FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 342:836-843 March 23, 2000 Number 12 Next

	Full Text PDF Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited Related Article by Horowitz, G. L. PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Since inflammation is believed to have a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events, measurement of markers of inflammation has been proposed as a method to improve the prediction of the risk of these events.

Methods We conducted a prospective, nested case–control study among 28,263 apparently healthy postmenopausal women over a mean follow-up period of three years to assess the risk of cardiovascular events associated with base-line levels of markers of inflammation. The markers included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (slCAM-1). We also studied homocysteine and several lipid and lipoprotein measurements. Cardiovascular events were defined as death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, or the need for coronary-revascularization procedures.

Results Of the 12 markers measured, hs-CRP was the strongest univariate predictor of the risk of cardiovascular events; the relative risk of events for women in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile for this marker was 4.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 8.9). Other markers significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular events were serum amyloid A (relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile, 3.0), slCAM-1 (2.6), interleukin-6 (2.2), homocysteine (2.0), total cholesterol (2.4), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (2.4), apolipoprotein B-100 (3.4), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (0.3), and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (3.4). Prediction models that incorporated markers of inflammation in addition to lipids were significantly better at predicting risk than models based on lipid levels alone (P<0.001). The levels of hs-CRP and serum amyloid A were significant predictors of risk even in the subgroup of women with LDL cholesterol levels below 130 mg per deciliter (3.4 mmol per liter), the target for primary prevention established by the National Cholesterol Education Program. In multivariate analyses, the only plasma markers that independently predicted risk were hs-CRP (relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile, 1.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.1) and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (relative risk, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9).

Conclusions The addition of the measurement of C-reactive protein to screening based on lipid levels may provide an improved method of identifying women at risk for cardiovascular events.

Source Information

From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (P.M.R.) and the Divisions of Cardiology (P.M.R.) and Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., C.H.H., J.E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (N.R.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Ridker at Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, or at pridker{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

C-Reactive Protein in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease
Horowitz G. L., Beckwith B. A., Ridker P. M., Buring J. E., Rifai N.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 2000; 343:512-513, Aug 17, 2000. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Dixon, N. C., Hurst, T. L., Talbot, D. C. S., Tyrrell, R. M., Thompson, D. (2009). Active middle-aged men have lower fasting inflammatory markers but the postprandial inflammatory response is minimal and unaffected by physical activity status. J. Appl. Physiol. 107: 63-68 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pons-Estel, G. J., Gonzalez, L. A., Zhang, J., Burgos, P. I., Reveille, J. D., Vila, L. M., Alarcon, G. S. (2009). Predictors of cardiovascular damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA (LXVIII), a multiethnic US cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48: 817-822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Plat, J., Brufau, G., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., Dasselaar, M., Mensink, R. P. (2009). A Plant Stanol Yogurt Drink Alone or Combined with a Low-Dose Statin Lowers Serum Triacylglycerol and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Metabolic Syndrome Patients. J. Nutr. 139: 1143-1149 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ugurlu, S., Seyahi, E., Cetinkaya, F., Ozbakir, F., Balci, H., Ozdogan, H. (2009). Intima-media thickening in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Rheumatology (Oxford) 0: kep131v1-kep131 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Almeida, O. P, Norman, P. E, Allcock, R., Bockxmeer, F. v., Hankey, G. J, Jamrozik, K., Flicker, L. (2009). Polymorphisms of the CRP gene inhibit inflammatory response and increase susceptibility to depression: The Health in Men Study. Int J Epidemiol 0: dyp199v1-dyp199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ridker, P. M (2009). The JUPITER Trial: Results, Controversies, and Implications for Prevention. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2: 279-285 [Full Text]  
• Cirillo, P., Sautin, Y. Y., Kanellis, J., Kang, D.-H., Gesualdo, L., Nakagawa, T., Johnson, R. J. (2009). Systemic inflammation, metabolic syndrome and progressive renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 1384-1387 [Full Text]  
• Cartier, A., Cote, M., Lemieux, I., Perusse, L., Tremblay, A., Bouchard, C., Despres, J.-P. (2009). Sex differences in inflammatory markers: what is the contribution of visceral adiposity?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1307-1314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lavallee, P. C., Labreuche, J., Gongora-Rivera, F., Jaramillo, A., Brenner, D., Klein, I. F, Touboul, P.-J., Vicaut, E., Amarenco, P., on behalf of the Lacunar-B.I.C.H.A.T. Investigator, (2009). Placebo-Controlled Trial of High-Dose Atorvastatin in Patients With Severe Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Stroke 40: 1721-1728 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stokes, K. Y., Dugas, T. R., Tang, Y., Garg, H., Guidry, E., Bryan, N. S. (2009). Dietary nitrite prevents hypercholesterolemic microvascular inflammation and reverses endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 296: H1281-H1288 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roche, F., Gaspoz, J-M., Pichot, V., Picard-Kossovsky, M., Maudoux, D., Garcin, A., Celle, S., Sforza, E., Barthelemy, J. C., on behalf of the PROOF and SYNAPSE Study Groups, (2009). Association between C-reactive protein and unrecognised sleep-disordered breathing in the elderly. Eur Respir J 33: 797-803 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fujita, M., Ueno, K., Hata, A. (2009). Lower Frequency of Daily Teeth Brushing Is Related to High Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Exp. Biol. Med. 234: 387-394 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lui, M. M.-s., Lam, J. C.-m., Mak, H. K.-F., Xu, A., Ooi, C., Lam, D. C.-l., Mak, J. C.-w., Khong, P. L., Ip, M. S.-M. (2009). C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Independent of Visceral Obesity. Chest 135: 950-956 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baune, B. T., Ponath, G., Rothermundt, M., Roesler, A., Berger, K. (2009). Association Between Cytokines and Cerebral MRI Changes in the Aging Brain. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 22: 23-34 [Abstract]  
• Baune, B. T. (2009). The Puzzle of Predicting the Impact of Brain Infarcts on Cognitive Impairment in the Aging Brain. Stroke 40: 667-669 [Full Text]  
• Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Fedor, D. M., Adkins, Y., Mackey, B. E. (2009). DHA Supplementation Decreases Serum C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in Hypertriglyceridemic Men. J. Nutr. 139: 495-501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B., Katon, W. (2009). Premature Mortality From General Medical Illnesses Among Persons With Bipolar Disorder: A Review. Psychiatr. Serv. 60: 147-156 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Biasucci, L. M., Liuzzo, G., Della Bona, R., Leo, M., Biasillo, G., Angiolillo, D. J., Abbate, A., Rizzello, V., Niccoli, G., Giubilato, S., Crea, F. (2009). Different Apparent Prognostic Value of hsCRP in Type 2 Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Clin. Chem. 55: 365-368 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• States, J. C., Srivastava, S., Chen, Y., Barchowsky, A. (2009). Arsenic and Cardiovascular Disease. Toxicol Sci 107: 312-323 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fujita, Y., Kakino, A., Nishimichi, N., Yamaguchi, S., Sato, Y., Machida, S., Cominacini, L., Delneste, Y., Matsuda, H., Sawamura, T. (2009). Oxidized LDL Receptor LOX-1 Binds to C-Reactive Protein and Mediates Its Vascular Effects. Clin. Chem. 55: 285-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Glynn, R. J., MacFadyen, J. G., Ridker, P. M (2009). Tracking of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein after an Initially Elevated Concentration: The JUPITER Study. Clin. Chem. 55: 305-312 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, C. C., You, N.-c. Y., Song, Y., Hsu, Y.-H., Manson, J., Nathan, L., Tinker, L., Liu, S. (2009). Relation of Genetic Variation in the Gene Coding for C-Reactive Protein with Its Plasma Protein Concentrations: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort. Clin. Chem. 55: 351-360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ridker, P. M (2009). C-Reactive Protein: Eighty Years from Discovery to Emergence as a Major Risk Marker for Cardiovascular Disease. Clin. Chem. 55: 209-215 [Full Text]  
• de Ruijter, W., Westendorp, R. G J, Assendelft, W. J J, den Elzen, W. P J, de Craen, A. J M, le Cessie, S., Gussekloo, J. (2009). Use of Framingham risk score and new biomarkers to predict cardiovascular mortality in older people: population based observational cohort study. BMJ 338: a3083-a3083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• SHISHEHBOR, M. H., HAZEN, S. L. (2009). JUPITER to Earth: A statin helps people with normal LDL-C and high hs-CRP, but what does it mean?. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 76: 37-44 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iwamoto, H., Yokoyama, A., Kitahara, Y., Ishikawa, N., Haruta, Y., Yamane, K., Hattori, N., Hara, H., Kohno, N. (2009). Airflow Limitation in Smokers Is Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179: 35-40 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Spatz, E. S., Canavan, M. E., Desai, M. M. (2009). From Here to JUPITER: Identifying New Patients for Statin Therapy Using Data From the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2: 41-48 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Qi, L., Rifai, N., Hu, F. B. (2009). Interleukin-6 Receptor Gene, Plasma C-Reactive Protein, and Diabetes Risk in Women. Diabetes 58: 275-278 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Corella, D., Gonzalez, J. I., Bullo, M., Carrasco, P., Portoles, O., Diez-Espino, J., Covas, M. I., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Gomez-Gracia, E., Aros, F., Fiol, M., Herrera, M. C., Santos, J. M., Saez, G., Lamuela, R., Lahoz, C., Vinyoles, E., Ros, E., Estruch, R. (2009). Polymorphisms Cyclooxygenase-2 -765G>C and Interleukin-6 -174G>C Are Associated with Serum Inflammation Markers in a High Cardiovascular Risk Population and Do Not Modify the Response to a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. J. Nutr. 139: 128-134 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Montecucco, F., Mach, F. (2009). Common inflammatory mediators orchestrate pathophysiological processes in rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48: 11-22 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Man, S. F. P., Xing, L., Connett, J. E., Anthonisen, N. R., Wise, R. A., Tashkin, D. P., Zhang, X., Vessey, R., Walker, T. G., Celli, B. R., Sin, D. D. (2008). Circulating fibronectin to C-reactive protein ratio and mortality: a biomarker in COPD?. Eur Respir J 32: 1451-1457 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Molins, B., Pena, E., Vilahur, G., Mendieta, C., Slevin, M., Badimon, L. (2008). C-Reactive Protein Isoforms Differ in Their Effects on Thrombus Growth. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 28: 2239-2246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wilson, P. G., Thompson, J. C., Webb, N. R., de Beer, F. C., King, V. L., Tannock, L. R. (2008). Serum Amyloid A, but Not C-Reactive Protein, Stimulates Vascular Proteoglycan Synthesis in a Pro-Atherogenic Manner. Am. J. Pathol. 173: 1902-1910 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ridker, P. M, Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A.H., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M. Jr., Kastelein, J. J.P., Koenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., Nordestgaard, B. G., Shepherd, J., Willerson, J. T., Glynn, R. J., the JUPITER Study Group, (2008). Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein. NEJM 359: 2195-2207 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wilson, P. W.F., Pencina, M., Jacques, P., Selhub, J., D'Agostino, R. Sr, O'Donnell, C. J. (2008). C-Reactive Protein and Reclassification of Cardiovascular Risk in the Framingham Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 1: 92-97 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amann, K. (2008). Media Calcification and Intima Calcification Are Distinct Entities in Chronic Kidney Disease. CJASN 3: 1599-1605 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aukrust, P., Halvorsen, B., Yndestad, A., Ueland, T., Oie, E., Otterdal, K., Gullestad, L., Damas, J. K. (2008). Chemokines and Cardiovascular Risk. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 28: 1909-1919 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Humphrey, L. L., Fu, R., Rogers, K., Freeman, M., Helfand, M. (2008). Homocysteine Level and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 83: 1203-1212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Avcin, T., Cimaz, R., Silverman, E. D., Cervera, R., Gattorno, M., Garay, S., Berkun, Y., Sztajnbok, F. R., Silva, C. A., Campos, L. M., Saad-Magalhaes, C., Rigante, D., Ravelli, A., Martini, A., Rozman, B., Meroni, P. L. (2008). Pediatric Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Clinical and Immunologic Features of 121 Patients in an International Registry. Pediatrics 122: e1100-e1107 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martinelli, N., Girelli, D., Malerba, G., Guarini, P., Illig, T., Trabetti, E., Sandri, M., Friso, S., Pizzolo, F., Schaeffer, L., Heinrich, J., Pignatti, P. F., Corrocher, R., Olivieri, O. (2008). FADS genotypes and desaturase activity estimated by the ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid are associated with inflammation and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 941-949 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Boekholdt, S. M., Luben, R. N., Wareham, N. J., Khaw, K.-T. (2008). Major Depression, C-Reactive Protein, and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Healthy Men and Women. Psychosom. Med. 70: 850-855 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• O'Brien, K. A., Ling, S., Abbas, E., Dai, A., Zhang, J., Wang, W. C., Bensoussan, A., Luo, R., Guo, Z.-X., Komesaroff, P. A. (2008). A Chinese Herbal Preparation Containing Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Notoginseng and Borneolum Syntheticum Reduces Circulating Adhesion Molecules. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 0: nen060v1-nen060 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maingrette, F., Li, L., Renier, G. (2008). C-reactive protein enhances macrophage lipoprotein lipase expression. J. Lipid Res. 49: 1926-1935 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mauger, J.-F., Levesque, J., Paradis, M.-E., Bergeron, N., Tchernof, A., Couture, P., Lamarche, B. (2008). Intravascular Kinetics of C-Reactive Protein and Their Relationships with Features of the Metabolic Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 3158-3164 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Welsh, P., Lowe, G. D.O., Chalmers, J., Campbell, D. J., Rumley, A., Neal, B. C., MacMahon, S. W., Woodward, M. (2008). Associations of Proinflammatory Cytokines With the Risk of Recurrent Stroke. Stroke 39: 2226-2230 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Markovitch, D., Tyrrell, R. M., Thompson, D. (2008). Acute moderate-intensity exercise in middle-aged men has neither an anti- nor proinflammatory effect. J. Appl. Physiol. 105: 260-265 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brugts, M. P., van den Beld, A. W., Hofland, L. J., van der Wansem, K., van Koetsveld, P. M., Frystyk, J., Lamberts, S. W. J., Janssen, J. A. M. J. L. (2008). Low Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Bioactivity in Elderly Men Is Associated with Increased Mortality. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 2515-2522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Afzal, A. R., Kiechl, S., Daryani, Y. P., Weerasinghe, A., Zhang, Y., Reindl, M., Mayr, A., Weger, S., Xu, Q., Willeit, J. (2008). Common CCR5-del32 Frameshift Mutation Associated With Serum Levels of Inflammatory Markers and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Bruneck Population. Stroke 39: 1972-1978 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pande, R. L., Perlstein, T. S., Beckman, J. A., Creager, M. A. (2008). Association of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation With Peripheral Arterial Disease: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. Circulation 118: 33-41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baum, M K, Rafie, C, Sales, S, Lai, S, Duan, R, Jayaweera, D T, Page, J B, Campa, A (2008). C-reactive protein: a poor marker of cardiovascular disease risk in HIV+ populations with a high prevalence of elevated serum transaminases. Int J STD AIDS 19: 410-413 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ukropec, J., Penesova, A., Skopkova, M., Pura, M., Vlcek, M., Radikova, Z., Imrich, R., Ukropcova, B., Tajtakova, M., Koska, J., Zorad, S., Belan, V., Vanuga, P., Payer, J., Eckel, J., Klimes, I., Gasperikova, D. (2008). Adipokine Protein Expression Pattern in Growth Hormone Deficiency Predisposes to the Increased Fat Cell Size and the Whole Body Metabolic Derangements. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 2255-2262 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sin, D. D., Man, S. F. P., Marciniuk, D. D., Ford, G., FitzGerald, M., Wong, E., York, E., Mainra, R. R., Ramesh, W., Melenka, L. S., Wilde, E., Cowie, R. L., Williams, D., Gan, W. Q., Rousseau, R., for the ABC (Advair, Biomarkers in COPD) Investiga, (2008). The Effects of Fluticasone with or without Salmeterol on Systemic Biomarkers of Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177: 1207-1214 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schulte, S., Sukhova, G. K., Libby, P. (2008). Genetically Programmed Biases in Th1 and Th2 Immune Responses Modulate Atherogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 172: 1500-1508 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hubel, C. A., Powers, R. W., Snaedal, S., Gammill, H. S., Ness, R. B., Roberts, J. M., Arngrimsson, R. (2008). C-Reactive Protein Is Elevated 30 Years After Eclamptic Pregnancy. Hypertension 51: 1499-1505 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zethelius, B., Berglund, L., Sundstrom, J., Ingelsson, E., Basu, S., Larsson, A., Venge, P., Arnlov, J. (2008). Use of Multiple Biomarkers to Improve the Prediction of Death from Cardiovascular Causes. NEJM 358: 2107-2116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ding, C., Parameswaran, V., Udayan, R., Burgess, J., Jones, G. (2008). Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers Predict Change in Bone Mineral Density and Resorption in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 1952-1958 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shifren, J. L., Rifai, N., Desindes, S., McIlwain, M., Doros, G., Mazer, N. A. (2008). A Comparison of the Short-Term Effects of Oral Conjugated Equine Estrogens Versus Transdermal Estradiol on C-Reactive Protein, Other Serum Markers of Inflammation, and Other Hepatic Proteins in Naturally Menopausal Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 1702-1710 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shiri, R., Solovieva, S., Husgafvel-Pursiainen, K., Taimela, S., Saarikoski, L. A., Huupponen, R., Viikari, J., Raitakari, O. T., Viikari-Juntura, E. (2008). The Association between Obesity and the Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Young Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Am J Epidemiol 167: 1110-1119 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aziz, K., Berger, K., Claycombe, K., Huang, R., Patel, R., Abela, G. S. (2008). Noninvasive Detection and Localization of Vulnerable Plaque and Arterial Thrombosis With Computed Tomography Angiography/Positron Emission Tomography. Circulation 117: 2061-2070 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tzoulaki, I., Jarvelin, M.-R., Hartikainen, A.-L., Leinonen, M., Pouta, A., Paldanius, M., Ruokonen, A., Canoy, D., Sovio, U., Saikku, P., Elliott, P. (2008). Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Eur Heart J 0: ehn105v1-8 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chun, O. K., Chung, S.-J., Claycombe, K. J., Song, W. O. (2008). Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations Are Inversely Associated with Dietary Flavonoid Intake in U.S. Adults. J. Nutr. 138: 753-760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gallicchio, L., Chang, H., Christo, D. K., Thuita, L., Huang, H.-Y., Strickland, P., Ruczinski, I., Hoffman, S. C., Helzlsouer, K. J. (2008). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Inflammation-related Genes and Mortality in a Community-based Cohort in Washington County, Maryland. Am J Epidemiol 167: 807-813 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ramaraj, R. (2008). Gender Differences Between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Intima Media Thickness Progression. Stroke 39: e73-e73 [Full Text]  
• Stangl, V., Witzel, V., Baumann, G., Stangl, K. (2008). Current diagnostic concepts to detect coronary artery disease in women. Eur Heart J 29: 707-717 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Browning, L. M, Krebs, J. D, Siervo, M., Hall, R. M, Finer, N., Allison, M. E., Jebb, S. A (2008). Inflammation is associated with liver function markers, independent of other metabolic risk factors in overweight women. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 8: 73-76 [Abstract]  
• Nishikawa, T., Hagihara, K., Serada, S., Isobe, T., Matsumura, A., Song, J., Tanaka, T., Kawase, I., Naka, T., Yoshizaki, K. (2008). Transcriptional Complex Formation of c-Fos, STAT3, and Hepatocyte NF-1{alpha} Is Essential for Cytokine-Driven C-Reactive Protein Gene Expression. J. Immunol. 180: 3492-3501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gozal, D., Kheirandish-Gozal, L. (2008). Cardiovascular Morbidity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Much More. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177: 369-375 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ohman, M. K., Shen, Y., Obimba, C. I., Wright, A. P., Warnock, M., Lawrence, D. A., Eitzman, D. T. (2008). Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 117: 798-805 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pradhan, A. D., Shrivastava, S., Cook, N. R., Rifai, N., Creager, M. A., Ridker, P. M (2008). Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease in Women: Nontraditional Biomarkers of Elevated Risk. Circulation 117: 823-831 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Telles, R., Lanna, C., Ferreira, G., Souza, A., Navarro, T., Ribeiro, A. (2008). Carotid atherosclerotic alterations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated at a Brazilian university setting. Lupus 17: 105-113 [Abstract]  
• Ridker, P. M (2008). High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality: Implications for Research and Patient Care. Clin. Chem. 54: 234-237 [Full Text]  
• Ridker, P. M, Chasman, D. I., Zee, R. Y.L., Parker, A., Rose, L., Cook, N. R., Buring, J. E, for the Women's Genome Health Study Working Group, (2008). Rationale, Design, and Methodology of the Women's Genome Health Study: A Genome-Wide Association Study of More Than 25 000 Initially Healthy American Women. Clin. Chem. 54: 249-255 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Okamoto, Y., Folco, E. J., Minami, M., Wara, A.K., Feinberg, M. W., Sukhova, G. K., Colvin, R. A., Kihara, S., Funahashi, T., Luster, A. D., Libby, P. (2008). Adiponectin Inhibits the Production of CXC Receptor 3 Chemokine Ligands in Macrophages and Reduces T-Lymphocyte Recruitment in Atherogenesis. Circ. Res. 102: 218-225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Higashi, Y., Goto, C., Jitsuiki, D., Umemura, T., Nishioka, K., Hidaka, T., Takemoto, H., Nakamura, S., Soga, J., Chayama, K., Yoshizumi, M., Taguchi, A. (2008). Periodontal Infection Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction in Healthy Subjects and Hypertensive Patients. Hypertension 51: 446-453 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McGuire, D. K., Inzucchi, S. E. (2008). New Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Part I: Thiazolidinediones and Their Evolving Cardiovascular Implications. Circulation 117: 440-449 [Full Text]  
• Fabbri, L. M., Luppi, F., Beghe, B., Rabe, K. F. (2008). Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 31: 204-212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Packard, R. R. S., Libby, P. (2008). Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction. Clin. Chem. 54: 24-38 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, E. S., Shah, S. J., Ali, S., Na, B. Y., Schiller, N. B., Whooley, M. A. (2008). C-reactive protein, diastolic dysfunction, and risk of heart failure in patients with coronary disease: Heart and Soul Study. Eur J Heart Fail 10: 63-69 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, H., O'Reilly, E. J., Schwarzschild, M. A., Ascherio, A. (2008). Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers and Risk of Parkinson's Disease. Am J Epidemiol 167: 90-95 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wouters, E. F. M., Groenewegen, K. H., Dentener, M. A., Vernooy, J. H. J. (2007). Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Role of Exacerbations. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4: 626-634 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harsch, I. A. (2007). Metabolic disturbances in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. ERR 16: 196-202 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Plat, J., Jellema, A., Ramakers, J., Mensink, R. P. (2007). Weight Loss, but Not Fish Oil Consumption, Improves Fasting and Postprandial Serum Lipids, Markers of Endothelial Function, and Inflammatory Signatures in Moderately Obese Men. J. Nutr. 137: 2635-2640 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zee, R. Y.L., Cheng, S., Erlich, H. A., Lindpaintner, K., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M (2007). Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM1) Lys56Met and Gly241Arg Gene Variants, Plasma-Soluble ICAM1 Concentrations, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events in 23 014 Initially Healthy White Women. Stroke 38: 3152-3157 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vaccarino, V., Johnson, B. D., Sheps, D. S., Reis, S. E., Kelsey, S. F., Bittner, V., Rutledge, T., Shaw, L. J., Sopko, G., Bairey Merz, C. N. (2007). Depression, Inflammation, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Women With Suspected Coronary Ischemia: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Sponsored WISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: 2044-2050 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sander, K., Schulze Horn, C., Briesenick, C., Sander, D. (2007). High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Independently Associated With Early Carotid Artery Progression in Women But Not in Men: The INVADE Study. Stroke 38: 2881-2886 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tso, A. R., Merino, J. G., Warach, S. (2007). Interleukin-6 174G/C Polymorphism and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. Stroke 38: 3070-3075 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gortney, J. S., Sanders, R. M. (2007). Impact of C-reactive protein on treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 64: 2009-2016 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cholette, J. M., Rubenstein, J. S., Alfieris, G. M., McDermott, M. P., Harmon, W. G., Vermilion, R., Eaton, M. P., Gangemi, J. J., Lerner, N. B. (2007). Elevated Risk of Thrombosis in Neonates Undergoing Initial Palliative Cardiac Surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 84: 1320-1325 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Authors/Task Force Members, , Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G., Cifkova, R., Dallongeville, J., De Backer, G., Ebrahim, S., Gjelsvik, B., Herrmann-Lingen, C., Hoes, A., Humphries, S., Knapton, M., Perk, J., Priori, S. G., Pyorala, K., Reiner, Z., Ruilope, L., Sans-Menendez, S., Scholte op Reimer, W., Weissberg, P., Wood, D., Yarnell, J., Zamorano, J. L., Other experts who contributed to parts of the guid, , Walma, E., Fitzgerald, T., Cooney, M. T., Dudina, A., European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for, , Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Funck-Brentano, C., Filippatos, G., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S. D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Zamorano, J. L., Document reviewers:, , Hellemans, I., Altiner, A., Bonora, E., Durrington, P. N., Fagard, R., Giampaoli, S., Hemingway, H., Hakansson, J., Kjeldsen, S. E., Larsen, M. L., Mancia, G., Manolis, A. J., Orth-Gomer, K., Pedersen, T., Rayner, M., Ryden, L., Sammut, M., Schneiderman, N., Stalenhoef, A. F., Tokgozoglu, L., Wiklund, O., Zampelas, A. (2007). European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 28: 2375-2414 [Full Text]