, C. E., Schuchat, A., Low, D. E., Sauve, R. S., McGeer, A.
(2001). Physicians' prevention practices and incidence of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in 2 Canadian regions. CMAJ
164: 479-485
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rosa-Fraile, M., Sampedro, A., Rodríguez-Granger, J., García-Peña, M. L., Ruiz-Bravo, A., Haïdour, A.
(2001). Pigment Production by Streptococcus agalactiae in Quasi-Defined Media. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
67: 473-474
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baker, C. J.
(2000). Prophylactic antibiotic use leads to drop in early-onset GBS cases. AAP News
17: 154-154
[Full Text]
Bergeron, M. G., Ke, D., Menard, C., Francois, F. J., Gagnon, M., Bernier, M., Ouellette, M., Roy, P. H., Marcoux, S., Fraser, W. D.
(2000). Rapid Detection of Group B Streptococci in Pregnant Women at Delivery. NEJM
343: 175-179
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schuchat, A.
(2000). Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease -- Screening and Prevention. NEJM
343: 208-210
[Full Text]
Roberts, J. M
(2000). Recent advances: Obstetrics. BMJ
321: 33-35
[Full Text]
Wendel, G. D., McIntire, D. J., Leveno, K. J.
(2000). Reducing Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease. NEJM
342: 1367-1368
[Full Text]
(2000). Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Less Disease, But More Resistance. JWatch Infect. Diseases
2000: 4-4
[Full Text]
Previous
