Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
JoAnn E. Manson, M.D., Dr.P.H., Judith Hsia, M.D., Karen C. Johnson, M.D., M.P.H., Jacques E. Rossouw, M.D., Annlouise R. Assaf, Ph.D., Norman L. Lasser, M.D., Ph.D., Maurizio Trevisan, M.D., Henry R. Black, M.D., Susan R. Heckbert, M.D., Ph.D., Robert Detrano, M.D., Ph.D., Ora L. Strickland, Ph.D., Nathan D. Wong, Ph.D., John R. Crouse, M.D., Evan Stein, M.D., Mary Cushman, M.D., for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators
Background Recent randomized clinical trials have suggestedthat estrogen plus progestin does not confer cardiac protectionand may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Inthis report, we provide the final results with regard to estrogenplus progestin and CHD from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).
Methods The WHI included a randomized primary-prevention trialof estrogen plus progestin in 16,608 postmenopausal women whowere 50 to 79 years of age at base line. Participants were randomlyassigned to receive conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg perday) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg per day) or placebo.The primary efficacy outcome of the trial was CHD (nonfatalmyocardial infarction or death due to CHD).
Results After a mean follow-up of 5.2 years (planned duration,8.5 years), the data and safety monitoring board recommendedterminating the estrogen-plus-progestin trial because the overallrisks exceeded the benefits. Combined hormone therapy was associatedwith a hazard ratio for CHD of 1.24 (nominal 95 percent confidenceinterval, 1.00 to 1.54; 95 percent confidence interval afteradjustment for sequential monitoring, 0.97 to 1.60). The elevationin risk was most apparent at one year (hazard ratio, 1.81 [95percent confidence interval, 1.09 to 3.01]). Although higherbase-line levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol wereassociated with an excess risk of CHD among women who receivedhormone therapy, higher base-line levels of C-reactive protein,other biomarkers, and other clinical characteristics did notsignificantly modify the treatment-related risk of CHD.
Conclusions Estrogen plus progestin does not confer cardiacprotection and may increase the risk of CHD among generallyhealthy postmenopausal women, especially during the first yearafter the initiation of hormone use. This treatment should notbe prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Source Information
From the Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.E.M.); the Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (J.H.); the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); the Program Office, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md. (J.E.R.); Memorial Hospital, Brown Medical School, Pawtucket, R.I. (A.R.A.); the Preventive Cardiology Program, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (N.L.L.); the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y. (M.T.); the Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush–Presbyterian–St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago (H.R.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.R.H.); the Division of Cardiology, Harbor–UCLA Research and Education Institute, Torrance, Calif. (R.D.); the Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta (O.L.S.); the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine (N.D.W.); the Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C. (J.R.C.); Medical Research Laboratories International, Highland Heights, Ky. (E.S.); and the Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington (M.C.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Manson at the Divison of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, or at jmanson{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
Gavrilova, N., Lindau, S. T.
(2009). Salivary Sex Hormone Measurement in a National, Population-Based Study of Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci
64B: i94-i105
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pialoux, V., Brown, A. D., Leigh, R., Friedenreich, C. M., Poulin, M. J.
(2009). Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Vascular Regulation and Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women. Hypertension
54: 1014-1020
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kavanagh, K., Davis, M. A., Zhang, L., Wilson, M. D., Register, T. C., Adams, M. R., Rudel, L. L., Wagner, J. D.
(2009). Estrogen Decreases Atherosclerosis in Part by Reducing Hepatic Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) in Monkeys. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
29: 1471-1477
[Abstract][Full Text]
Raj, S. R., Stein, C. M., Saavedra, P. J., Roden, D. M.
(2009). Cardiovascular Effects of Noncardiovascular Drugs. Circulation
120: 1123-1132
[Full Text]
Langer, R. D.
(2009). Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Low-Dose Hormone Therapy in Managing Menopausal Symptoms. J Am Board Fam Med
22: 563-573
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tindle, H. A., Chang, Y.-F., Kuller, L. H., Manson, J. E., Robinson, J. G., Rosal, M. C., Siegle, G. J., Matthews, K. A.
(2009). Optimism, Cynical Hostility, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation
120: 656-662
[Abstract][Full Text]
Going, S. B., Laudermilk, M.
(2009). Osteoporosis and Strength Training. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE
3: 310-319
[Abstract]
Banks, E., Canfell, K.
(2009). Invited Commentary: Hormone Therapy Risks and Benefits--The Women's Health Initiative Findings and the Postmenopausal Estrogen Timing Hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol
170: 24-28
[Abstract][Full Text]
Prentice, R. L., Manson, J. E., Langer, R. D., Anderson, G. L., Pettinger, M., Jackson, R. D., Johnson, K. C., Kuller, L. H., Lane, D. S., Wactawski-Wende, J., Brzyski, R., Allison, M., Ockene, J., Sarto, G., Rossouw, J. E.
(2009). Benefits and Risks of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy When It Is Initiated Soon After Menopause. Am J Epidemiol
170: 12-23
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lippman, S. M., Hawk, E. T.
(2009). Cancer Prevention: From 1727 to Milestones of the Past 100 Years. Cancer Res.
69: 5269-5284
[Abstract][Full Text]
Barton, M., Meyer, M. R.
(2009). Postmenopausal Hypertension: Mechanisms and Therapy. Hypertension
54: 11-18
[Full Text]
Stevenson, J. C
(2009). Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease revisited. Menopause Int
15: 55-57
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gungor, F., Kalelioglu, I., Turfanda, A.
(2009). Vascular Effects of Estrogen and Progestins and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: Importance of Timing of Estrogen Treatment. ANGIOLOGY
60: 308-317
[Abstract]
Fanciulli, G., Delitala, A., Delitala, G.
(2009). Growth hormone, menopause and ageing: no definite evidence for 'rejuvenation' with growth hormone. Hum Reprod Update
15: 341-358
[Abstract][Full Text]
Roberts, K. E., Fallon, M. B., Krowka, M. J., Brown, R. S., Trotter, J. F., Peter, I., Tighiouart, H., Knowles, J. A., Rabinowitz, D., Benza, R. L., Badesch, D. B., Taichman, D. B., Horn, E. M., Zacks, S., Kaplowitz, N., Kawut, S. M., for the Pulmonary Vascular Complications of Liver,
(2009). Genetic Risk Factors for Portopulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
179: 835-842
[Abstract][Full Text]
Langer, R. D.
(2009). RE: "ESTROGEN PLUS PROGESTIN THERAPY AND BREAST CANCER IN RECENTLY POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN". Am J Epidemiol
169: 784-785
[Full Text]
Mora, S.
(2009). Aspirin Therapy in Women: Back to the ABCs. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes
2: 63-64
[Full Text]
Berger, J. S., Brown, D. L., Burke, G. L., Oberman, A., Kostis, J. B., Langer, R. D., Wong, N. D., Wassertheil-Smoller, S.
(2009). Aspirin Use, Dose, and Clinical Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women With Stable Cardiovascular Disease: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes
2: 78-87
[Abstract][Full Text]
Xing, D., Nozell, S., Chen, Y.-F., Hage, F., Oparil, S.
(2009). Estrogen and Mechanisms of Vascular Protection. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
29: 289-295
[Abstract][Full Text]
Collins, P., Mosca, L., Geiger, M. J., Grady, D., Kornitzer, M., Amewou-Atisso, M. G., Effron, M. B., Dowsett, S. A., Barrett-Connor, E., Wenger, N. K.
(2009). Effects of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Raloxifene on Coronary Outcomes in The Raloxifene Use for the Heart Trial: Results of Subgroup Analyses by Age and Other Factors. Circulation
119: 922-930
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chlebowski, R. T., Kuller, L. H., Prentice, R. L., Stefanick, M. L., Manson, J. E., Gass, M., Aragaki, A. K., Ockene, J. K., Lane, D. S., Sarto, G. E., Rajkovic, A., Schenken, R., Hendrix, S. L., Ravdin, P. M., Rohan, T. E., Yasmeen, S., Anderson, G., the WHI Investigators,
(2009). Breast Cancer after Use of Estrogen plus Progestin in Postmenopausal Women. NEJM
360: 573-587
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hsia, J., Larson, J. C, Ockene, J. K, Sarto, G. E, Allison, M. A, Hendrix, S. L, Robinson, J. G, LaCroix, A. Z, Manson, J. E, for the Women's Health Initiative Research Group,
(2009). Resting heart rate as a low tech predictor of coronary events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ
338: b219-b219
[Abstract][Full Text]
Novotny, J. L., Simpson, A. M., Tomicek, N. J., Lancaster, T. S., Korzick, D. H.
(2009). Rapid Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Activation Improves Ischemic Tolerance in Aged Female Rats through a Novel Protein Kinase C{epsilon}-Dependent Mechanism. Endocrinology
150: 889-896
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shufelt, C. L., Bairey Merz, C. N.
(2009). Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease.. J Am Coll Cardiol
53: 221-231
[Abstract][Full Text]
Simpkins, J. W., Perez, E., Xiaofei Wang, , ShaoHua Yang, , Yi Wen, , Singh, M.
(2009). The Potential for Estrogens in Preventing Alzheimer's Disease.. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
2: 31-49
[Abstract]
Okura, H., Takada, Y., Yamabe, A., Kubo, T., Asawa, K., Ozaki, T., Yamagishi, H., Toda, I., Yoshiyama, M., Yoshikawa, J., Yoshida, K.
(2009). Age- and Gender-Specific Changes in the Left Ventricular Relaxation: A Doppler Echocardiographic Study in Healthy Individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging
2: 41-46
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ricchiuti, V., Lian, C. G, Oestreicher, E. M, Tran, L., Stone, J. R, Yao, T., Seely, E. W, Williams, G. H, Adler, G. K
(2009). Estradiol increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor in hearts of ovariectomized rats. J Endocrinol
200: 75-84
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rosengren, A., Perk, J., Dallongeville, J.
(2009). CHAPTER 12 Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
2: med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin, K. A., Manson, J. E.
(2008). Approach to the Patient with Menopausal Symptoms. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 4567-4575
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lenihan, D. J., Esteva, F. J.
(2008). Multidisciplinary Strategy for Managing Cardiovascular Risks When Treating Patients with Early Breast Cancer. The Oncologist
13: 1224-1234
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rossouw, J. E., Cushman, M., Greenland, P., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bray, P., Kooperberg, C., Pettinger, M., Robinson, J., Hendrix, S., Hsia, J.
(2008). Inflammatory, Lipid, Thrombotic, and Genetic Markers of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Trials of Hormone Therapy. Arch Intern Med
168: 2245-2253
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lokkegaard, E., Andreasen, A. H., Jacobsen, R. K., Nielsen, L. H., Agger, C., Lidegaard, O.
(2008). Hormone therapy and risk of myocardial infarction: a national register study. Eur Heart J
29: 2660-2668
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nallamothu, B. K., Hayward, R. A., Bates, E. R.
(2008). Beyond the Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Effectiveness Studies in Evaluating Cardiovascular Therapies. Circulation
118: 1294-1303
[Full Text]
Prakash, C., Johnson, K. A., Schroeder, C. M., Potchoiba, M. J.
(2008). Metabolism, Distribution, and Excretion of a Next Generation Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Lasofoxifene, in Rats and Monkeys. Drug Metab. Dispos.
36: 1753-1769
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hsia, J., Otvos, J. D., Rossouw, J. E., Wu, L., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Hendrix, S. L., Robinson, J. G., Lund, B., Kuller, L. H., for the Women's Health Initiative Research Group,
(2008). Lipoprotein Particle Concentrations May Explain the Absence of Coronary Protection in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
28: 1666-1671
[Abstract][Full Text]
Petri, M, Buyon, J.
(2008). Editorial: Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: the case for (and against). Lupus
17: 708-710
Cohen, M. V., Downey, J. M.
(2008). Oestrogen plays a permissive role in cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res
79: 353-354
[Full Text]
(2008). Update on Hormone Therapy: Evidence-Based Approaches. JWatch Women's Health
2008: 1-1
[Full Text]
Suk Danik, J., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M.
(2008). Lipoprotein(a), Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events. J Am Coll Cardiol
52: 124-131
[Abstract][Full Text]
Prakash, C., Johnson, K. A., Gardner, M. J.
(2008). Disposition of Lasofoxifene, a Next-Generation Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, in Healthy Male Subjects. Drug Metab. Dispos.
36: 1218-1226
[Abstract][Full Text]
Villar, I. C, Hobbs, A. J, Ahluwalia, A.
(2008). Sex differences in vascular function: implication of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. J Endocrinol
197: 447-462
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frempong, B. A., Ricks, M., Sen, S., Sumner, A. E.
(2008). Effect of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives on Metabolic Risk Factors in African-American Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 2097-2103
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, M., Kuo, L., Stallone, J. N.
(2008). Estrogen potentiates constrictor prostanoid function in female rat aorta by upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane pathway expression. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
294: H2444-H2455
[Abstract][Full Text]
Parikh, S., Mogun, H., Avorn, J., Solomon, D. H.
(2008). Osteoporosis Medication Use in Nursing Home Patients With Fractures in 1 US State. Arch Intern Med
168: 1111-1115
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ding, C., Parameswaran, V., Udayan, R., Burgess, J., Jones, G.
(2008). Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers Predict Change in Bone Mineral Density and Resorption in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 1952-1958
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grodstein, F., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rexrode, K.
(2008). Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Stroke: Role of Time Since Menopause and Age at Initiation of Hormone Therapy. Arch Intern Med
168: 861-866
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fu, X.-D., Flamini, M., Sanchez, A. M., Goglia, L., Giretti, M. S., Genazzani, A. R., Simoncini, T.
(2008). Progestogens regulate endothelial actin cytoskeleton and cell movement via the actin-binding protein moesin. Mol Hum Reprod
14: 225-234
[Abstract][Full Text]
Coylewright, M., Reckelhoff, J. F., Ouyang, P.
(2008). Menopause and Hypertension: An Age-Old Debate. Hypertension
51: 952-959
[Full Text]
Heiss, G., Wallace, R., Anderson, G. L., Aragaki, A., Beresford, S. A. A., Brzyski, R., Chlebowski, R. T., Gass, M., LaCroix, A., Manson, J. E., Prentice, R. L., Rossouw, J., Stefanick, M. L., for the WHI Investigators,
(2008). Health Risks and Benefits 3 Years After Stopping Randomized Treatment With Estrogen and Progestin. JAMA
299: 1036-1045
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schulkin, J.
(2008). Hormone Therapy, Dilemmas, Medical Decisions.. J Law Med Ethics
36: 73-88
Rees, M., Stevenson, J., on behalf of the British Menopause Society Council,
(2008). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. Menopause Int
14: 40-45
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, T.-M., Lin, M.-S., Chang, N.-C.
(2008). Physiological Concentration of 17{beta}-Estradiol on Sympathetic Reinnervation in Ovariectomized Infarcted Rats. Endocrinology
149: 1205-1213
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, S-S., Singh, S., Magder, L., Petri, M.
(2008). Predictors of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus
17: 114-123
[Abstract]
Si, H., Liu, D.
(2008). Genistein, a Soy Phytoestrogen, Upregulates the Expression of Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Lowers Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J. Nutr.
138: 297-304
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, T. J., Pencina, M. J., Booth, S. L., Jacques, P. F., Ingelsson, E., Lanier, K., Benjamin, E. J., D'Agostino, R. B., Wolf, M., Vasan, R. S.
(2008). Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation
117: 503-511
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weiss, N. S., Koepsell, T. D., Psaty, B. M.
(2008). Generalizability of the Results of Randomized Trials. Arch Intern Med
168: 133-135
[Full Text]
Rosenberg, L.
(2007). RE: "INVITED COMMENTARY: HORMONE THERAPY AND RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE WHY RENEW THE FOCUS ON THE EARLY YEARS OF MENOPAUSE?". Am J Epidemiol
166: 1480-1481
[Full Text]
Wells Pence, B., Nyarko, P., Phillips, J. F., Debpuur, C.
(2007). The effect of community nurses and health volunteers on child mortality: The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project. Scand J Public Health
35: 599-608
[Abstract]
Zhang, H., Chen, X., Aravindakshan, J., Sairam, M. R.
(2007). Changes in Adiponectin and Inflammatory Genes in Response to Hormonal Imbalances in Female Mice and Exacerbation of Depot Selective Visceral Adiposity by High-Fat Diet: Implications for Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology
148: 5667-5679
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reid, R. L
(2007). Hormone therapy for younger women may not increase CHD risk during 5 7 years follow-up, but stroke risk was increased independent of age. Evid. Based Med.
12: 137-137
[Full Text]
Macdougall, I. C., Eckardt, K.-U., Locatelli, F.
(2007). Latest US KDOQI Anaemia Guidelines update what are the implications for Europe?. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 2738-2742
[Full Text]
Yumino, D., Bradley, T. D.
(2007). Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea the New Kid on the Block?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
176: 634-635
[Full Text]
Chertow, G. M., Pupim, L. B., Block, G. A., Correa-Rotter, R., Drueke, T. B., Floege, J., Goodman, W. G., London, G. M., Mahaffey, K. W., Moe, S. M., Wheeler, D. C., Albizem, M., Olson, K., Klassen, P., Parfrey, P.
(2007). Evaluation of Cinacalcet Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE): Rationale and Design Overview. CJASN
2: 898-905
[Abstract][Full Text]
Manson, J. E., Bassuk, S. S.
(2007). Invited Commentary: Hormone Therapy and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Why Renew the Focus on the Early Years of Menopause?. Am J Epidemiol
166: 511-517
[Abstract][Full Text]
Barrett-Connor, E.
(2007). Hormones and Heart Disease in Women: The Timing Hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol
166: 506-510
[Abstract][Full Text]
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E. Jr, Chavey, W. E. II, Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., Lincoff, A. M., Peterson, E. D., Theroux, P., Wenger, N. K., Wright, R. S., Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Antman, E. M., Halperin, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Krumholz, H. M., Kushner, F. G., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B.
(2007). ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol
50: e1-e157
[Full Text]
Vickers, M. R, MacLennan, A. H, Lawton, B., Ford, D., Martin, J., Meredith, S. K, DeStavola, B. L, Rose, S., Dowell, A., Wilkes, H. C, Darbyshire, J. H, Meade, T. W, WISDOM group,
(2007). Main morbidities recorded in the women's international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. BMJ
335: 239-239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Collins, P., Rosano, G., Casey, C., Daly, C., Gambacciani, M., Hadji, P., Kaaja, R., Mikkola, T., Palacios, S., Preston, R., Simon, T., Stevenson, J., Stramba-Badiale, M.
(2007). Management of cardiovascular risk in the peri-menopausal woman: a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynaecologists. Eur Heart J
28: 2028-2040
[Abstract][Full Text]
Atteritano, M., Marini, H., Minutoli, L., Polito, F., Bitto, A., Altavilla, D., Mazzaferro, S., D'Anna, R., Cannata, M. L., Gaudio, A., Frisina, A., Frisina, N., Corrado, F., Cancellieri, F., Lubrano, C., Bonaiuto, M., Adamo, E. B., Squadrito, F.
(2007). Effects of the Phytoestrogen Genistein on Some Predictors of Cardiovascular Risk in Osteopenic, Postmenopausal Women: A Two-Year Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
92: 3068-3075
[Abstract][Full Text]
Simoncini, T., Fu, X-D., Caruso, A., Garibaldi, S., Baldacci, C., Giretti, M.S., Mannella, P., Flamini, M.I., Sanchez, A.M., Genazzani, A.R.
(2007). Drospirenone increases endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a combined action on progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors. Hum Reprod
22: 2325-2334
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sherwood, A., Bower, J. K., McFetridge-Durdle, J., Blumenthal, J. A., Newby, L. K., Hinderliter, A. L.
(2007). Age Moderates the Short-Term Effects of Transdermal 17{beta}-Estradiol on Endothelium-Dependent Vascular Function in Postmenopausal Women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
27: 1782-1787
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mendelsohn, M. E., Karas, R. H.
(2007). HRT and the Young at Heart. NEJM
356: 2639-2641
[Full Text]
Norman, P.E., Powell, J.T.
(2007). Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: The Prognosis in Women Is Worse Than in Men. Circulation
115: 2865-2869
[Full Text]
Hamilton, S. J, Chew, G. T, Watts, G. F
(2007). Therapeutic regulation of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research
4: 89-102
[Abstract]
Ferreri, N. R.
(2007). Estrogen-TNF interactions and vascular inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
292: H2566-H2569
[Full Text]
Ding, E. L., Powe, N. R., Manson, J. E., Sherber, N. S., Braunstein, J. B.
(2007). Sex Differences in Perceived Risks, Distrust, and Willingness to Participate in Clinical Trials: A Randomized Study of Cardiovascular Prevention Trials. Arch Intern Med
167: 905-912
[Abstract][Full Text]
Roberts, H.
(2007). Managing the menopause. BMJ
334: 736-741
[Full Text]
Rossouw, J. E., Prentice, R. L., Manson, J. E., Wu, L., Barad, D., Barnabei, V. M., Ko, M., LaCroix, A. Z., Margolis, K. L., Stefanick, M. L.
(2007). Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Age and Years Since Menopause. JAMA
297: 1465-1477
[Abstract][Full Text]
Denes, P., Larson, J. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Prineas, R. J., Greenland, P.
(2007). Major and Minor ECG Abnormalities in Asymptomatic Women and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality. JAMA
297: 978-985
[Abstract][Full Text]
Huxley, V. H.
(2007). Sex and the cardiovascular system: the intriguing tale of how women and men regulate cardiovascular function differently. Adv. Physiol. Educ.
31: 17-22
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bray, P. F., Howard, T. D., Vittinghoff, E., Sane, D. C., Herrington, D. M.
(2007). Effect of genetic variations in platelet glycoproteins Ib{alpha} and VI on the risk for coronary heart disease events in postmenopausal women taking hormone therapy. Blood
109: 1862-1869
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hsia, J., Heiss, G., Ren, H., Allison, M., Dolan, N. C., Greenland, P., Heckbert, S. R., Johnson, K. C., Manson, J. E., Sidney, S., Trevisan, M., for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators,
(2007). Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events. Circulation
115: 846-854
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
