FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 353:1574-1584 October 13, 2005 Number 15 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Editorial by Papile, L.-A. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited E-mail When Letters Appear PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Hypothermia is protective against brain injury after asphyxiation in animal models. However, the safety and effectiveness of hypothermia in term infants with encephalopathy is uncertain.

Methods We conducted a randomized trial of hypothermia in infants with a gestational age of at least 36 weeks who were admitted to the hospital at or before six hours of age with either severe acidosis or perinatal complications and resuscitation at birth and who had moderate or severe encephalopathy. Infants were randomly assigned to usual care (control group) or whole-body cooling to an esophageal temperature of 33.5°C for 72 hours, followed by slow rewarming (hypothermia group). Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at 18 to 22 months of age. The primary outcome was a combined end point of death or moderate or severe disability.

Results Of 239 eligible infants, 102 were assigned to the hypothermia group and 106 to the control group. Adverse events were similar in the two groups during the 72 hours of cooling. Primary outcome data were available for 205 infants. Death or moderate or severe disability occurred in 45 of 102 infants (44 percent) in the hypothermia group and 64 of 103 infants (62 percent) in the control group (risk ratio, 0.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.95; P=0.01). Twenty-four infants (24 percent) in the hypothermia group and 38 (37 percent) in the control group died (risk ratio, 0.68; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.44 to 1.05; P=0.08). There was no increase in major disability among survivors; the rate of cerebral palsy was 15 of 77 (19 percent) in the hypothermia group as compared with 19 of 64 (30 percent) in the control group (risk ratio, 0.68; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 1.22; P=0.20).

Conclusions Whole-body hypothermia reduces the risk of death or disability in infants with moderate or severe hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy.

Source Information

From the Division of Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.S.); Women's and Infant's Hospital, Providence, R.I. (A.R.L., W.O.); Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (R.A.E.); University of Texas at Houston, Houston (J.E.T.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (S.A.M., W.K.P.); College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (E.F.D., A.H.J.); Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western University, Cleveland (A.A.F.); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Md. (L.L.W., R.D.H.); University of California at San Diego, San Diego (N.N.F.); University of Alabama, Birmingham (W.A.C.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami (S.D.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. (C.M.C.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif. (D.K.S.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.J.S.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.A.L.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. (R.G.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Shankaran at the Division of Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Rm. 4H46, Detroit, MI 48201, or at sshankar{at}med.wayne.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy
Polderman K. H., Girbes A. R.J., Nelson K. B., Leviton A., Gluckman P. D., Gunn A. J., Wyatt J. S., Shankaran S., Laptook A. R., the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1643-1645, Apr 13, 2006. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Liu, X., Borooah, M., Stone, J., Chakkarapani, E., Thoresen, M. (2009). Serum Gentamicin Concentrations in Encephalopathic Infants are Not Affected by Therapeutic Hypothermia. Pediatrics 124: 310-315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Torrance, H. L., Benders, M. J., Derks, J. B., Rademaker, C. M. A., Bos, A. F., Van Den Berg, P., Longini, M., Buonocore, G., Venegas, M., Baquero, H., Visser, G. H. A., Van Bel, F. (2009). Maternal Allopurinol During Fetal Hypoxia Lowers Cord Blood Levels of the Brain Injury Marker S-100B. Pediatrics 124: 350-357 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rafay, M. F., Cortez, M. A., de Veber, G. A., Tan-Dy, C., Al-Futaisi, A., Yoon, W., Fallah, S., Moore, A. M. (2009). Predictive Value of Clinical and EEG Features in the Diagnosis of Stroke and Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Neonates With Seizures. Stroke 40: 2402-2407 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Masamune, T., Sato, H., Okuyama, K., Imai, Y., Iwashita, H., Ishiyama, T., Oguchi, T., Sessler, D. I., Matsukawa, T. (2009). The Shivering Threshold in Rabbits with JM-1232(-), a New Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonist. Anesth. Analg. 109: 96-100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Azzopardi, D, Strohm, B, Edwards, A D, Halliday, H, Juszczak, E, Levene, M, Thoresen, M, Whitelaw, A, Brocklehurst, P, on behalf of the Steering Group and TOBY Cooling R, (2009). Treatment of asphyxiated newborns with moderate hypothermia in routine clinical practice: how cooling is managed in the UK outside a clinical trial. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 94: F260-F264 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abend, N. S., Topjian, A., Ichord, R., Herman, S. T., Helfaer, M., Donnelly, M., Nadkarni, V., Dlugos, D. J., Clancy, R. R. (2009). Electroencephalographic monitoring during hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest. Neurology 72: 1931-1940 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Horn, A., Thompson, C., Woods, D., Nel, A., Bekker, A., Rhoda, N., Pieper, C. (2009). Induced Hypothermia for Infants With Hypoxic- Ischemic Encephalopathy Using a Servo-Controlled Fan: An Exploratory Pilot Study. Pediatrics 123: e1090-e1098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tichauer, K. M., Elliott, J. T., Hadway, J. A., Lee, T.-Y., St. Lawrence, K. (2009). Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography during early reperfusion after hypoxia-ischemia in piglets. J. Appl. Physiol. 106: 1506-1512 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iwata, S, Iwata, O, Olson, L, Kapetanakis, A, Kato, T, Evans, S, Araki, Y, Kakuma, T, Matsuishi, T, Setterwall, F, Lagercrantz, H, Robertson, N J (2009). Therapeutic hypothermia can be induced and maintained using either commercial water bottles or a "phase changing material" mattress in a newborn piglet model. Arch. Dis. Child. 94: 387-391 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bhat, M. A., Charoo, B. A., Bhat, J. I., Ahmad, S. M., Ali, S. W., Mufti, M.-u.-H. (2009). Magnesium Sulfate in Severe Perinatal Asphyxia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 123: e764-e769 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• KOCHANEK, P. M. (2009). Bakken Lecture: The brain, the heart, and therapeutic hypothermia. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 76: S8-S12 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Doherty, D. R., Parshuram, C. S., Gaboury, I., Hoskote, A., Lacroix, J., Tucci, M., Joffe, A., Choong, K., Farrell, R., Bohn, D. J., Hutchison, J. S., on Behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Gro, (2009). Hypothermia Therapy After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 119: 1492-1500 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hansmann, G., Haas, F., Sadiq, M., Brook, M., Gildein, H. P. (2009). Arrival and survival of a 3-week-old boy from Pakistan with an arterial oxygen saturation of 17%. BMJ Case Reports 2009: bcr0720080500-bcr0720080500 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Battin, M. R., Thoresen, M., Robinson, E., Polin, R. A., Edwards, A. D., Gunn, A. J., on behalf of the Cool Cap Trial Group, (2009). Does Head Cooling With Mild Systemic Hypothermia Affect Requirement for Blood Pressure Support?. Pediatrics 123: 1031-1036 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hemmen, T. M., Lyden, P. D. (2009). Multimodal Neuroprotective Therapy With Induced Hypothermia After Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 40: S126-S128 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Groenendaal, F., De Vooght, K. M. K., van Bel, F. (2009). Blood Gas Values During Hypothermia in Asphyxiated Term Neonates. Pediatrics 123: 170-172 [Full Text]  
• Rademaker, C. M.A., de Vries, L. S. (2008). Pharmacology Review: Lidocaine for Neonatal Seizure Management. NeoReviews 9: e585-e589 [Full Text]  
• Stravitz, R. T. (2008). Critical Management Decisions in Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Chest 134: 1092-1102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sanders, R. D., Ma, D., Brooks, P., Maze, M. (2008). Balancing paediatric anaesthesia: preclinical insights into analgesia, hypnosis, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity. Br J Anaesth 101: 597-609 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Topjian, A. A., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. (2008). Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Advances in Science, Techniques, and Outcomes. Pediatrics 122: 1086-1098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shankaran, S., Pappas, A., Laptook, A. R., McDonald, S. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Tyson, J. E., Walsh, M., Goldberg, R. N., Higgins, R. D., Das, A., for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, (2008). Outcomes of Safety and Effectiveness in a Multicenter Randomized, Controlled Trial of Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 122: e791-e798 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yenari, M., Kitagawa, K., Lyden, P., Perez-Pinzon, M. (2008). Metabolic Downregulation: A Key to Successful Neuroprotection?. Stroke 39: 2910-2917 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Polderman, K. H., Mayer, S. A., Menon, D., Kochanek, P. M., Bell, M. J., Adelson, P. D., Kornecki, A., Morrison, G., Karakitsos, D., Karabinis, A., Hutchison, J. S., Lacroix, J., Hebert, P. C. (2008). Hypothermia Therapy after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children. NEJM 359: 1178-1180 [Full Text]  
• Laptook, A., Tyson, J., Shankaran, S., McDonald, S., Ehrenkranz, R., Fanaroff, A., Donovan, E., Goldberg, R., O'Shea, T. M., Higgins, R. D., Poole, W. K., and the National Institute of Child Health and Hum, (2008). Elevated Temperature After Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Risk Factor for Adverse Outcomes. Pediatrics 122: 491-499 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iwata, O., Iwata, S., Bainbridge, A., De Vita, E., Matsuishi, T., Cady, E. B., Robertson, N. J. (2008). Supra- and sub-baseline phosphocreatine recovery in developing brain after transient hypoxia-ischaemia: relation to baseline energetics, insult severity and outcome. Brain 131: 2220-2226 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sato, Y., Nakanishi, K., Hayakawa, M., Kakizawa, H., Saito, A., Kuroda, Y., Ida, M., Tokita, Y., Aono, S., Matsui, F., Kojima, S., Oohira, A. (2008). Reduction of Brain Injury in Neonatal Hypoxic--Ischemic Rats by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Together With Chondroitinase ABC. Reproductive Sciences 15: 613-620 [Abstract]  
• Hutchison, J. S., Ward, R. E., Lacroix, J., Hebert, P. C., Barnes, M. A., Bohn, D. J., Dirks, P. B., Doucette, S., Fergusson, D., Gottesman, R., Joffe, A. R., Kirpalani, H. M., Meyer, P. G., Morris, K. P., Moher, D., Singh, R. N., Skippen, P. W., the Hypothermia Pediatric Head Injury Trial Invest, (2008). Hypothermia Therapy after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children. NEJM 358: 2447-2456 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouch, D. C., Thompson, J. P., Damian, M. S. (2008). Post-cardiac arrest management: more than global cooling?. Br J Anaesth 100: 591-594 [Full Text]  
• Roka, A., Melinda, K. T., Vasarhelyi, B., Machay, T., Azzopardi, D., Szabo, M. (2008). Elevated Morphine Concentrations in Neonates Treated With Morphine and Prolonged Hypothermia for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 121: e844-e849 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hobbs, C., Thoresen, M., Tucker, A., Aquilina, K., Chakkarapani, E., Dingley, J. (2008). Xenon and Hypothermia Combine Additively, Offering Long-Term Functional and Histopathologic Neuroprotection After Neonatal Hypoxia/Ischemia. Stroke 39: 1307-1313 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gunn, A. J., Hoehn, T., Hansmann, G., Buhrer, C., Simbruner, G., Yager, J., Levene, M., Hamrick, S. E. G., Shankaran, S., Thoresen, M. (2008). Hypothermia: An Evolving Treatment for Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 121: 648-649 [Full Text]  
• Dingley, J., Hobbs, C., Ferguson, J., Stone, J., Thoresen, M. (2008). Xenon/Hypothermia Neuroprotection Regimes in Spontaneously Breathing Neonatal Rats After Hypoxic-Ischemic Insult: The Respiratory and Sedative Effects. Anesth. Analg. 106: 916-923 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gray, J., Geva, A., Zheng, Z., Zupancic, J. A. F. (2008). CoolSim: Using Industrial Modeling Techniques to Examine the Impact of Selective Head Cooling in a Model of Perinatal Regionalization. Pediatrics 121: 28-36 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van der Worp, H. B., Sena, E. S., Donnan, G. A., Howells, D. W., Macleod, M. R. (2007). Hypothermia in animal models of acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain 130: 3063-3074 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iwata, Y., Newburger, J. W., Zurakowski, D., Jonas, R. A. (2007). Postoperative Hypothermia and Blood Loss After the Neonatal Arterial Switch Procedure. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 84: 1627-1632 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kirpalani, H., Barks, J., Thorlund, K., Guyatt, G. (2007). Cooling for Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Do We Have the Answer?. Pediatrics 120: 1126-1130 [Full Text]  
• Shah, P. S., Ohlsson, A., Perlman, M. (2007). Hypothermia to Treat Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Systematic Review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161: 951-958 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fukuda, S., Warner, D. S. (2007). Cerebral protection. Br J Anaesth 99: 10-17 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Keogh, J. M. (2007). Determinants of Outcome After Head Cooling for Neonatal Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 120: 171-172 [Full Text]  
• Navarini-Meury, S., Schneider, J., Buhrer, C. (2007). Sclerema neonatorum after therapeutic whole-body hypothermia. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92: F307-F307 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bartha, A.I., Yap, K.R.L., Miller, S.P., Jeremy, R.J., Nishimoto, M., Vigneron, D.B., Barkovich, A.J., Ferriero, D.M. (2007). The Normal Neonatal Brain: MR Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, and 3D MR Spectroscopy in Healthy Term Neonates. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28: 1015-1021 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wyatt, J. S., Gluckman, P. D., Liu, P. Y., Azzopardi, D., Ballard, R., Edwards, A. D., Ferriero, D. M., Polin, R. A., Robertson, C. M., Thoresen, M., Whitelaw, A., Gunn, A. J., for the CoolCap Study Group, (2007). Determinants of Outcomes After Head Cooling for Neonatal Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 119: 912-921 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hemmen, T. M., Lyden, P. D. (2007). Induced Hypothermia for Acute Stroke. Stroke 38: 794-799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martin, J. L., Ma, D., Hossain, M., Xu, J., Sanders, R.D., Franks, N. P., Maze, M. (2007). Asynchronous administration of xenon and hypothermia significantly reduces brain infarction in the neonatal rat. Br J Anaesth 98: 236-240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wilkinson, D. J., Casalaz, D., Watkins, A., Andersen, C. C., Duke, T. (2007). Hypothermia: A Neuroprotective Therapy for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 119: 422-423 [Full Text]  
• Bennet, L., Roelfsema, V., George, S., Dean, J. M., Emerald, B. S., Gunn, A. J. (2007). The effect of cerebral hypothermia on white and grey matter injury induced by severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep. J. Physiol. 578: 491-506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bennet, L., Dean, J. M., Wassink, G., Gunn, A. J. (2007). Differential Effects of Hypothermia on Early and Late Epileptiform Events After Severe Hypoxia in Preterm Fetal Sheep. J. Neurophysiol. 97: 572-578 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• De Vita, E., Bainbridge, A., Cheong, J. L. Y., Hagmann, C., Lombard, R., Chong, W. K., Wyatt, J. S., Cady, E. B., Ordidge, R. J., Robertson, N. J. (2006). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neonatal Encephalopathy at 4.7 Tesla: Initial Experiences. Pediatrics 118: e1812-e1821 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhu, M., Ackerman, J. J. H., Sukstanskii, A. L., Yablonskiy, D. A. (2006). How the body controls brain temperature: the temperature shielding effect of cerebral blood flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 101: 1481-1488 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ambalavanan, N., Carlo, W. A., Shankaran, S., Bann, C. M., Emrich, S. L., Higgins, R. D., Tyson, J. E., O'Shea, T. M., Laptook, A. R., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Donovan, E. F., Walsh, M. C., Goldberg, R. N., Das, A., for the National Institute of Child Health and Hum, (2006). Predicting Outcomes of Neonates Diagnosed With Hypoxemic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 118: 2084-2093 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gonzalez, F F, Miller, S P (2006). Does perinatal asphyxia impair cognitive function without cerebral palsy?. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 91: F454-F459 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bhat, M A (2006). Re: Therapeutic hypothermia following perinatal asphyxia.. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 91: F464-F464 [Full Text]  
• Ziino, A J A (2006). Palliation bias is being overlooked in neonatal hypothermia trials.. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 91: F464-F465 [Full Text]  
• Sonna, L. A., Kuhlmeier, M. M., Carter, H. C., Hasday, J. D., Lilly, C. M., Fairchild, K. D. (2006). Effect of moderate hypothermia on gene expression by THP-1 cells: a DNA microarray study. Physiol. Genomics 26: 91-98 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Navalitloha, Y., Schwartz, E. S., Groothuis, E. N., Allen, C. V., Levy, R. M., Groothuis, D. R. (2006). Therapeutic implications of tumor interstitial fluid pressure in subcutaneous RG-2 tumors. Neuro Oncol 8: 227-233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shah, P. S., Beyene, J., To, T., Ohlsson, A., Perlman, M. (2006). Postasphyxial Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Neonates: Outcome Prediction Rule Within 4 Hours of Birth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160: 729-736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McDonagh, D. L., Allen, I. N., Keifer, J. C., Warner, D. S. (2006). Induction of hypothermia after intraoperative hypoxic brain insult.. Anesth. Analg. 103: 180-181 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• O'Brien, F. E., Iwata, O., Thornton, J. S., Vita, E. D., Sellwood, M. W., Iwata, S., Sakata, Y. S., Charman, S., Ordidge, R., Cady, E. B., Wyatt, J. S., Robertson, N. J. (2006). Delayed Whole-Body Cooling to 33 or 35{degrees}C and the Development of Impaired Energy Generation Consequential to Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Newborn Piglet. Pediatrics 117: 1549-1559 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• American Heart Association, (2006). 2005 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) of Pediatric and Neonatal Patients: Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Pediatrics 117: e1005-e1028 [Full Text]  
• American Heart Association, American Academy of Pe, (2006). 2005 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) of Pediatric and Neonatal Patients: Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines. Pediatrics 117: e1029-e1038 [Full Text]  
• Milbrandt, E. B., Ishizaka, A., Angus, D. C. (2006). Update in critical care 2005.. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173: 833-841 [Full Text]  
• Polderman, K. H., Girbes, A. R.J., Nelson, K. B., Leviton, A., Gluckman, P. D., Gunn, A. J., Wyatt, J. S., Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., the National Institute of Child Health and Human D, (2006). Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. NEJM 354: 1643-1645 [Full Text]  
• Stark, A. (2006). Therapeutic hypothermia a promising, yet unproven therapy for HIE. AAP News 27: 20-20 [Full Text]  
• Blackmon, L. R., Stark, A. R., and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American A, (2006). Hypothermia: A Neuroprotective Therapy for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pediatrics 117: 942-948 [Full Text]  
• Edwards, A D, Azzopardi, D V (2006). Therapeutic hypothermia following perinatal asphyxia.. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 91: F127-F131 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perlman, J. M. (2006). Summary proceedings from the neurology group on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.. Pediatrics 117: S28-S33 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2006). Carphology by Rajendra. PN 6: 66-66 [Full Text]  
• Halliday, H L (2006). The nursery needs discoveries. Arch. Dis. Child. 91: 99-100 [Full Text]  
• (2006). Lucina. Arch. Dis. Child. 91: 204-204 [Full Text]  
• (2005). Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. JWatch Pediatrics 2005: 5-5 [Full Text]  
• (2005). Part 7.5: Postresuscitation Support. Circulation 112: IV-84-IV-88 [Full Text]  
• (2005). Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Circulation 112: IV-167-IV-187 [Full Text]  
• (2005). Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines. Circulation 112: IV-188-IV-195 [Full Text]  
• Papile, L. A. (2005). Systemic hypothermia--a "cool" therapy for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.. NEJM 353: 1619-1620 [Full Text]