FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 344:564-572 February 22, 2001 Number 8 Next

	Full Text PDF Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited Related Article PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Intussusception is a form of intestinal obstruction in which a segment of the bowel prolapses into a more distal segment. Our investigation began on May 27, 1999, after nine cases of infants who had intussusception after receiving the tetravalent rhesus–human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.

Methods In 19 states, we assessed the potential association between RRV-TV and intussusception among infants at least 1 but less than 12 months old. Infants hospitalized between November 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999, were identified by systematic reviews of medical and radiologic records. Each infant with intussusception was matched according to age with four healthy control infants who had been born at the same hospital as the infant with intussusception. Information on vaccinations was verified by the provider.

Results Data were analyzed for 429 infants with intussusception and 1763 matched controls in a case–control analysis as well as for 432 infants with intussusception in a case-series analysis. Seventy-four of the 429 infants with intussusception (17.2 percent) and 226 of the 1763 controls (12.8 percent) had received RRV-TV (P=0.02). An increased risk of intussusception 3 to 14 days after the first dose of RRV-TV was found in the case–control analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 21.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 9.6 to 48.9). In the case-series analysis, the incidence-rate ratio was 29.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 16.1 to 53.6) for days 3 through 14 after a first dose. There was also an increase in the risk of intussusception after the second dose of the vaccine, but it was smaller than the increase in risk after the first dose. Assuming full implementation of a national program of vaccination with RRV-TV, we estimated that 1 case of intussusception attributable to the vaccine would occur for every 4670 to 9474 infants vaccinated.

Conclusions The strong association between vaccination with RRV-TV and intussusception among otherwise healthy infants supports the existence of a causal relation. Rotavirus vaccines with an improved safety profile are urgently needed.

Source Information

From the Epidemiology and Surveillance Division (T.V.M., P.M.G., D.B.N., A.O.J., L.R.Z., E.F., C.W.L., M.W., J.R.L.), the Immunization Services Division (M.S.M., S.S.), and the Data Management Division (C.A.O., P.M.G.), National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Benjamin Schwartz, M.D., Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also an author.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Murphy at the Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mail Stop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333, or at tvmurphy{at}cdc.gov.

Full Text of this Article

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Kempe, A., Patel, M. M., Daley, M. F., Crane, L. A., Beaty, B., Stokley, S., Barrow, J., Babbel, C., Dickinson, L. M., Tempte, J. L., Parashar, U. D. (2009). Adoption of Rotavirus Vaccination by Pediatricians and Family Medicine Physicians in the United States. Pediatrics 124: e809-e816 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Everest, D. J., Dastjerdi, A., Gurrala, R., Banks, M., Meredith, A. L., Milne, E. M., Sainsbury, A. W. (2009). Rotavirus in red squirrels from Scotland. Vet Rec. 165: 450-450 [Full Text]  
• Desselberger, U., Manktelow, E., Li, W., Cheung, W., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Gray, J. (2009). Rotaviruses and rotavirus vaccines. Br Med Bull 90: 37-51 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aminu, M., Ameh, E. A., Geyer, A., Esona, M. D., Taylor, M. B., Steele, A. D. (2009). Role of Astrovirus in Intussusception in Nigerian infants. J Trop Pediatr 55: 192-194 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tate, J. E., Curns, A. T., Cortese, M. M., Weintraub, E. S., Hambidge, S., Zangwill, K. M., Patel, M. M., Baggs, J. M., Parashar, U. D. (2009). Burden of Acute Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits in US Children That Is Potentially Preventable by Rotavirus Vaccination: A Probe Study Using the Now-Withdrawn RotaShield Vaccine. Pediatrics 123: 744-749 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Borja-Hart, N. L, Benavides, S., Christensen, C. (2009). Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Safety in Pediatric Patients: An Evaluation of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43: 356-359 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kiulia, N. M., Kamenwa, R., Irimu, G., Nyangao, J. O., Gatheru, Z., Nyachieo, A., Steele, A. D., Mwenda, J. M. (2008). The Epidemiology of Human Rotavirus Associated with Diarrhoea in Kenyan Children: A Review. J Trop Pediatr 54: 401-405 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haber, P., Patel, M., Iskander, J., Gargiullo, P., Baggs, J., Parashar, U. (2008). Importance of On-time RotaTeq Vaccination and Long-term Active Surveillance: In Reply. Pediatrics 122: 1154-1154 [Full Text]  
• Reed, S. D., Anstrom, K. J., Seils, D. M., Califf, R. M., Schulman, K. A. (2008). Use Of Larger Versus Smaller Drug-Safety Databases Before Regulatory Approval: The Trade-Offs. Health Aff (Millwood) 27: w360-w370 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Daskalaki, I., Spain, C. V., Long, S. S., Watson, B. (2008). Implementation of Rotavirus Immunization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: High Levels of Vaccine Ineligibility and Off-Label Use. Pediatrics 122: e33-e38 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haber, P., Patel, M., Izurieta, H. S., Baggs, J., Gargiullo, P., Weintraub, E., Cortese, M., Braun, M. M., Belongia, E. A., Miller, E., Ball, R., Iskander, J., Parashar, U. D. (2008). Postlicensure Monitoring of Intussusception After RotaTeq Vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007. Pediatrics 121: 1206-1212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tate, J. E., Simonsen, L., Viboud, C., Steiner, C., Patel, M. M., Curns, A. T., Parashar, U. D. (2008). Trends in Intussusception Hospitalizations Among US Infants, 1993-2004: Implications for Monitoring the Safety of the New Rotavirus Vaccination Program. Pediatrics 121: e1125-e1132 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Heyse, J. F, Kuter, B. J, Dallas, M. J, Heaton, P. for the RE (2008). Evaluating the safety of a rotavirus vaccine: the REST of the story. Clin Trials 5: 131-139 [Abstract]  
• Dennehy, P. H. (2008). Rotavirus Vaccines: an Overview. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21: 198-208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bass, E. S., Pappano, D. A., Humiston, S. G. (2007). Rotavirus. Pediatr. Rev. 28: 183-191 [Full Text]  
• Smiley, K. L., McNeal, M. M., Basu, M., Choi, A. H.-C., Clements, J. D., Ward, R. L. (2007). Association of Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-17 Production in Intestinal CD4+ T Cells with Protection against Rotavirus Shedding in Mice Intranasally Immunized with VP6 and the Adjuvant LT(R192G). J. Virol. 81: 3740-3748 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reimerink, J. H. J., Boshuizen, J. A., Einerhand, A. W. C., Duizer, E., van Amerongen, G., Schmidt, N., Koopmans, M. P. G. (2007). Systemic immune response after rotavirus inoculation of neonatal mice depends on source and level of purification of the virus: implications for the use of heterologous vaccine candidates. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 604-612 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Buttery, J. (2007). A rotavirus vaccine for infants prevented rotavirus gastroenteritis with no increase in risk of intussusception. EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 92: ep30-ep30 [Full Text]  
• Kempe, A., Daley, M. F., Parashar, U. D., Crane, L. A., Beaty, B. L., Stokley, S., Barrow, J., Babbel, C., Dickinson, L. M., Widdowson, M.-A., Alexander, J. P., Berman, S. (2007). Will Pediatricians Adopt the New Rotavirus Vaccine?. Pediatrics 119: 1-10 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Warfield, K. L., Blutt, S. E., Crawford, S. E., Kang, G., Conner, M. E. (2006). Rotavirus Infection Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intussusception in a Mouse Model. J. Virol. 80: 12377-12386 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smeeth, L., Donnan, P. T, Cook, D. G (2006). The use of primary care databases: case-control and case-only designs. Fam Pract 23: 597-604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Selvaraj, G., Kirkwood, C., Bines, J., Buttery, J. (2006). Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus isolates from patients diagnosed with intussusception in melbourne, australia.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3371-3373 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Buttery, J. (2006). A rotavirus vaccine for infants prevented rotavirus gastroenteritis with no increase in risk of intussusception. Evid. Based Med. 11: 113-113 [Full Text]  
• Tai, J. H., Curns, A. T., Parashar, U. D., Bresee, J. S., Glass, R. I. (2006). Rotavirus Vaccination and Intussusception: Can We Decrease Temporally Associated Background Cases of Intussusception by Restricting the Vaccination Schedule?. Pediatrics 118: e258-e264 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Banerjee, I., Ramani, S., Primrose, B., Moses, P., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Gray, J. J., Jaffar, S., Monica, B., Muliyil, J. P., Brown, D. W., Estes, M. K., Kang, G. (2006). Comparative study of the epidemiology of rotavirus in children from a community-based birth cohort and a hospital in South India.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2468-2474 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Malek, M. A., Curns, A. T., Holman, R. C., Fischer, T. K., Bresee, J. S., Glass, R. I., Steiner, C. A., Parashar, U. D. (2006). Diarrhea- and rotavirus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 5 years of age: United States, 1997 and 2000.. Pediatrics 117: 1887-1892 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Molinaro, G. A., Lee, D. A., Lee, P.-I., Simonsen, L., Taylor, R. J., Kapikian, A. Z., Ruiz, L. P. Jr., O'Ryan, M., Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., Clemens, R., Vesikari, T., DiNubile, M. J., Heaton, P. M., Glass, R. I., Parashar, U. D. (2006). Rotavirus vaccines.. NEJM 354: 1747-1751 [Full Text]  
• Rathore, M. H., Barton, L. L. (2006). Rotavirus Vaccines Are Safe and Effective. AAP Grand Rounds 15: 37-38 [Full Text]  
• Cameron, J. C., Walsh, D., Finlayson, A. R., Boyd, J. H. (2006). Oral Polio Vaccine and Intussusception: A Data Linkage Study using Records for Vaccination and Hospitalization. Am J Epidemiol 163: 528-533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parez, N., Fourgeux, C., Mohamed, A., Dubuquoy, C., Pillot, M., Dehee, A., Charpilienne, A., Poncet, D., Schwartz-Cornil, I., Garbarg-Chenon, A. (2006). Rectal Immunization with Rotavirus Virus-Like Particles Induces Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses and Protects Mice against Rotavirus Infection. J. Virol. 80: 1752-1761 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., Perez-Schael, I., Velazquez, F. R., Abate, H., Breuer, T., Clemens, S. C., Cheuvart, B., Espinoza, F., Gillard, P., Innis, B. L., Cervantes, Y., Linhares, A. C., Lopez, P., Macias-Parra, M., Ortega-Barria, E., Richardson, V., Rivera-Medina, D. M., Rivera, L., Salinas, B., Pavia-Ruz, N., Salmeron, J., Ruttimann, R., Tinoco, J. C., Rubio, P., Nunez, E., Guerrero, M. L., Yarzabal, J. P., Damaso, S., Tornieporth, N., Saez-Llorens, X., Vergara, R. F., Vesikari, T., Bouckenooghe, A., Clemens, R., De Vos, B., O'Ryan, M., the Human Rotavirus Vaccine Study Group, (2006). Safety and Efficacy of an Attenuated Vaccine against Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis. NEJM 354: 11-22 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vesikari, T., Matson, D. O., Dennehy, P., Van Damme, P., Santosham, M., Rodriguez, Z., Dallas, M. J., Heyse, J. F., Goveia, M. G., Black, S. B., Shinefield, H. R., Christie, C. D.C., Ylitalo, S., Itzler, R. F., Coia, M. L., Onorato, M. T., Adeyi, B. A., Marshall, G. S., Gothefors, L., Campens, D., Karvonen, A., Watt, J. P., O'Brien, K. L., DiNubile, M. J., Clark, H F., Boslego, J. W., Offit, P. A., Heaton, P. M., the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST) Stu, (2006). Safety and Efficacy of a Pentavalent Human-Bovine (WC3) Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine. NEJM 354: 23-33 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Glass, R. I., Parashar, U. D. (2006). The Promise of New Rotavirus Vaccines. NEJM 354: 75-77 [Full Text]  
• Casey, C. G., Iskander, J. K., Roper, M. H., Mast, E. E., Wen, X.-J., Torok, T. J., Chapman, L. E., Swerdlow, D. L., Morgan, J., Heffelfinger, J. D., Vitek, C., Reef, S. E., Hasbrouck, L. M., Damon, I., Neff, L., Vellozzi, C., McCauley, M., Strikas, R. A., Mootrey, G. (2005). Adverse Events Associated With Smallpox Vaccination in the United States, January-October 2003. JAMA 294: 2734-2743 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, Y. Y., Lee, R., Yamamoto, L. G. (2005). Intussusception Incidence Relative to Rotavirus Vaccine Use in Honolulu. CLIN PEDIATR 44: 791-795 [Abstract]  
• Chen, Y E, Beasley, S, Grimwood, K, and the New Zealand Rotavirus Study Group, (2005). Intussusception and rotavirus associated hospitalisation in New Zealand. Arch. Dis. Child. 90: 1077-1081 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Staat, M. A., Roberts, N. E., Ward, R. L., Bove, K. E., Pfalzgraf, R., Berke, T., Matson, D. O., Bernstein, D. I. (2005). Rotavirus Deaths: Rare or Unrecognized?. CLIN PEDIATR 44: 535-537  
• Westerman, L. E., McClure, H. M., Jiang, B., Almond, J. W., Glass, R. I. (2005). Serum IgG mediates mucosal immunity against rotavirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 7268-7273 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Orenstein, W. A., Douglas, R. G., Rodewald, L. E., Hinman, A. R. (2005). Immunizations In The United States: Success, Structure, And Stress. Health Aff (Millwood) 24: 599-610 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Offit, P. A. (2005). Why Are Pharmaceutical Companies Gradually Abandoning Vaccines?. Health Aff (Millwood) 24: 622-630 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Milstien, J., Cash, R. A., Wecker, J., Wikler, D. (2005). Development Of Priority Vaccines For Disease-Endemic Countries: Risk And Benefit. Health Aff (Millwood) 24: 718-728 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McMahon, A. W., Iskander, J., Haber, P., Chang, S., Woo, E. J., Braun, M. M., Ball, R. (2005). Adverse Events After Inactivated Influenza Vaccination Among Children Less Than 2 Years of Age: Analysis of Reports From the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2003. Pediatrics 115: 453-460 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Psaty, B. M., Furberg, C. D., Ray, W. A., Weiss, N. S. (2004). Potential for Conflict of Interest in the Evaluation of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions: Use of Cerivastatin and Risk of Rhabdomyolysis. JAMA 292: 2622-2631 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rossen, J. W. A., Bouma, J., Raatgeep, R. H. C., Buller, H. A., Einerhand, A. W. C. (2004). Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase Activity Reduces Rotavirus Infection at a Postbinding Step. J. Virol. 78: 9721-9730 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boshuizen, J. A., Rossen, J. W. A., Sitaram, C. K., Kimenai, F. F. P., Simons-Oosterhuis, Y., Laffeber, C., Buller, H. A., Einerhand, A. W. C. (2004). Rotavirus Enterotoxin NSP4 Binds to the Extracellular Matrix Proteins Laminin-{beta}3 and Fibronectin. J. Virol. 78: 10045-10053 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kolsen Fischer, T., Bihrmann, K., Perch, M., Koch, A., Wohlfahrt, J., Kare, M., Melbye, M. (2004). Intussusception in Early Childhood: A Cohort Study of 1.7 Million Children. Pediatrics 114: 782-785 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li Wan Po, A. (2004). Non-parenteral vaccines. BMJ 329: 62-63 [Full Text]  
• Salmon, D. A., Moulton, L. H., Halsey, N. A. (2004). Enhancing Public Confidence in Vaccines Through Independent Oversight of Postlicensure Vaccine Safety. AJPH 94: 947-950 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Higo-Moriguchi, K., Akahori, Y., Iba, Y., Kurosawa, Y., Taniguchi, K. (2004). Isolation of Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Neutralize Human Rotavirus. J. Virol. 78: 3325-3332 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Farrington, C. P. (2004). RE: "RISK ANALYSIS OF ASEPTIC MENINGITIS AFTER MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA VACCINATION IN KOREAN CHILDREN BY USING A CASE-CROSSOVER DESIGN". Am J Epidemiol 159: 717-718 [Full Text]  
• Haber, P., Chen, R. T., Zanardi, L. R., Mootrey, G. T., English, R., Braun, M. M., the VAERS Working Group, (2004). An Analysis of Rotavirus Vaccine Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System: More Than Intussusception Alone?. Pediatrics 113: e353-e359 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Azevedo, M. S. P., Yuan, L., Iosef, C., Chang, K.-O., Kim, Y., Van Nguyen, T., Saif, L. J. (2004). Magnitude of Serum and Intestinal Antibody Responses Induced by Sequential Replicating and Nonreplicating Rotavirus Vaccines in Gnotobiotic Pigs and Correlation with Protection. CVI 11: 12-20 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ray, W. A. (2003). Evaluating Medication Effects Outside of Clinical Trials: New-User Designs. Am J Epidemiol 158: 915-920 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laird, A. R., Gentsch, J. R., Nakagomi, T., Nakagomi, O., Glass, R. I. (2003). Characterization of Serotype G9 Rotavirus Strains Isolated in the United States and India from 1993 to 2001. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 3100-3111 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hubbard, R., Farrington, P., Smith, C., Smeeth, L., Tattersfield, A. (2003). Exposure to Tricyclic and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants and the Risk of Hip Fracture. Am J Epidemiol 158: 77-84 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iwamoto, M., Saari, T. N., McMahon, S. R., Yusuf, H. R., Massoudi, M. S., Stevenson, J. M., Chu, S. Y., Pickering, L. K. (2003). A Survey of Pediatricians on the Reintroduction of a Rotavirus Vaccine. Pediatrics 112: e6-10 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perez Mato, S., Perrin, K., Scardino, D., Begue, R. E. (2002). Evaluation of Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness in a Pediatric Group Practice. Am J Epidemiol 156: 1049-1055 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peter, G., Myers, M. G. (2002). Intussusception, Rotavirus, and Oral Vaccines: Summary of a Workshop. Pediatrics 110: e67-67 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Meissner, H. C., Pickering, L. K. (2002). Control of Disease Attributable to Haemophilus influenzae Type b and the National Immunization Program. Pediatrics 110: 820-823 [Full Text]  
• Weiss, N. S., Davis, R. L. (2002). In Nonrandomized Studies, Can We Use A Person's Preimmunization Experience to Help Gauge the Safety and Efficacy of Immunization?. Am J Epidemiol 156: 395-396 [Full Text]  
• Levine, M. M, Campbell, J. D, Kotloff, K. L (2002). Overview of vaccines and immunisation. Br Med Bull 62: 1-13 [Full Text]  
• Coluchi, N., Munford, V., Manzur, J., Vazquez, C., Escobar, M., Weber, E., Marmol, P., Racz, M. L. (2002). Detection, Subgroup Specificity, and Genotype Diversity of Rotavirus Strains in Children with Acute Diarrhea in Paraguay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 1709-1714 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Danovaro-Holliday, M. C., Wood, A. L., LeBaron, C. W. (2002). Rotavirus Vaccine and the News Media, 1987-2001. JAMA 287: 1455-1462 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abramson, J. S., Pickering, L. K. (2002). US Immunization Policy. JAMA 287: 505-509 [Full Text]  
• Murphy, T. V., Gargiullo, P. M., Wharton, M. (2002). More on Rotavirus Vaccination and Intussusception. NEJM 346: 211-212 [Full Text]  
• McNeal, M. M., VanCott, J. L., Choi, A. H. C., Basu, M., Flint, J. A., Stone, S. C., Clements, J. D., Ward, R. L. (2002). CD4 T Cells Are the Only Lymphocytes Needed To Protect Mice against Rotavirus Shedding after Intranasal Immunization with a Chimeric VP6 Protein and the Adjuvant LT(R192G). J. Virol. 76: 560-568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cale, C M, Klein, N J (2002). The link between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception: implications for vaccine strategies. Gut 50: 11-12 [Full Text]  
• Wallace, S. (2002). Withdrawal of rotavirus vaccine teaches industry importance of large trials. AAP News 20: 15-16 [Full Text]  
• Thacker, S. B., Dannenberg, A. L., Hamilton, D. H. (2001). Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 50 Years of Training and Service in Applied Epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 154: 985-992 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Verstraeten, T., Baughman, A. L., Cadwell, B., Zanardi, L., Haber, P., Chen, R. T., the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Team, (2001). Enhancing Vaccine Safety Surveillance: A Capture-Recapture Analysis of Intussusception after Rotavirus Vaccination. Am J Epidemiol 154: 1006-1012 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sansom, S. L., Barker, L., Corso, P. S., Brown, C., Deuson, R. (2001). Rotavirus Vaccine and Intussusception: How Much Risk Will Parents in the United States Accept to Obtain Vaccine Benefits?. Am J Epidemiol 154: 1077-1085 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ada, G. (2001). Vaccines and Vaccination. NEJM 345: 1042-1053 [Full Text]  
• Dennehy, P. H. (2001). Active Immunization in the United States: Developments over the Past Decade. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 872-908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morris, A. P., Estes, M. K. (2001). Microbes and Microbial Toxins: Paradigms for Microbial-Mucosal Interactions: VIII. Pathological consequences of rotavirus infection and its enterotoxin. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281: G303-G310 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, H.-G. H., Smith, P. F., Ackelsberg, J., Morse, D. L., Glass, R. I. (2001). Intussusception, Rotavirus Diarrhea, and Rotavirus Vaccine Use Among Children in New York State. Pediatrics 108: 54-60 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, F. D., Nakagomi, T., Murphy, T. V., Gargiullo, P. M., Livengood, J. R. (2001). Intussusception and an Oral Rotavirus Vaccine. NEJM 344: 1866-1867 [Full Text]  
• Zanardi, L. R., Haber, P., Mootrey, G. T., Niu, M. T., Wharton, M., the VAERS Working Group, (2001). Intussusception Among Recipients of Rotavirus Vaccine: Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Pediatrics 107 : e97-e97 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rathore, M. H. (2001). Guillain-Barre Syndrome Not Related to MMR. AAP Grand Rounds 5: 46-47 [Full Text]  
• Ellenberg, S. S., Foulkes, M. A., Midthun, K., Goldenthal, K. L. (2005). Evaluating the Safety of New Vaccines: Summary of a Workshop. AJPH 95: 800-807 [Abstract] [Full Text]