FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

A correction has been published: N Engl J Med 2002;347(4):290.

Previous Volume 346:802-810 March 14, 2002 Number 11 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Editorial by Rocchini, A. P. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited Related Article Related Article by Goran, M. I. PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Childhood obesity, epidemic in the United States, has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents. We determined the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in a multiethnic cohort of 167 obese children and adolescents.

Methods All subjects underwent a two-hour oral glucose-tolerance test (1.75 mg of glucose per kilogram of body weight), and glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured. Fasting levels of proinsulin were obtained, and the ratio of proinsulin to insulin was calculated. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostatic model assessment, and beta-cell function was estimated by calculating the ratio between the changes in the insulin level and the glucose level during the first 30 minutes after the ingestion of glucose.

Results Impaired glucose tolerance was detected in 25 percent of the 55 obese children (4 to 10 years of age) and 21 percent of the 112 obese adolescents (11 to 18 years of age); silent type 2 diabetes was identified in 4 percent of the obese adolescents. Insulin and C-peptide levels were markedly elevated after the glucose-tolerance test in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance but not in adolescents with diabetes, who had a reduced ratio of the 30-minute change in the insulin level to the 30-minute change in the glucose level. After the body-mass index had been controlled for, insulin resistance was greater in the affected cohort and was the best predictor of impaired glucose tolerance.

Conclusions Impaired glucose tolerance is highly prevalent among children and adolescents with severe obesity, irrespective of ethnic group. Impaired oral glucose tolerance was associated with insulin resistance while beta-cell function was still relatively preserved. Overt type 2 diabetes was linked to beta-cell failure.

Source Information

From the Departments of Pediatrics (R.S., W.V.T., V.R., S.T., G.B., S.C.) and Internal Medicine (R.S.S.), the Children's General Clinical Research Center (G.F., B.T., B.B., K.A., M.S.), and the Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (G.F.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Caprio at the Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520, or at sonia.caprio{at}yale.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Obese Children and Adolescents
Goran M. I., Uwaifo G. I., Elberg J., Yanovski J. A., Invitti C., Gilardini L., Viberti G., Speiser P. W., Gaenzer H., Caprio S., Rocchini A. P.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2002; 347:290-292, Jul 25, 2002. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Schwartz, B., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Moran, A., Steinberger, J., Hong, C.-P., Sinaiko, A. R. (2008). Measurement of Insulin Sensitivity in Children: Comparison between the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and surrogate measures. Diabetes Care 31: 783-788 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Szamosi, A., Czinner, A., Szamosi, T., Sallai, A., Hatunic, M., Berla, Z., Tomsits, E., Almassy, Z., Nolan, J. J. (2008). Effect of Diet and Physical Exercise Treatment on Insulin Resistance Syndrome of Schoolchildren. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 27: 177-183 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Le Stunff, C., Dechartres, A., Mariot, V., Lotton, C., Trainor, C., Miraglia Del Giudice, E., Meyre, D., Bieche, I., Laurendeau, I., Froguel, P., Zelenika, D., Fallin, D., Lathrop, M., Romeo, P.-H., Bougneres, P. (2008). Association Analysis Indicates That a Variant GATA-Binding Site in the PIK3CB Promoter Is a Cis-Acting Expression Quantitative Trait Locus for This Gene and Attenuates Insulin Resistance in Obese Children. Diabetes 57: 494-502 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weiss, R., Kaufman, F. R. (2008). Metabolic Complications of Childhood Obesity: Identifying and mitigating the risk. Diabetes Care 31: S310-S316 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ray, J. G. MD MSc, Mohllajee, A. P. MPH, van Dam, R. M. PhD, Michels, K. B. ScD PhD (2008). Breast size and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. CMAJ 178: 289-295 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Linn, S., Novosat, C. L. (2008). Calories for Sale: Food Marketing to Children in the Twenty-First Century. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615: 133-155 [Abstract]  
• Le Stunff, C., Dechartres, A., Miraglia Del Giudice, E., Froguel, P., Bougneres, P. (2008). A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the p110 Gene Promoter Is Associated with Partial Protection from Insulin Resistance in Severely Obese Adolescents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 212-215 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baker, J. L., Olsen, L. W., Sorensen, T. I.A. (2007). Childhood Body-Mass Index and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood. NEJM 357: 2329-2337 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schindler, C. (2007). Review: The metabolic syndrome as an endocrine disease: is there an effective pharmacotherapeutic strategy optimally targeting the pathogenesis?. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 1: 7-26 [Abstract]  
• Velasquez-Mieyer, P., Neira, C. P., Nieto, R., Cowan, P. A. (2007). Review: Obesity and cardiometabolic syndrome in children. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 1: 61-81 [Abstract]  
• Gilbert, M. J., Fleming, M. F. (2007). Use of Enhanced Body Mass Index Charts During the Pediatric Health Supervision Visit Increases Physician Recognition of Overweight Patients. CLIN PEDIATR 46: 689-697 [Abstract]  
• Wiegand, S., Richardt, A., Remer, T., Wudy, S. A, Tomlinson, J. W, Hughes, B., Gruters, A., Stewart, P. M, Strasburger, C. J, Quinkler, M. (2007). Reduced 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in obese boys. Eur J Endocrinol 157: 319-324 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Austin, S. B., Kim, J., Wiecha, J., Troped, P. J., Feldman, H. A., Peterson, K. E. (2007). School-Based Overweight Preventive Intervention Lowers Incidence of Disordered Weight-Control Behaviors in Early Adolescent Girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161: 865-869 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Redline, S., Storfer-Isser, A., Rosen, C. L., Johnson, N. L., Kirchner, H. L., Emancipator, J., Kibler, A. M. (2007). Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep-disordered Breathing in Adolescents. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176: 401-408 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Snitker, S., Le, K. Y., Hager, E., Caballero, B., Black, M. M. (2007). Association of Physical Activity and Body Composition With Insulin Sensitivity in a Community Sample of Adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161: 677-683 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huang, J. S., Becerra, K., Oda, T., Walker, E., Xu, R., Donohue, M., Chen, I., Curbelo, V., Breslow, A. (2007). Parental Ability to Discriminate the Weight Status of Children: Results of a Survey. Pediatrics 120: e112-e119 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Savoye, M., Shaw, M., Dziura, J., Tamborlane, W. V., Rose, P., Guandalini, C., Goldberg-Gell, R., Burgert, T. S., Cali, A. M. G., Weiss, R., Caprio, S. (2007). Effects of a Weight Management Program on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 297: 2697-2704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Evers, S., Arnold, R., Hamilton, T., Midgett, C. (2007). Persistence of Overweight among Young Children Living in Low Income Communities in Ontario. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 26: 219-224 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fradin, D., Heath, S., Lathrop, M., Bougneres, P. (2007). Quantitative Trait Loci for Fasting Glucose in Young Europeans Replicate Previous Findings for Type 2 Diabetes in 2q23-24 and Other Locations. Diabetes 56: 1742-1745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Taniguchi, C. M., Aleman, J. O., Ueki, K., Luo, J., Asano, T., Kaneto, H., Stephanopoulos, G., Cantley, L. C., Kahn, C. R. (2007). The p85{alpha} Regulatory Subunit of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Potentiates c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Insulin Resistance. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 2830-2840 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Bruijn, G.-J., Kremers, S. P. J., de Vries, H., van Mechelen, W., Brug, J. (2007). Associations of social-environmental and individual-level factors with adolescent soft drink consumption: results from the SMILE study. Health Educ Res 22: 227-237 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choudhary, A. K., Donnelly, L. F., Racadio, J. M., Strife, J. L. (2007). Diseases Associated with Childhood Obesity. Am. J. Roentgenol. 188: 1118-1130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bell, L. M., Byrne, S., Thompson, A., Ratnam, N., Blair, E., Bulsara, M., Jones, T. W., Davis, E. A. (2007). Increasing Body Mass Index z-Score Is Continuously Associated with Complications of Overweight in Children, Even in the Healthy Weight Range. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 517-522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Salbe, A. D., Lindsay, R. S., Collins, C. B., Tataranni, P. A., Krakoff, J., Bunt, J. C. (2007). Comparison of Plasma Insulin Levels after a Mixed-Meal Challenge in Children with and without Intrauterine Exposure to Diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 624-628 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Catalano, P. M. (2007). Management of Obesity in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 109: 419-433 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Flegal, K. M., Tabak, C. J., Ogden, C. L. (2006). Overweight in children: definitions and interpretation. Health Educ Res 21: 755-760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asato, Y., Katsuren, K., Ohshiro, T., Kikawa, K., Shimabukuro, T., Ohta, T. (2006). Relationship Between Lipid Abnormalities and Insulin Resistance in Japanese School Children. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 2781-2786 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• HARRIS, F., BISWAS, S., SINGH, J., DENNISON, S., PHOENIX, D. A (2006). Calpains and Their Multiple Roles in Diabetes Mellitus. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1084: 452-480 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, J. M., Okumura, M. J., Davis, M. M., Herman, W. H., Gurney, J. G. (2006). Prevalence and Determinants of Insulin Resistance Among U.S. Adolescents: A population-based study.. Diabetes Care 29: 2427-2432 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Winer, J. C., Zern, T. L., Taksali, S. E., Dziura, J., Cali, A. M. G., Wollschlager, M., Seyal, A. A., Weiss, R., Burgert, T. S., Caprio, S. (2006). Adiponectin in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity and Its Association with Inflammatory Markers and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 4415-4423 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Landrigan, P. J., Trasande, L., Thorpe, L. E., Gwynn, C., Lioy, P. J., D'Alton, M. E., Lipkind, H. S., Swanson, J., Wadhwa, P. D., Clark, E. B., Rauh, V. A., Perera, F. P., Susser, E. (2006). The National Children's Study: A 21-Year Prospective Study of 100 000 American Children. Pediatrics 118: 2173-2186 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez-Moran, M., Guerrero-Romero, F. (2006). Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Children and Adolescents With a Positive Family History for Type 2 Diabetes. Pediatrics 118: e1516-e1522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hoppin, A. G., Katz, E. S., Kaplan, L. M., Lauwers, G. Y. (2006). Case 31-2006 -- A 15-Year-Old Girl with Severe Obesity.. NEJM 355: 1593-1602 [Full Text]  
• Moreno, L. A., Blay, M. G., Rodriguez, G., Blay, V. A., Mesana, M. I., Olivares, J. L., Fleta, J., Sarria, A., Bueno, M., AVENA-Zaragoza Study Group, (2006). Screening performances of the international obesity task force body mass index cut-off values in adolescents.. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 25: 403-408 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martin, R. M., Holly, J. M. P., Davey Smith, G., Gunnell, D. (2006). Associations of Adiposity from Childhood into Adulthood with Insulin Resistance and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System: 65-Year Follow-Up of the Boyd Orr Cohort. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 3287-3295 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nader, P. R., O'Brien, M., Houts, R., Bradley, R., Belsky, J., Crosnoe, R., Friedman, S., Mei, Z., Susman, E. J., for the National Institute of Child Health and Hum, (2006). Identifying Risk for Obesity in Early Childhood. Pediatrics 118: e594-e601 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lopez-Capape, M., Alonso, M., Colino, E., Mustieles, C., Corbaton, J., Barrio, R. (2006). Frequency of the metabolic syndrome in obese Spanish pediatric population.. Eur J Endocrinol 155: 313-319 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2006). Third Annual World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: Mediators, antecedents, and measurement. Diabetes Care 29: 1700-1706 [Full Text]  
• Monzavi, R., Dreimane, D., Geffner, M. E., Braun, S., Conrad, B., Klier, M., Kaufman, F. R. (2006). Improvement in Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Youth Who Are Treated With Lifestyle Intervention. Pediatrics 117: e1111-e1118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Truett, G. E. (2006). Prevention of Diabetes by Inhibition of Tyrosine Phosphatases.. Exp. Biol. Med. 231: 487-488 [Full Text]  
• Duncan, G. E. (2006). Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose Levels Among US Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160: 523-528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Voorhoeve, P. G, van Rossum, E. F C, te Velde, S. J, Koper, J. W, Kemper, H. C G, Lamberts, S. W J, de Waal, H. A D.-v. (2006). Association between an IGF-I gene polymorphism and body fatness: differences between generations.. Eur J Endocrinol 154: 379-388 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chakrabarty, S., Miller, B. T., Collins, T. J., Nagamani, M. (2006). Ovarian Dysfunction in Peripubertal Hyperinsulinemia. Reproductive Sciences 13: 122-129 [Abstract]  
• Coviello, A. D., Legro, R. S., Dunaif, A. (2006). Adolescent Girls with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Have an Increased Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Increasing Androgen Levels Independent of Obesity and Insulin Resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 492-497 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roemmich, J. N., Barkley, J. E., D'Andrea, L., Nikova, M., Rogol, A. D., Carskadon, M. A., Suratt, P. M. (2006). Increases in Overweight After Adenotonsillectomy in Overweight Children With Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing Are Associated With Decreases in Motor Activity and Hyperactivity. Pediatrics 117: e200-e208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sabin, M A, Ford, A L, Holly, J M P, Hunt, L P, Crowne, E C, Shield, J P H (2006). Characterisation of morbidity in a UK, hospital based, obesity clinic. Arch. Dis. Child. 91: 126-130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gordon, J. E., Hughes, M. S., Shepherd, K., Szymanski, D. A., Schoenecker, P. L., Parker, L., Uong, E. C. (2006). Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in morbidly obese children with tibia vara. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88-B: 100-103 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Egred, M, Viswanathan, G, Davis, G K (2005). Myocardial infarction in young adults. Postgrad. Med. J. 81: 741-745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Velasquez-Mieyer, P., Perez-Faustinelli, S., Cowan, P. A. (2005). Identifying Children at Risk for Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes Spectr. 18: 213-220 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Danish, R. K., West, B. B. (2005). Rapid Progression From Pre-diabetes to Severely Ill Diabetes While Under "Expert Care": Suggestions for Improved Screening for Disease Progression. Diabetes Spectr. 18: 229-239 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weigensberg, M. J., Ball, G. D.C., Shaibi, G. Q., Cruz, M. L., Goran, M. I. (2005). Decreased {beta}-Cell Function in Overweight Latino Children With Impaired Fasting Glucose. Diabetes Care 28: 2519-2524 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hinds, H. L. (2005). Currents in Contemporary Ethics: Pediatric Obesity: Ethical Dilemmas in Treatment and Prevention. J Law Med Ethics 33: 599-602  
• Fur, S. L., Fradin, D., Boileau, P., Bougneres, P. (2005). Association of Kir6.2 and INS VNTR variants with glucose homeostasis in young obese. Physiol. Genomics 22: 398-401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sunehag, A. L., Toffolo, G., Campioni, M., Bier, D. M., Haymond, M. W. (2005). Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Intake on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Healthy, Obese Adolescents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 4496-4502 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boyd, G. S., Koenigsberg, J., Falkner, B., Gidding, S., Hassink, S. (2005). Effect of Obesity and High Blood Pressure on Plasma Lipid Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 116: 442-446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2005). Second World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: Mediators, pediatric insulin resistance, the polycystic ovary syndrome, and malignancy. Diabetes Care 28: 1821-1830 [Full Text]  
• Dorsey, K. B., Wells, C., Krumholz, H. M., Concato, J. C. (2005). Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Childhood Obesity in Pediatric Practice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159: 632-638 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tauman, R., O'Brien, L. M., Ivanenko, A., Gozal, D. (2005). Obesity Rather Than Severity of Sleep-Disordered Breathing as the Major Determinant of Insulin Resistance and Altered Lipidemia in Snoring Children. Pediatrics 116: e66-e73 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Whitlock, E. P., Williams, S. B., Gold, R., Smith, P. R., Shipman, S. A. (2005). Screening and Interventions for Childhood Overweight: A Summary of Evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics 116: e125-e144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Joffe, A. (2005). Pharmacotherapy for Adolescent Obesity: A Weighty Issue. JAMA 293: 2932-2934 [Full Text]  
• Weinzimer, S. A., Doyle, E. A., Tamborlane, W. V. Jr (2005). Disease Management in the Young Diabetic Patient: Glucose Monitoring, Coping Skills, and Treatment Strategies. CLIN PEDIATR 44: 393-403 [Abstract]  
• Weiss, R., Taksali, S. E., Dufour, S., Yeckel, C. W., Papademetris, X., Cline, G., Tamborlane, W. V., Dziura, J., Shulman, G. I., Caprio, S. (2005). The "Obese Insulin-Sensitive" Adolescent: Importance of Adiponectin and Lipid Partitioning. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 3731-3737 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Legro, R. S., Gnatuk, C. L., Kunselman, A. R., Dunaif, A. (2005). Changes in Glucose Tolerance over Time in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Controlled Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 3236-3242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weiss, R., Caprio, S., Trombetta, M., Taksali, S. E., Tamborlane, W. V., Bonadonna, R. (2005). {beta}-Cell Function Across the Spectrum of Glucose Tolerance in Obese Youth. Diabetes 54: 1735-1743 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schneider, M. B., Brill, S. R. (2005). Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr. Rev. 26: 155-162 [Full Text]  
• Sinaiko, A. R., Steinberger, J., Moran, A., Prineas, R. J., Vessby, B., Basu, S., Tracy, R., Jacobs, D. R. Jr (2005). Relation of Body Mass Index and Insulin Resistance to Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Inflammatory Factors, and Oxidative Stress During Adolescence. Circulation 111: 1985-1991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weiss, R., Taksali, S. E., Tamborlane, W. V., Burgert, T. S., Savoye, M., Caprio, S. (2005). Predictors of Changes in Glucose Tolerance Status in Obese Youth. Diabetes Care 28: 902-909 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Godoy-Matos, A., Carraro, L., Vieira, A., Oliveira, J., Guedes, E. P., Mattos, L., Rangel, C., Moreira, R. O., Coutinho, W., Appolinario, J. C. (2005). Treatment of Obese Adolescents with Sibutramine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 1460-1465 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Speiser, P. W., Rudolf, M. C. J., Anhalt, H., Camacho-Hubner, C., Chiarelli, F., Eliakim, A., Freemark, M., Gruters, A., Hershkovitz, E., Iughetti, L., Krude, H., Latzer, Y., Lustig, R. H., Pescovitz, O. H., Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Rogol, A. D., Shalitin, S., Sultan, C., Stein, D., Vardi, P., Werther, G. A., Zadik, Z., Zuckerman-Levin, N., Hochberg, Z., on behalf of the Obesity Consensus Working Group, (2005). Childhood Obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 1871-1887 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yeckel, C. W., Taksali, S. E., Dziura, J., Weiss, R., Burgert, T. S., Sherwin, R. S., Tamborlane, W. V., Caprio, S. (2005). The Normal Glucose Tolerance Continuum in Obese Youth: Evidence for Impairment in {beta}-Cell Function Independent of Insulin Resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 747-754 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Swallen, K. C., Reither, E. N., Haas, S. A., Meier, A. M. (2005). Overweight, Obesity, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Adolescents: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Pediatrics 115: 340-347 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Quattrin, T., Liu, E., Shaw, N., Shine, B., Chiang, E. (2005). Obese Children Who Are Referred to the Pediatric Endocrinologist: Characteristics and Outcome. Pediatrics 115: 348-351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roberts, C. K., Barnard, R. J. (2005). Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J. Appl. Physiol. 98: 3-30 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cole, T. J, Flegal, K., Dietz, W. H (2005). Detecting obesity based on skinfold thicknesses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81: 196-196 [Full Text]  
• Dunger, D B (2005). Obesity and the insulin resistance syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child. 90: 1-1 [Full Text]  
• Viner, R M, Segal, T Y, Lichtarowicz-Krynska, E, Hindmarsh, P (2005). Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch. Dis. Child. 90: 10-14 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• St. Jeor, S. T., Hayman, L. L., Daniels, S. R., Gillman, M. W., Howard, G., Law, C. M., Lewis, C. E., Poehlman, E. (2004). Prevention Conference VII: Obesity, a Worldwide Epidemic Related to Heart Disease and Stroke: Group II: Age-Dependent Risk Factors for Obesity and Comorbidities. Circulation 110: e471-e475 [Full Text]  
• Rosenbaum, M., Nonas, C., Horlick, M., Fennoy, I., Vargas, I., Schachner, H., Kringas, P., Stanton, K., Weil, R., and the El Camino Diabetes Prevention Group, (2004). {beta}-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Early Adolescence: Association with Body Fatness and Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 5469-5476 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kiess, W., Bottner, A., Bluher, S., Raile, K., Galler, A., Kapellen, T. M. (2004). Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents--the beginning of a renal catastrophe?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 2693-2696 [Full Text]  
• Santoro, N., del Giudice, E. M., Cirillo, G., Raimondo, P., Corsi, I., Amato, A., Grandone, A., Perrone, L. (2004). An Insertional Polymorphism of the Proopiomelanocortin Gene Is Associated with Fasting Insulin Levels in Childhood Obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 4846-4849 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Katz, D. L., Evans, M. A., Chan, W., Nawaz, H., Comerford, B. P., Hoxley, M. L., Njike, V. Y., Sarrel, P. M. (2004). Oats, Antioxidants and Endothelial Function in Overweight, Dyslipidemic Adults. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23: 397-403 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thorpe, L. E., List, D. G., Marx, T., May, L., Helgerson, S. D., Frieden, T. R. (2004). Childhood Obesity in New York City Elementary School Students. Am. J. Public Health 94: 1496-1500 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gomez-Diaz, R., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Moran-Villota, S., Barradas-Gonzalez, R., Herrera-Marquez, R., Cruz Lopez, M., Kumate, J., Wacher, N. H. (2004). Lack of Agreement Between the Revised Criteria of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Children With Excess Body Weight. Diabetes Care 27: 2229-2233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cohen, P., Friedman, J. M. (2004). Leptin and the Control of Metabolism: Role for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD-1). J. Nutr. 134: 2455S-2463S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bottner, A., Kratzsch, J., Muller, G., Kapellen, T. M., Bluher, S., Keller, E., Bluher, M., Kiess, W. (2004). Gender Differences of Adiponectin Levels Develop during the Progression of Puberty and Are Related to Serum Androgen Levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 4053-4061 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Alberti, G., Zimmet, P., Shaw, J., Bloomgarden, Z., Kaufman, F., Silink, M. (2004). Type 2 Diabetes in the Young: The Evolving Epidemic: The International Diabetes Federation Consensus Workshop. Diabetes Care 27: 1798-1811 [Full Text]  
• Drobac, S., Brickman, W., Smith, T., Binns, H. J. (2004). Evaluation of a Type 2 Diabetes Screening Protocol in an Urban Pediatric Clinic. Pediatrics 114: 141-148 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Diabetes in Children Adolescents Work Group of the, (2004). An Update on Type 2 Diabetes in Youth From the National Diabetes Education Program. Pediatrics 114: 259-263 [Full Text]  
• Weiss, R., Dziura, J., Burgert, T. S., Tamborlane, W. V., Taksali, S. E., Yeckel, C. W., Allen, K., Lopes, M., Savoye, M., Morrison, J., Sherwin, R. S., Caprio, S. (2004). Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. NEJM 350: 2362-2374 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Friberg, P, Allansdotter-Johnsson, A, Ambring, A, Ahl, R, Arheden, H, Framme, J, Johansson, A, Holmgren, D, Wahlander, H, Marild, S (2004). Increased left ventricular mass in obese adolescents. Eur Heart J 25: 987-992 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hoelscher, D. M., Day, R. S., Lee, E. S., Frankowski, R. F., Kelder, S. H., Ward, J. L., Scheurer, M. E. (2004). Measuring the Prevalence of Overweight in Texas Schoolchildren. Am. J. Public Health 94: 1002-1008 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Carnes, B. A., Bernard, M. A. (2004). Robine and Michel's "Looking Forward to a General Theory on Population Aging": Commentary. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 59: M599-M600 [Full Text]  
• Weill, J, Vanderbecken, S, Froguel, P (2004). Understanding the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in adolescence. Arch. Dis. Child. 89: 502-504 [Full Text]  
• Lobstein, T., Leach, R. (2004). Diabetes may be undetected in many children in the UK. BMJ 328: 1261-1262 [Full Text]  
• Ceriello, A., Motz, E. (2004). Is Oxidative Stress the Pathogenic Mechanism Underlying Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease? The Common Soil Hypothesis Revisited. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 24: 816-823 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Janssen, I., Craig, W. M., Boyce, W. F., Pickett, W. (2004). Associations Between Overweight and Obesity With Bullying Behaviors in School-Aged Children. Pediatrics 113: 1187-1194 [Abstract] [Full Text]