FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 349:2316-2325 December 11, 2003 Number 24 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Perspective by Heistad, D. D. Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited E-mail When Letters Appear PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Intraplaque hemorrhage is common in advanced coronary atherosclerotic lesions. The relation between hemorrhage and the vulnerability of plaque to disruption may involve the accumulation of free cholesterol from erythrocyte membranes.

Methods We stained multiple coronary lesions from 24 randomly selected patients who had died suddenly of coronary causes with an antibody against glycophorin A (a protein specific to erythrocytes that facilitates anion exchange) and Mallory's stain for iron (hemosiderin), markers of previous intraplaque hemorrhage. Coronary lesions were classified as lesions with pathologic intimal thickening, fibrous-cap atheromas with cores in an early or late stage of necrosis, or thin-cap fibrous atheromas (vulnerable plaques). The arterial response to plaque hemorrhage was further defined in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis.

Results Only traces of glycophorin A and iron were found in lesions with pathologic intimal thickening or fibrous-cap atheromas with cores in an early stage of necrosis. In contrast, fibroatheromas with cores in a late stage of necrosis or thin caps had a marked increase in glycophorin A in regions of cholesterol clefts surrounded by iron deposits. Larger amounts of both glycophorin A and iron were associated with larger necrotic cores and greater macrophage infiltration. Rabbit lesions with induced intramural hemorrhage consistently showed cholesterol crystals with erythrocyte fragments, foam cells, and iron deposits. In contrast, control lesions from the same animals had a marked reduction in macrophages and lipid content.

Conclusions By contributing to the deposition of free cholesterol, macrophage infiltration, and enlargement of the necrotic core, the accumulation of erythrocyte membranes within an atherosclerotic plaque may represent a potent atherogenic stimulus. These factors may increase the risk of plaque destabilization.

Source Information

From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. (F.D.K., A.P.B., D.K.W., A.F., R.K., R.V.); the Cardiac Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (H.K.G., L.J.G., M.H., A.V.F.); the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (D.R.F.); the Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (H.S.K.); and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.N.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Virmani at the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Bldg. 54, Rm. 2005, 6825 16th St., Washington, DC 20306-6000, or at virmani{at}afip.osd.mil.

Full Text of this Article

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Matter, C. M., Stuber, M., Nahrendorf, M. (2009). Imaging of the unstable plaque: how far have we got?. Eur Heart J 30: 2566-2574 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ota, H., Yu, W., Underhill, H. R., Oikawa, M., Dong, L., Zhao, X., Polissar, N. L., Neradilek, B., Gao, T., Zhang, Z., Yan, Z., Guo, M., Zhang, Z., Hatsukami, T. S., Yuan, C. (2009). Hemorrhage and Large Lipid-Rich Necrotic Cores Are Independently Associated With Thin or Ruptured Fibrous Caps: An In vivo 3T MRI Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 29: 1696-1701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ortiz-Munoz, G., Houard, X., Martin-Ventura, J.-L., Ishida, B. Y., Loyau, S., Rossignol, P., Moreno, J.-A., Kane, J. P., Chalkley, R. J., Burlingame, A. L., Michel, J.-B., Meilhac, O. (2009). HDL antielastase activity prevents smooth muscle cell anoikis, a potential new antiatherogenic property. FASEB J. 23: 3129-3139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sirol, M., Moreno, P. R., Purushothaman, K.-R., Vucic, E., Amirbekian, V., Weinmann, H.-J., Muntner, P., Fuster, V., Fayad, Z. A. (2009). Increased Neovascularization in Advanced Lipid-Rich Atherosclerotic Lesions Detected by Gadofluorine-M-Enhanced MRI: Implications for Plaque Vulnerability. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2: 391-396 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ni, M, Chen, W Q, Zhang, Y (2009). Animal models and potential mechanisms of plaque destabilisation and disruption. Heart 95: 1393-1398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Le Dall, J., Ho-Tin-Noe, B., Louedec, L., Meilhac, O., Roncal, C., Carmeliet, P., Germain, S., Michel, J.-B., Houard, X. (2009). Immaturity of microvessels in haemorrhagic plaques is associated with proteolytic degradation of angiogenic factors. Cardiovasc Res 0: cvp253v2-cvp253 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yunoki, K., Naruko, T., Komatsu, R., Ehara, S., Shirai, N., Sugioka, K., Nakagawa, M., Kitabayashi, C., Ikura, Y., Itoh, A., Kusano, K., Ohe, T., Haze, K., Becker, A. E., Ueda, M. (2009). Enhanced expression of haemoglobin scavenger receptor in accumulated macrophages of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 30: 1844-1852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, W., Sun, K., Zhen, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Xu, J., Hu, F. B., Hui, R. (2009). VEGF Receptor-2 Variants Are Associated With Susceptibility to Stroke and Recurrence. Stroke 40: 2720-2726 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hoshino, T., Chow, L. A., Hsu, J. J., Perlowski, A. A., Abedin, M., Tobis, J., Tintut, Y., Mal, A. K., Klug, W. S., Demer, L. L. (2009). Mechanical stress analysis of a rigid inclusion in distensible material: a model of atherosclerotic calcification and plaque vulnerability. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 297: H802-H810 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chu, B., Ferguson, M. S., Chen, H., Hippe, D. S., Kerwin, W. S., Canton, G., Yuan, C., Hatsukami, T. S. (2009). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Features of the Disruption-Prone and the Disrupted Carotid Plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2: 883-896 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moreno, P. R., Sanz, J., Fuster, V. (2009). Promoting Mechanisms of Vascular Health: Circulating Progenitor Cells, Angiogenesis, and Reverse Cholesterol Transport. J Am Coll Cardiol 53: 2315-2323 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Landesberg, G., Beattie, W. S., Mosseri, M., Jaffe, A. S., Alpert, J. S. (2009). Perioperative Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 119: 2936-2944 [Full Text]  
• Phinikaridou, A., Hallock, K. J., Qiao, Y., Hamilton, J. A. (2009). A robust rabbit model of human atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. J. Lipid Res. 50: 787-797 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sluimer, J. C., Kolodgie, F. D., Bijnens, A. P.J.J., Maxfield, K., Pacheco, E., Kutys, B., Duimel, H., Frederik, P. M., van Hinsbergh, V. W.M., Virmani, R., Daemen, M. J.A.P. (2009). Thin-walled microvessels in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques show incomplete endothelial junctions relevance of compromised structural integrity for intraplaque microvascular leakage.. J Am Coll Cardiol 53: 1517-1527 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boyle, J. J., Harrington, H. A., Piper, E., Elderfield, K., Stark, J., Landis, R. C., Haskard, D. O. (2009). Coronary Intraplaque Hemorrhage Evokes a Novel Atheroprotective Macrophage Phenotype. Am. J. Pathol. 174: 1097-1108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Magnoni, M., Coli, S., Marrocco-Trischitta, M. M., Melisurgo, G., De Dominicis, D., Cianflone, D., Chiesa, R., Feinstein, S. B., Maseri, A. (2009). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of periadventitial vasa vasorum in human carotid arteries. Eur J Echocardiogr 10: 260-264 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Virmani, R., Finn, A. V., Kolodgie, F. D. (2009). Carotid Plaque Stabilization and Progression After Stroke or TIA. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 29: 3-6 [Full Text]  
• Hamm, C. W., Möllmann, H., Bassand, J.-P., van de Werf, F. (2009). CHAPTER 16 Acute Coronary Syndromes. ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2: med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tziakas, D. N., Chalikias, G. K., Tentes, I. K., Stakos, D., Chatzikyriakou, S. V., Mitrousi, K., Kortsaris, A. X., Kaski, J. C., Boudoulas, H. (2008). Interleukin-8 is increased in the membrane of circulating erythrocytes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J 29: 2713-2722 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pasterkamp, G., Daemen, M. (2008). Circulating cells: the biofactory for markers of atherosclerotic disease. Eur Heart J 29: 2701-2702 [Full Text]  
• Bitar, R., Moody, A. R., Leung, G., Symons, S., Crisp, S., Butany, J., Rowsell, C., Kiss, A., Nelson, A., Maggisano, R. (2008). In Vivo 3D High-Spatial-Resolution MR Imaging of Intraplaque Hemorrhage. Radiology 249: 259-267 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asleh, R., Blum, S., Kalet-Litman, S., Alshiek, J., Miller-Lotan, R., Asaf, R., Rock, W., Aviram, M., Milman, U., Shapira, C., Abassi, Z., Levy, A. P. (2008). Correction of HDL Dysfunction in Individuals With Diabetes and the Haptoglobin 2-2 Genotype. Diabetes 57: 2794-2800 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arbustini, E., Gambarin, F. I. (2008). Theranostic strategy against plaque angiogenesis.. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 1: 635-637 [Full Text]  
• Underhill, H. R., Yarnykh, V. L., Hatsukami, T. S., Wang, J., Balu, N., Hayes, C. E., Oikawa, M., Yu, W., Xu, D., Chu, B., Wyman, B. T., Polissar, N. L., Yuan, C. (2008). Carotid Plaque Morphology and Composition: Initial Comparison between 1.5- and 3.0-T Magnetic Field Strengths. Radiology 248: 550-560 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Coli, S., Magnoni, M., Sangiorgi, G., Marrocco-Trischitta, M. M., Melisurgo, G., Mauriello, A., Spagnoli, L., Chiesa, R., Cianflone, D., Maseri, A. (2008). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of intraplaque neovascularization in carotid arteries correlation with histology and plaque echogenicity.. J Am Coll Cardiol 52: 223-230 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, W., Xu, L.-H., Forssell, C., Sullivan, J. L., Yuan, X.-M. (2008). Overexpression of Transferrin Receptor and Ferritin Related to Clinical Symptoms and Destabilization of Human Carotid Plaques. Exp. Biol. Med. 233: 818-826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nakashima, Y., Wight, T. N., Sueishi, K. (2008). Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Cardiovasc Res 79: 14-23 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Redgrave, J. N., Gallagher, P., Lovett, J. K., Rothwell, P. M. (2008). Critical Cap Thickness and Rupture in Symptomatic Carotid Plaques: The Oxford Plaque Study. Stroke 39: 1722-1729 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bunch, T. J., Rihal, C. S., Gumina, R. J., Cooper, L., Caplice, N. M. (2008). Progression of Nonculprit Plaque Stenosis Following Successful Percutaneous Intervention. ANGIOLOGY 59: 236-239 [Abstract]  
• Siegel-Axel, D., Daub, K., Seizer, P., Lindemann, S., Gawaz, M. (2008). Platelet lipoprotein interplay: trigger of foam cell formation and driver of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 78: 8-17 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Svilaas, T., Vlaar, P. J., van der Horst, I. C., Diercks, G. F.H., de Smet, B. J.G.L., van den Heuvel, A. F.M., Anthonio, R. L., Jessurun, G. A., Tan, E.-S., Suurmeijer, A. J.H., Zijlstra, F. (2008). Thrombus Aspiration during Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. NEJM 358: 557-567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raman, S. V., Winner, M. W. III, Tran, T., Velayutham, M., Simonetti, O. P., Baker, P. B., Olesik, J., McCarthy, B., Ferketich, A. K., Zweier, J. L. (2008). In vivo atherosclerotic plaque characterization using magnetic susceptibility distinguishes symptom-producing plaques.. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 1: 49-57 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Leclercq, A., Houard, X., Philippe, M., Ollivier, V., Sebbag, U., Meilhac, O., Michel, J.-B. (2007). Involvement of intraplaque hemorrhage in atherothrombosis evolution via neutrophil protease enrichment. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82: 1420-1429 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Altaf, N., MacSweeney, S. T., Gladman, J., Auer, D. P (2007). Response to Letters by Hsieh and Chen, and by Tang et al. Stroke 38: e160-e161 [Full Text]  
• Spagnoli, L. G., Bonanno, E., Sangiorgi, G., Mauriello, A. (2007). Role of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. JNM 48: 1800-1815 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gossl, M., Lerman, L. O., Lerman, A. (2007). Frontiers in Nephrology: Early Atherosclerosis A View Beyond the Lumen. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 2836-2842 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, T. H., Bhatt, D. L., Fox, K. A.A., Steinhubl, S. R., Brennan, D. M., Hacke, W., Mak, K.-H., Pearson, T. A., Boden, W. E., Steg, P. G., Flather, M. D., Montalescot, G., Topol, E. J., on behalf of the CHARISMA Investigators, (2007). An analysis of mortality rates with dual-antiplatelet therapy in the primary prevention population of the CHARISMA trial. Eur Heart J 28: 2200-2207 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sullivan, J. l. (2007). Macrophage Iron, Hepcidin, and Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability. Exp. Biol. Med. 232: 1014-1020 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ritman, E. L., Lerman, A. (2007). The dynamic vasa vasorum. Cardiovasc Res 75: 649-658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Groyer, E., Nicoletti, A., Ait-Oufella, H., Khallou-Laschet, J., Varthaman, A., Gaston, A.-T., Thaunat, O., Kaveri, S. V., Blatny, R., Stockinger, H., Mallat, Z., Caligiuri, G. (2007). Atheroprotective Effect of CD31 Receptor Globulin Through Enrichment of Circulating Regulatory T-Cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: 344-350 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Saam, T., Hatsukami, T. S., Takaya, N., Chu, B., Underhill, H., Kerwin, W. S., Cai, J., Ferguson, M. S., Yuan, C. (2007). The Vulnerable, or High-Risk, Atherosclerotic Plaque: Noninvasive MR Imaging for Characterization and Assessment. Radiology 244: 64-77 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Minetti, M., Agati, L., Malorni, W. (2007). The microenvironment can shift erythrocytes from a friendly to a harmful behavior: Pathogenetic implications for vascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 75: 21-28 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nuotio, K., Isoviita, P. M., Saksi, J., Ijas, P., Pitkaniemi, J., Sonninen, R., Soinne, L., Saimanen, E., Salonen, O., Kovanen, P. T., Kaste, M., Lindsberg, P. J. (2007). Adipophilin Expression Is Increased in Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis: Correlation With Red Blood Cells and Cholesterol Crystals * Online Data. Stroke 38: 1791-1798 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kolodgie, F. D., Narula, J., Yuan, C., Burke, A. P., Finn, A. V., Virmani, R. (2007). Elimination of Neoangiogenesis for Plaque Stabilization: Is There a Role for Local Drug Therapy?. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 2093-2101 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Doyle, B., Caplice, N. (2007). Plaque Neovascularization and Antiangiogenic Therapy for Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 2073-2080 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arbustini, E. (2007). Total Erythrocyte Membrane Cholesterol: An Innocent New Marker or an Active Player in Acute Coronary Syndromes?. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 2090-2092 [Full Text]  
• Tziakas, D. N., Kaski, J. C., Chalikias, G. K., Romero, C., Fredericks, S., Tentes, I. K., Kortsaris, A. X., Hatseras, D. I., Holt, D. W. (2007). Total Cholesterol Content of Erythrocyte Membranes Is Increased in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A New Marker of Clinical Instability?. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 2081-2089 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bot, I., de Jager, S. C.A., Zernecke, A., Lindstedt, K. A., van Berkel, T. J.C., Weber, C., Biessen, E. A.L. (2007). Perivascular Mast Cells Promote Atherogenesis and Induce Plaque Destabilization in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 115: 2516-2525 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kolodgie, F. D., Burke, A. P., Nakazawa, G., Virmani, R. (2007). Is Pathologic Intimal Thickening the Key to Understanding Early Plaque Progression in Human Atherosclerotic Disease?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 986-989 [Full Text]  
• Chyu, K.-Y., Shah, P. K. (2007). Choking off Plaque Neovascularity: A Promising Atheroprotective Strategy or A Double-Edged Sword?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 993-995 [Full Text]  
• von Lukowicz, T., Silacci, M., Wyss, M. T., Trachsel, E., Lohmann, C., Buck, A., Luscher, T. F., Neri, D., Matter, C. M. (2007). Human Antibody Against C Domain of Tenascin-C Visualizes Murine Atherosclerotic Plaques Ex Vivo. JNM 48: 582-587 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jackson, C. L., Bennett, M. R., Biessen, E. A.L., Johnson, J. L., Krams, R. (2007). Assessment of Unstable Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 714-720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kanter, J. E., Johansson, F., LeBoeuf, R. C., Bornfeldt, K. E. (2007). Do Glucose and Lipids Exert Independent Effects on Atherosclerotic Lesion Initiation or Progression to Advanced Plaques?. Circ. Res. 100: 769-781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamada, N., Higashi, M., Otsubo, R., Sakuma, T., Oyama, N., Tanaka, R., Iihara, K., Naritomi, H., Minematsu, K., Naito, H. (2007). Association between Signal Hyperintensity on T1-Weighted MR Imaging of Carotid Plaques and Ipsilateral Ischemic Events. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28: 287-292 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schrijvers, D. M., De Meyer, G. R.Y., Herman, A. G., Martinet, W. (2007). Phagocytosis in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and implications for plaque progression and stability. Cardiovasc Res 73: 470-480 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amirbekian, V., Lipinski, M. J., Briley-Saebo, K. C., Amirbekian, S., Aguinaldo, J. G. S., Weinreb, D. B., Vucic, E., Frias, J. C., Hyafil, F., Mani, V., Fisher, E. A., Fayad, Z. A. (2007). Detecting and assessing macrophages in vivo to evaluate atherosclerosis noninvasively using molecular MRI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 961-966 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Levy, A. P., Levy, J. E., Kalet-Litman, S., Miller-Lotan, R., Levy, N. S., Asaf, R., Guetta, J., Yang, C., Purushothaman, K. R., Fuster, V., Moreno, P. R. (2007). Haptoglobin Genotype Is a Determinant of Iron, Lipid Peroxidation, and Macrophage Accumulation in the Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 134-140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Joner, M., Farb, A., Cheng, Q., Finn, A. V., Acampado, E., Burke, A. P., Skorija, K., Creighton, W., Kolodgie, F. D., Gold, H. K., Virmani, R. (2007). Pioglitazone Inhibits In-Stent Restenosis in Atherosclerotic Rabbits by Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} and MCP-1. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 182-189 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ijas, P., Nuotio, K., Saksi, J., Soinne, L., Saimanen, E., Karjalainen-Lindsberg, M.-L., Salonen, O., Sarna, S., Tuimala, J., Kovanen, P. T., Kaste, M., Lindsberg, P. J. (2007). Microarray Analysis Reveals Overexpression of CD163 and HO-1 in Symptomatic Carotid Plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 154-160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gross, M.-L., Meyer, H.-P., Ziebart, H., Rieger, P., Wenzel, U., Amann, K., Berger, I., Adamczak, M., Schirmacher, P., Ritz, E. (2007). Calcification of Coronary Intima and Media: Immunohistochemistry, Backscatter Imaging, and X-Ray Analysis in Renal and Nonrenal Patients. CJASN 2: 121-134 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Assmus, B., Walter, D. H., Lehmann, R., Honold, J., Martin, H., Dimmeler, S., Zeiher, A. M., Schachinger, V. (2006). Intracoronary infusion of progenitor cells is not associated with aggravated restenosis development or atherosclerotic disease progression in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 27: 2989-2995 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shaw, J. A., White, A. J., Reddy, R., Duffy, S. J., Walton, A. S., Kingwell, B. A., Dart, A. M. (2006). Evaluation of Differences in Coronary Plaque Mechanical Behavior in Individuals With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 2826-2827 [Full Text]  
• Waxman, S., Ishibashi, F., Muller, J. E. (2006). Detection and Treatment of Vulnerable Plaques and Vulnerable Patients: Novel Approaches to Prevention of Coronary Events. Circulation 114: 2390-2411 [Full Text]  
• Li, W., Ostblom, M., Xu, L.-H., Hellsten, A., Leanderson, P., Liedberg, B., Brunk, U. T., Eaton, J. W., Yuan, X.-M. (2006). Cytocidal effects of atheromatous plaque components: the death zone revisited. FASEB J. 20: 2281-2290 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kockx, M M, Knaapen, M W (2006). Pathological changes in the coronary arteries in the acute coronary syndromes.. Heart 92: 1557-1558 [Full Text]  
• Kolodgie, F. D., Burke, A. P., Skorija, K. S., Ladich, E., Kutys, R., Makuria, A. T., Virmani, R. (2006). Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Protein Expression in the Natural Progression of Human Coronary Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 2523-2529 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Houard, X., Leclercq, A., Fontaine, V., Coutard, M., Martin-Ventura, J.-L., Ho-Tin-Noe, B., Touat, Z., Meilhac, O., Michel, J.-B. (2006). Retention and Activation of Blood-Borne Proteases in the Arterial Wall: Implications for Atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: A3-A9 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bochkov, V. N., Philippova, M., Oskolkova, O., Kadl, A., Furnkranz, A., Karabeg, E., Afonyushkin, T., Gruber, F., Breuss, J., Minchenko, A., Mechtcheriakova, D., Hohensinner, P., Rychli, K., Wojta, J., Resink, T., Erne, P., Binder, B. R., Leitinger, N. (2006). Oxidized Phospholipids Stimulate Angiogenesis Via Autocrine Mechanisms, Implicating a Novel Role for Lipid Oxidation in the Evolution of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Circ. Res. 99: 900-908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choudhary, S., Higgins, C. L., Chen, I. Y., Reardon, M., Lawrie, G., Vick, G. W. III, Karmonik, C., Via, D. P., Morrisett, J. D. (2006). Quantitation and Localization of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Carotid Endarterectomy Tissues. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 2351-2358 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Isobe, S., Tsimikas, S., Zhou, J., Fujimoto, S., Sarai, M., Branks, M. J., Fujimoto, A., Hofstra, L., Reutelingsperger, C. P., Murohara, T., Virmani, R., Kolodgie, F. D., Narula, N., Petrov, A., Narula, J. (2006). Noninvasive Imaging of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient and Low-Density-Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice with Annexin A5. JNM 47: 1497-1505 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Caligiuri, G., Kaveri, S. V., Nicoletti, A. (2006). IL-20 and Atherosclerosis: Another Brick In the Wall.. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 1929-1930 [Full Text]  
• Winter, P. M., Neubauer, A. M., Caruthers, S. D., Harris, T. D., Robertson, J. D., Williams, T. A., Schmieder, A. H., Hu, G., Allen, J. S., Lacy, E. K., Zhang, H., Wickline, S. A., Lanza, G. M. (2006). Endothelial {alpha}{nu}{beta}3 Integrin-Targeted Fumagillin Nanoparticles Inhibit Angiogenesis in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 2103-2109 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Saam, T., Cai, J., Ma, L., Cai, Y.-Q., Ferguson, M. S., Polissar, N. L., Hatsukami, T. S., Yuan, C. (2006). Comparison of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque Features with in Vivo MR Imaging.. Radiology 240: 464-472 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feinstein, S. B. (2006). Contrast Ultrasound Imaging of the Carotid Artery Vasa Vasorum and Atherosclerotic Plaque Neovascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 236-243 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bitar, R., Moody, A. R., Leung, G., Kiss, A., Gladstone, D., Sahlas, D. J., Maggisano, R. (2006). In vivo identification of complicated upper thoracic aorta and arch vessel plaque by MR direct thrombus imaging in patients investigated for cerebrovascular disease.. Am. J. Roentgenol. 187: 228-234 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• MacDougall, E. D., Kramer, F., Polinsky, P., Barnhart, S., Askari, B., Johansson, F., Varon, R., Rosenfeld, M. E., Oka, K., Chan, L., Schwartz, S. M., Bornfeldt, K. E. (2006). Aggressive Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL Lowering by Gene Transfer of the VLDL Receptor Combined with a Low-Fat Diet Regimen Induces Regression and Reduces Macrophage Content in Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice. Am. J. Pathol. 168: 2064-2073 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moreno, P. R., Purushothaman, K-R., Sirol, M., Levy, A. P., Fuster, V. (2006). Neovascularization in Human Atherosclerosis. Circulation 113: 2245-2252 [Full Text]  
• Zernecke, A., Bidzhekov, K., Ozuyaman, B., Fraemohs, L., Liehn, E. A., Luscher-Firzlaff, J. M., Luscher, B., Schrader, J., Weber, C. (2006). CD73/Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase Protects Against Vascular Inflammation and Neointima Formation. Circulation 113: 2120-2127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Falk, E. (2006). Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: C7-C12 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tedgui, A., Mallat, Z. (2006). Cytokines in Atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and Regulatory Pathways. Physiol. Rev. 86: 515-581 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stewart, F. A., Heeneman, S., te Poele, J., Kruse, J., Russell, N. S., Gijbels, M., Daemen, M. (2006). Ionizing Radiation Accelerates the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in ApoE-/- Mice and Predisposes to an Inflammatory Plaque Phenotype Prone to Hemorrhage. Am. J. Pathol. 168: 649-658 [Abstract] [Full Text]