FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 345:99-106 July 12, 2001 Number 2 Next

	Full Text PDF Editorial by Marmot, M. Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Where a person lives is not usually thought of as an independent predictor of his or her health, although physical and social features of places of residence may affect health and health-related behavior.

Methods Using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, we examined the relation between characteristics of neighborhoods and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Participants were 45 to 64 years of age at base line and were sampled from four study sites in the United States: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; the northwestern suburbs of Minneapolis; and Washington County, Maryland. As proxies for neighborhoods, we used block groups containing an average of 1000 people, as defined by the U.S. Census. We constructed a summary score for the socioeconomic environment of each neighborhood that included information about wealth and income, education, and occupation.

Results During a median of 9.1 years of follow-up, 615 coronary events occurred in 13,009 participants. Residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods (those with lower summary scores) had a higher risk of disease than residents of advantaged neighborhoods, even after we controlled for personal income, education, and occupation. Hazard ratios for coronary heart disease among low-income persons living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, as compared with high-income persons in the most advantaged neighborhoods, were 3.1 among whites (95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 4.8) and 2.5 among blacks (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.5). These associations remained unchanged after adjustment for established risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Conclusions Even after controlling for personal income, education, and occupation, we found that living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease.

Source Information

From the Division of General Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons (A.V.D.R., S.S.M.), and the Division of Epidemiology, Joseph T. Mailman School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Columbia University, New York; the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (D.A.); the Department of Biostatistics and Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center (L.C.) and the Department of Epidemiology (M.M., H.A.T.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore (F.J.N., M.S.); the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md. (P.S.); and the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (R.L.W.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Diez Roux at the Division of General Medicine, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St., PH9 E., Rm. 105, New York, NY 10032, or at ad290{at}columbia.edu.

Full Text of this Article

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Oakes, J. M., Forsyth, A., Hearst, M. O., Schmitz, K. H. (2009). Recruiting Participants for Neighborhood Effects Research: Strategies and Outcomes of the Twin Cities Walking Study. Environment and Behavior 41: 787-805 [Abstract]  
• Kramer, M. R., Hogue, C. R. (2009). Is Segregation Bad for Your Health?. Epidemiol Rev 31: 178-194 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Echeverria, S. E., Borrell, L. N., Brown, D., Rhoads, G. (2009). A Local Area Analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Neighborhood Disparities in Breast Cancer Staging. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18: 3024-3029 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, W., Kyvik, K. O., Mortensen, E. L, Skytthe, A., Batty, G D., Deary, I. J (2009). Education reduces the effects of genetic susceptibilities to poor physical health. Int J Epidemiol 0: dyp314v1-dyp314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peiris, V., Singh, T. P., Tworetzky, W., Chong, E. C., Gauvreau, K., Brown, D. W. (2009). Association of Socioeconomic Position and Medical Insurance With Fetal Diagnosis of Critical Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2: 354-360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• MacDonald, L. A., Cohen, A., Baron, S., Burchfiel, C. M. (2009). Occupation as Socioeconomic Status or Environmental Exposure? A Survey of Practice Among Population-based Cardiovascular Studies in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 169: 1411-1421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Edmondson, D., Dailey, R. K., Markova, T., Albrecht, T. L., Gaertner, S. L. (2009). The Experience of Discrimination and Black-White Health Disparities in Medical Care. Journal of Black Psychology 35: 180-203 [Abstract]  
• Singh, T. P., Gauvreau, K., Bastardi, H. J., Blume, E. D., Mayer, J. E. (2009). Socioeconomic Position and Graft Failure in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients. Circ Heart Fail 2: 160-165 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sheffield, K. M., Peek, M. K. (2009). Neighborhood Context and Cognitive Decline in Older Mexican Americans: Results From the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Am J Epidemiol 169: 1092-1101 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hollenbeck, B. K., Ye, Z., Dunn, R. L., Montie, J. E., Birkmeyer, J. D. (2009). Provider Treatment Intensity and Outcomes for Patients With Early-Stage Bladder Cancer. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 101: 571-580 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beelen, R, Hoek, G, Houthuijs, D, van den Brandt, P A, Goldbohm, R A, Fischer, P, Schouten, L J, Armstrong, B, Brunekreef, B (2009). The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study. Occup. Environ. Med. 66: 243-250 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shishehbor, M. H., Filby, S. J., Chhatriwalla, A. K., Christofferson, R. D., Jain, A., Kapadia, S. R., Lincoff, A. M., Bhatt, D. L., Ellis, S. G. (2009). Impact of Drug-Eluting Versus Bare-Metal Stents on Mortality in Patients With Anemia. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2: 329-336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maziak, W. (2009). The triumph of the null hypothesis: epidemiology in an age of change. Int J Epidemiol 38: 393-402 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stafford, M., Gimeno, D., Marmot, M. G. (2008). Neighbourhood characteristics and trajectories of health functioning: a multilevel prospective analysis. Eur J Public Health 18: 604-610 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Szanton, S. L., Allen, J. K., Thorpe, R. J. Jr.,, Seeman, T., Bandeen-Roche, K., Fried, L. P. (2008). Effect of Financial Strain on Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Women. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Science 63: S369-S374 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chichlowska, K. L., Rose, K. M., Diez-Roux, A. V., Golden, S. H., McNeill, A. M., Heiss, G. (2008). Individual and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Characteristics and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Psychosom. Med. 70: 986-992 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pearce, J, Mason, K, Hiscock, R, Day, P (2008). A national study of neighbourhood access to gambling opportunities and individual gambling behaviour. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62: 862-868 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shishehbor, M. H., Goel, S. S., Kapadia, S. R., Bhatt, D. L., Kelly, P., Raymond, R. E., Galla, J. M., Brener, S. J., Whitlow, P. L., Ellis, S. G. (2008). Long-Term Impact of Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bare-Metal Stents on All-Cause Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 52: 1041-1048 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Foraker, R. E., Rose, K. M., McGinn, A. P., Suchindran, C. M., Goff, D. C. Jr, Whitsel, E. A., Wood, J. L., Rosamond, W. D. (2008). Neighborhood Income, Health Insurance, and Prehospital Delay for Myocardial Infarction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Intern Med 168: 1874-1879 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Koch, C. G., Li, L., Shishehbor, M., Nissen, S., Sabik, J., Starr, N. J., Blackstone, E. H. (2008). Socioeconomic status and comorbidity as predictors of preoperative quality of life in cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 136: 665-672 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Augustin, T., Glass, T. A., James, B. D., Schwartz, B. S. (2008). Neighborhood Psychosocial Hazards and Cardiovascular Disease: The Baltimore Memory Study. AJPH 98: 1664-1670 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oakes, J. M. (2008). Invited Commentary: Rescuing Robinson Crusoe. Am J Epidemiol 168: 9-12 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Petersen, K. L., Marsland, A. L., Flory, J., Votruba-Drzal, E., Muldoon, M. F., Manuck, S. B. (2008). Community Socioeconomic Status is Associated With Circulating Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein. Psychosom. Med. 70: 646-652 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pollitt, R A, Kaufman, J S, Rose, K M, Diez-Roux, A V, Zeng, D, Heiss, G (2008). Cumulative life course and adult socioeconomic status and markers of inflammation in adulthood. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62: 484-491 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gerber, Y., Weston, S. A., Killian, J. M., Therneau, T. M., Jacobsen, S. J., Roger, V. L. (2008). Neighborhood Income and Individual Education: Effect on Survival After Myocardial Infarction. Mayo Clin Proc. 83: 663-669 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Diez Roux, A. V., Auchincloss, A. H., Franklin, T. G., Raghunathan, T., Barr, R. G., Kaufman, J., Astor, B., Keeler, J. (2008). Long-term Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 167: 667-675 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gary, T. L., Safford, M. M., Gerzoff, R. B., Ettner, S. L., Karter, A. J., Beckles, G. L., Brown, A. F. (2008). Perception of Neighborhood Problems, Health Behaviors, and Diabetes Outcomes Among Adults With Diabetes in Managed Care: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care 31: 273-278 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chaix, B, Lindstrom, M, Rosvall, M, Merlo, J (2008). Neighbourhood social interactions and risk of acute myocardial infarction. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62: 62-68 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rout, H. S. (2008). Socio-economic Factors and Household Health Expenditure: The Case of Orissa. Journal of Health Management 10: 101-118 [Abstract]  
• Veling, W., Susser, E., van Os, J., Mackenbach, J. P., Selten, J.-P., Hoek, H. W. (2008). Ethnic Density of Neighborhoods and Incidence of Psychotic Disorders Among Immigrants. Am. J. Psychiatry 165: 66-73 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dailey, A. B., Kasl, S. V., Holford, T. R., Calvocoressi, L., Jones, B. A. (2007). Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Predictors of Nonadherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16: 2293-2303 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choi, A. I., Rodriguez, R. A., Bacchetti, P., Bertenthal, D., Volberding, P. A., O'Hare, A. M. (2007). Racial Differences in End-Stage Renal Disease Rates in HIV Infection versus Diabetes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 2968-2974 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, R. E, Cubbin, C., Winkleby, M. (2007). Contribution of neighbourhood socioeconomic status and physical activity resources to physical activity among women. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61: 882-890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Herbst, S., Pietrzak, R. H., Wagner, J., White, W. B., Petry, N. M. (2007). Lifetime Major Depression is Associated With Coronary Heart Disease in Older Adults: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosom. Med. 69: 729-734 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rosvall, M, Engstrom, G, Hedblad, B, Janzon, L, Berglund, G (2007). Area social characteristics and carotid atherosclerosis. Eur J Public Health 17: 333-339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Veling, W., Selten, J.-P., Susser, E., Laan, W., Mackenbach, J. P, Hoek, H. W (2007). Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands. Int J Epidemiol 36: 761-768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lustig, D. C., Strauser, D. R. (2007). Causal Relationships Between Poverty and Disability. Rehabil Couns Bull 50: 194-202 [Abstract]  
• Mueller, E. J., Tighe, J. R. (2007). Making the Case for Affordable Housing: Connecting Housing with Health and Education Outcomes. Journal of Planning Literature 21: 371-385 [Abstract]  
• Brown, A. F., Ang, A., Pebley, A. R. (2007). The Relationship Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Self-Rated Health for Adults With Chronic Conditions. AJPH 97: 926-932 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lidfeldt, J., Li, T. Y., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Kawachi, I. (2007). A Prospective Study of Childhood and Adult Socioeconomic Status and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Am J Epidemiol 165: 882-889 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mujahid, M. S., Diez Roux, A. V., Morenoff, J. D., Raghunathan, T. (2007). Assessing the Measurement Properties of Neighborhood Scales: From Psychometrics to Ecometrics. Am J Epidemiol 165: 858-867 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez, R. A., Sen, S., Mehta, K., Moody-Ayers, S., Bacchetti, P., O'Hare, A. M. (2007). Geography Matters: Relationships among Urban Residential Segregation, Dialysis Facilities, and Patient Outcomes. ANN INTERN MED 146: 493-501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chaix, B., Rosvall, M., Merlo, J. (2007). Assessment of the magnitude of geographical variations and socioeconomic contextual effects on ischaemic heart disease mortality: a multilevel survival analysis of a large Swedish cohort. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61: 349-355 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cozier, Y. C., Palmer, J. R., Horton, N. J., Fredman, L., Wise, L. A., Rosenberg, L. (2007). Relation Between Neighborhood Median Housing Value and Hypertension Risk Among Black Women in the United States. AJPH 97: 718-724 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Woolf, S. H., Johnson, R. E., Phillips, R. L. Jr, Philipsen, M. (2007). Giving Everyone the Health of the Educated: An Examination of Whether Social Change Would Save More Lives Than Medical Advances. AJPH 97: 679-683 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nallamothu, B. K., Rogers, M. A. M., Chernew, M. E., Krumholz, H. M., Eagle, K. A., Birkmeyer, J. D. (2007). Opening of Specialty Cardiac Hospitals and Use of Coronary Revascularization in Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA 297: 962-968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roux, A. V. D., Evenson, K. R., McGinn, A. P., Brown, D. G., Moore, L., Brines, S., Jacobs, D. R. Jr (2007). Availability of Recreational Resources and Physical Activity in Adults. AJPH 97: 493-499 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Auchincloss, A. H., Diez Roux, A. V., Brown, D. G., O'Meara, E. S., Raghunathan, T. E. (2007). Association of Insulin Resistance with Distance to Wealthy Areas: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 165: 389-397 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lisabeth, L., Diez Roux, A., Escobar, J., Smith, M., Morgenstern, L. (2007). Neighborhood Environment and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) Project. Am J Epidemiol 165: 279-287 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chaix, B., Rosvall, M., Merlo, J. (2007). Recent Increase of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Effects on Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality: A Multilevel Survival Analysis of Two Large Swedish Cohorts. Am J Epidemiol 165: 22-26 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lofors, J., Ramirez-Leon, V., Sundquist, K. (2006). Neighbourhood income and anxiety: a study based on random samples of the Swedish population. Eur J Public Health 16: 633-639 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Winkleby, M., Cubbin, C., Ahn, D. (2006). Effect of Cross-Level Interaction Between Individual and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status on Adult Mortality Rates. AJPH 96: 2145-2153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liang, S.-Y., Phillips, K. A., Haas, J. S. (2006). Measuring Managed Care and Its Environment Using National Surveys: A Review and Assessment. Med Care Res Rev 63: 9S-36S [Abstract]  
• Tarasiuk, A., Greenberg-Dotan, S., Simon, T., Tal, A., Oksenberg, A., Reuveni, H. (2006). Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among adult obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients requiring treatment.. Chest 130: 766-773 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Doran, T., Drever, F., Whitehead, M. (2006). Health underachievement and overachievement in English local authorities.. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 60: 686-693 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• El Fakiri, F, Bruijnzeels, M A, Hoes, A W (2006). Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: focus on modifiable cardiovascular risk. Heart 92: 741-745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Richmond, T. K., Hayward, R. A., Gahagan, S., Field, A. E., Heisler, M. (2006). Can school income and racial/ethnic composition explain the racial/ethnic disparity in adolescent physical activity participation?. Pediatrics 117: 2158-2166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cubbin, C., Sundquist, K., Ahlen, H., Johansson, S.-E., Winkleby, M. A., Sundquist, J. (2006). Neighborhood deprivation and cardiovascular disease risk factors: Protective and harmful effects. Scand J Public Health 34: 228-237 [Abstract]  
• Yen, I. H., Yelin, E. H., Katz, P., Eisner, M. D., Blanc, P. D. (2006). Perceived Neighborhood Problems and Quality of Life, Physical Functioning, and Depressive Symptoms Among Adults With Asthma. AJPH 96: 873-879 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choi, J.-B., Hong, S., Nelesen, R., Bardwell, W. A., Natarajan, L., Schubert, C., Dimsdale, J. E. (2006). Age and Ethnicity Differences in Short-Term Heart-Rate Variability. Psychosom. Med. 68: 421-426 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Higgins, J. W., Young, L., Cunningham, S., Naylor, P.-J. (2006). Out of the Mainstream: Low-Income, Lone Mothers' Life Experiences and Perspectives on Heart Health. Health Promot Pract 7: 221-233 [Abstract]  
• St J O'Reilly, D, Upton, M N, Caslake, M J, Robertson, M, Norrie, J, McConnachie, A, Watt, G C M, Packard, C J, on behalf of the Midspan and WOSCOPS study groups, (2006). Plasma C reactive protein concentration indicates a direct relation between systemic inflammation and social deprivation.. Heart 92: 533-535 [Full Text]  
• Shishehbor, M. H., Litaker, D., Pothier, C. E., Lauer, M. S. (2006). Association of Socioeconomic Status With Functional Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery, and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA 295: 784-792 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ohlander, E., Vikstrom, M., Lindstrom, M., Sundquist, K. (2006). Neighbourhood non-employment and daily smoking: a population-based study of women and men in Sweden. Eur J Public Health 16: 78-84 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Warren-Findlow, J. (2006). Weathering: Stress and Heart Disease in African American Women Living in Chicago. Qual Health Res 16: 221-237 [Abstract]  
• Borrell, L. N., Beck, J. D., Heiss, G. (2006). Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Periodontal Disease: The Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. AJPH 96: 332-339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M. C., Page, P., Popkin, B. M. (2006). Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity. Pediatrics 117: 417-424 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blanc, P. D., Yen, I. H., Chen, H., Katz, P. P., Earnest, G., Balmes, J. R., Trupin, L., Friedling, N., Yelin, E. H., Eisner, M. D. (2006). Area-level socio-economic status and health status among adults with asthma and rhinitis. Eur Respir J 27: 85-94 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lumeng, J. C., Appugliese, D., Cabral, H. J., Bradley, R. H., Zuckerman, B. (2006). Neighborhood Safety and Overweight Status in Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160: 25-31 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M., Posner, S. (2005). Socioeconomic Status in Health Research: One Size Does Not Fit All. JAMA 294: 2879-2888 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gary, T. L, Brancati, F. L (2005). Commentary: Socioeconomic position and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Int J Epidemiol 34: 1282-1283 [Full Text]  
• Rosenberg, L., Wise, L. A., Palmer, J. R., Horton, N. J., Adams-Campbell, L. L. (2005). A Multilevel Study of Socioeconomic Predictors of Regular Mammography Use Among African-American Women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14: 2628-2633 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cubbin, C., Winkleby, M. A. (2005). Protective and Harmful Effects of Neighborhood-Level Deprivation on Individual-Level Health Knowledge, Behavior Changes, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Am J Epidemiol 162: 559-568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thomas, A. J., Eberly, L. E., Davey Smith, G., Neaton, J. D., Stamler, J., for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Re, (2005). Race/Ethnicity, Income, Major Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. AJPH 95: 1417-1423 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pollack, C. E., Cubbin, C., Ahn, D., Winkleby, M. (2005). Neighbourhood deprivation and alcohol consumption: does the availability of alcohol play a role?. Int J Epidemiol 34: 772-780 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Szanton, S. L., Gill, J. M., Allen, J. K. (2005). Allostatic Load: A Mechanism of Socioeconomic Health Disparities?. Biol Res Nurs 7: 7-15 [Abstract]  
• Tonne, C., Schwartz, J., Mittleman, M., Melly, S., Suh, H., Goldberg, R. (2005). Long-Term Survival After Acute Myocardial Infarction Is Lower in More Deprived Neighborhoods. Circulation 111: 3063-3070 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Merlo, J., Chaix, B., Yang, M., Lynch, J., Rastam, L. (2005). A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: linking the statistical concept of clustering to the idea of contextual phenomenon. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59: 443-449 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Finkelstein, M. M, Jerrett, M., Sears, M. R (2005). Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59: 481-487 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fuller, C. M., Borrell, L. N., Latkin, C. A., Galea, S., Ompad, D. C., Strathdee, S. A., Vlahov, D. (2005). Effects of Race, Neighborhood, and Social Network on Age at Initiation of Injection Drug Use. AJPH 95: 689-695 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Henderson, C., Diez Roux, A. V, Jacobs, D. R Jr, Kiefe, C. I, West, D., Williams, D. R (2005). Neighbourhood characteristics, individual level socioeconomic factors, and depressive symptoms in young adults: the CARDIA study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59: 322-328 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Benjamin, E. J., Jessup, M., Flack, J. M., Krumholz, H. M., Liu, K., Nadkarni, V. M., Rhoades, D. A., Rodriguez, B. L., Scott, R. P., Taylor, M. P., Velazquez, E. J., Winkleby, M. A. (2005). Discovering the Full Spectrum of Cardiovascular Disease: Minority Health Summit 2003: Report of the Outcomes Writing Group. Circulation 111: e124-e133 [Full Text]  
• Ferrer, R. L., Palmer, R., Burge, S. (2005). The Family Contribution to Health Status: A Population-Level Estimate. Ann Fam Med 3: 102-108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lawlor, D. A., Davey Smith, G., Patel, R., Ebrahim, S. (2005). Life-Course Socioeconomic Position, Area Deprivation, and Coronary Heart Disease: Findings From the British Women's Heart and Health Study. AJPH 95: 91-97 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Larsen, K., Merlo, J. (2005). Appropriate Assessment of Neighborhood Effects on Individual Health: Integrating Random and Fixed Effects in Multilevel Logistic Regression. Am J Epidemiol 161: 81-88 [Abstract] [Full Text]