Background Homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovasculardisease. We evaluated the efficacy of homocysteine-loweringtreatment with B vitamins for secondary prevention in patientswho had had an acute myocardial infarction.
Methods The trial included 3749 men and women who had had anacute myocardial infarction within seven days before randomization.Patients were randomly assigned, in a two-by-two factorial design,to receive one of the following four daily treatments: 0.8 mgof folic acid, 0.4 mg of vitamin B12, and 40 mg of vitamin B6;0.8 mg of folic acid and 0.4 mg of vitamin B12; 40 mg of vitaminB6; or placebo. The primary end point during a median follow-upof 40 months was a composite of recurrent myocardial infarction,stroke, and sudden death attributed to coronary artery disease.
Results The mean total homocysteine level was lowered by 27percent among patients given folic acid plus vitamin B12, butsuch treatment had no significant effect on the primary endpoint (risk ratio, 1.08; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.93to 1.25; P=0.31). Also, treatment with vitamin B6 was not associatedwith any significant benefit with regard to the primary endpoint (relative risk of the primary end point, 1.14; 95 percentconfidence interval, 0.98 to 1.32; P=0.09). In the group givenfolic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6, there was a trend towardan increased risk (relative risk, 1.22; 95 percent confidenceinterval, 1.00 to 1.50; P=0.05).
Conclusions Treatment with B vitamins did not lower the riskof recurrent cardiovascular disease after acute myocardial infarction.A harmful effect from combined B vitamin treatment was suggested.Such treatment should therefore not be recommended. (ClinicalTrials.govnumber, NCT00266487
[ClinicalTrials.gov]
.)
Source Information
From the Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø (K.H.B., I.N., H.S., E.A.); the Locus for Homocysteine and Related Vitamins and the Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen (P.M.U.); the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (A.T.); the Department of Heart Disease, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø (T.S., H.W., K.R.); and the Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen (J.E.N.) — all in Norway. This article was published at www.nejm.org on March 12, 2006.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Bønaa at the Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, or at kaare.bonaa{at}stolav.no.
Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cardiovascular Disease
de Craen A. J.M., Stott D. J., Westendorp R. G.J., Khare A., Lopez M., Gogtay J., Quinlivan E. P., Gregory J. F. III, Refsum H., Smith A. D., Wang X., Demirtas H., Xu X., Tomlinson D. R., Lang D., Lewis M. J., Lonn E., the HOPE-2 Investigators , Bønaa K. H., Tverdal A., Ueland P. M.
Extract |
Full Text |
PDF
N Engl J Med 2006;
355:205-211, Jul 13, 2006.
Correspondence
This article has been cited by other articles:
Stopper, H., Treutlein, A.-T., Bahner, U., Schupp, N., Schmid, U., Brink, A., Perna, A., Heidland, A.
(2008). Reduction of the genomic damage level in haemodialysis patients by folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant
0: gfn254v1-gfn254
[Abstract][Full Text]
Albert, C. M., Cook, N. R., Gaziano, J. M., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J., Danielson, E., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E.
(2008). Effect of Folic Acid and B Vitamins on Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Total Mortality Among Women at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Trial. JAMA
299: 2027-2036
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lonn, E.
(2008). Homocysteine-Lowering B Vitamin Therapy in Cardiovascular Prevention--Wrong Again?. JAMA
299: 2086-2087
[Full Text]
Larsson, S. C., Mannisto, S., Virtanen, M. J., Kontto, J., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J.
(2008). Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Methionine Intakes and Risk of Stroke Subtypes in Male Smokers. Am J Epidemiol
167: 954-961
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tian, R., Ingwall, J. S.
(2008). How Does Folic Acid Cure Heart Attacks?. Circulation
117: 1772-1774
[Full Text]
Ryan-Harshman, M., Aldoori, W.
(2008). Vitamin B12 and health. cfp
54: 536-541
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, J.-M., Stewart, R., Kim, S.-W., Yang, S.-J., Shin, I.-S., Yoon, J.-S.
(2008). Predictive value of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels in late-life depression. Br. J. Psychiatry
192: 268-274
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reynolds, T.
(2008). Giving antioxidants to infants with Down's syndrome. BMJ
336: 568-569
[Full Text]
Smith, A D., Kim, Y.-I., Refsum, H.
(2008). Is folic acid good for everyone?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
87: 517-533
[Abstract][Full Text]
Atkinson, W., Elmslie, J., Lever, M., Chambers, S. T, George, P. M
(2008). Dietary and supplementary betaine: acute effects on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations under standard and postmethionine load conditions in healthy male subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
87: 577-585
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baragetti, I., Raselli, S., Stucchi, A., Terraneo, V., Furiani, S., Buzzi, L., Garlaschelli, K., Alberghini, E., Catapano, A.L., Buccianti, G.
(2008). Reply. Nephrol Dial Transplant
23: 1069-1071
[Full Text]
Crowe, F. L., Skeaff, C. M., McMahon, J. A., Williams, S. M., Green, T. J.
(2008). Lowering Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations of Older Men and Women with Folate, Vitamin B-12, and Vitamin B-6 Does Not Affect the Proportion of (n-3) Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Plasma Phosphatidylcholine. J. Nutr.
138: 551-555
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gill, J. S.
(2008). Cardiovascular Disease in Transplant Recipients: Current and Future Treatment Strategies. CJASN
3: S29-S37
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wagner, C., Koury, M. J
(2007). S-Adenosylhomocysteine a better indicator of vascular disease than homocysteine?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 1581-1585
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kessler, M., Zannad, F., Lehert, P., Grunfeld, J. P., Thuilliez, C., Leizorovicz, A., Lechat, P., for the FOSIDIAL Investigators,
(2007). Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease: an analysis from the Fosinopril in Dialysis study. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 3573-3579
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lijfering, W. M., Veeger, N. J.G.M., Brouwer, J.-L. P., van der Meer, J.
(2007). The risk of venous and arterial thrombosis in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects may be a result of elevated factor VIII levels. haematol
92: 1703-1706
[Abstract][Full Text]
Getz, G. S., Reardon, C. A.
(2007). Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
27: 2499-2506
[Abstract][Full Text]
McCully, K. S
(2007). Homocysteine, vitamins, and vascular disease prevention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 1563S-1568S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lazzerini, P.E., Capecchi, P.L., Selvi, E., Lorenzini, S., Bisogno, S., Galeazzi, M., Laghi Pasini, F.
(2007). Hyperhomocysteinemia: a cardiovascular risk factor in autoimmune diseases?. Lupus
16: 852-862
[Abstract]
Weikert, C., Dierkes, J., Hoffmann, K., Berger, K., Drogan, D., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Spranger, J., Mohlig, M., Luley, C., Boeing, H.
(2007). B Vitamin Plasma Levels and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in a German Cohort. Stroke
38: 2912-2918
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sawka, A. M., Ray, J. G., Yi, Q., Josse, R. G., Lonn, E.
(2007). Randomized Clinical Trial of Homocysteine Level Lowering Therapy and Fractures. Arch Intern Med
167: 2136-2139
[Full Text]
Martinez-Berriotxoa, A., Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Egurbide, M.-V., Garmendia, M., Gabriel Erdozain, J., Villar, I., Aguirre, C.
(2007). Transiently positive anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus
16: 810-816
[Abstract]
Carluccio, M. A., Ancora, M. A., Massaro, M., Carluccio, M., Scoditti, E., Distante, A., Storelli, C., De Caterina, R.
(2007). Homocysteine induces VCAM-1 gene expression through NF-{kappa}B and NAD(P)H oxidase activation: protective role of Mediterranean diet polyphenolic antioxidants. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
293: H2344-H2354
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jamison, R. L., Hartigan, P., Kaufman, J. S., Goldfarb, D. S., Warren, S. R., Guarino, P. D., Gaziano, J. M., For the Veterans Affairs Site Investigators,
(2007). Effect of Homocysteine Lowering on Mortality and Vascular Disease in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and End-stage Renal Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA
298: 1163-1170
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baigent, C., Clarke, R.
(2007). B Vitamins for the Prevention of Vascular Disease: Insufficient Evidence to Justify Treatment. JAMA
298: 1212-1214
[Full Text]
de Bree, A., van Mierlo, L. A, Draijer, R.
(2007). Folic acid improves vascular reactivity in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 610-617
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hron, G., Lombardi, R., Eichinger, S., Lecchi, A., Kyrle, P. A., Cattaneo, M.
(2007). Low vitamin B6 levels and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. haematol
92: 1250-1253
[Abstract][Full Text]
Myint, P.K., Poole, K.E.S., Warburton, E.A.
(2007). Hip fractures after stroke and their prevention. QJM
100: 539-545
[Abstract][Full Text]
van den Donk, M., Pellis, L., Crott, J. W., van Engeland, M., Friederich, P., Nagengast, F. M., van Bergeijk, J. D., de Boer, S. Y., Mason, J. B., Kok, F. J., Keijer, J., Kampman, E.
(2007). Folic Acid and Vitamin B-12 Supplementation Does Not Favorably Influence Uracil Incorporation and Promoter Methylation in Rectal Mucosa DNA of Subjects with Previous Colorectal Adenomas. J. Nutr.
137: 2114-2120
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lamberts, R. R., Caldenhoven, E., Lansink, M., Witte, G., Vaessen, R. J., St Cyr, J. A., Stienen, G. J. M.
(2007). Preservation of diastolic function in monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
293: H1869-H1876
[Abstract][Full Text]
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E. Jr, Chavey, W. E. II, Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., Lincoff, A. M., Peterson, E. D., Theroux, P., Wenger, N. K., Wright, R. S., Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Antman, E. M., Halperin, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Krumholz, H. M., Kushner, F. G., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B.
(2007). ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol
50: e1-e157
[Full Text]
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E. Jr, Chavey, W. E. II, Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., Lincoff, A. M., Peterson, E. D., Theroux, P., Wenger, N. K., Wright, R. S., Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Antman, E. M., Halperin, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Krumholz, H. M., Kushner, F. G., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B.
(2007). ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol
50: 652-726
[Full Text]
Urquhart, B. L., Freeman, D. J., Spence, J. D., House, A. A.
(2007). Mesna as a Nonvitamin Intervention to Lower Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentration: Implications for Assessment of the Homocysteine Theory of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Pharmacol
47: 991-997
[Abstract][Full Text]
Harrington, D. W., Munekata, M. T.
(2007). Update in General Internal Medicine. ANN INTERN MED
147: 104-116
[Full Text]
Zittan, E., Preis, M., Asmir, I., Cassel, A., Lindenfeld, N., Alroy, S., Halon, D. A., Lewis, B. S., Shiran, A., Schliamser, J. E., Flugelman, M. Y.
(2007). High frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in asymptomatic individuals homozygous to MTHFR C677T mutation is associated with endothelial dysfunction and homocysteinemia. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
293: H860-H865
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hubner, R. A, Houlston, R. D, Muir, K. R
(2007). Should folic acid fortification be mandatory? No. BMJ
334: 1253-1253
[Full Text]
Tardif, J.-C., Carrier, M., Kandzari, D. E., Emery, R., Cote, R., Heinonen, T., Zettler, M., Hasselblad, V., Guertin, M.-C., Harrington, R. A., MEND-CABG Investigators,
(2007). Effects of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (MC-1) in patients undergoing high-risk coronary artery bypass surgery: Results of the MEND-CABG randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
133: 1604-1611
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin, H., Lindblad, B., Norman, M.
(2007). Endothelial Function in Newborn Infants Is Related to Folate Levels and Birth Weight. Pediatrics
119: 1152-1158
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, Q.-H., Carter, H. K, Mulinare, J., Berry, R., Friedman, J., Erickson, J D.
(2007). Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States after folic acid fortification: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2002. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
85: 1409-1416
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ueland, P. M., Clarke, R.
(2007). Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Risk: Considering the Evidence in the Context of Study Design, Folate Fortification, and Statistical Power. Clin. Chem.
53: 807-809
[Full Text]
Stern, R. S.
(2007). Methotrexate and Risk for Lymphoma--Reply. Arch Dermatol
143: 664-664
[Full Text]
Rowan, E. N., Dickinson, H. O., Stephens, S., Ballard, C., Kalaria, R., Anne Kenny, R.
(2007). Homocysteine and post-stroke cognitive decline. Age Ageing
36: 339-343
[Full Text]
Zee, R. Y.L., Mora, S., Cheng, S., Erlich, H. A., Lindpaintner, K., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M
(2007). Homocysteine, 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C>T Polymorphism, Nutrient Intake, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in 24 968 Initially Healthy Women. Clin. Chem.
53: 845-851
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shirodaria, C., Antoniades, C., Lee, J., Jackson, C. E., Robson, M. D., Francis, J. M., Moat, S. J., Ratnatunga, C., Pillai, R., Refsum, H., Neubauer, S., Channon, K. M.
(2007). Global Improvement of Vascular Function and Redox State With Low-Dose Folic Acid: Implications for Folate Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation
115: 2262-2270
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sanz, J., Moreno, P. R., Fuster, V.
(2007). The Year in Atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 1740-1749
[Full Text]
McCrindle, B. W., Urbina, E. M., Dennison, B. A., Jacobson, M. S., Steinberger, J., Rocchini, A. P., Hayman, L. L., Daniels, S. R.
(2007). Drug Therapy of High-Risk Lipid Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, With the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation
115: 1948-1967
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kuo, H.-K., Liao, K.-C., Leveille, S. G., Bean, J. F., Yen, C.-J., Chen, J.-H., Yu, Y.-H., Tai, T.-Y.
(2007). Relationship of Homocysteine Levels to Quadriceps Strength, Gait Speed, and Late-Life Disability in Older Adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.
62: 434-439
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kaul, S., Zadeh, A. A., Shah, P. K.
(2007). Reply. J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 1371-1371
[Full Text]
Akhtar, N.
(2007). Is Homocysteine a Risk Factor for Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease?. J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 1370-1371
[Full Text]
Bezemer, I. D., Doggen, C. J. M., Vos, H. L., Rosendaal, F. R.
(2007). No Association Between the Common MTHFR 677C->T Polymorphism and Venous Thrombosis: Results From the MEGA Study. Arch Intern Med
167: 497-501
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hemmelgarn, B. R., Manns, B. J., Zhang, J., Tonelli, M., Klarenbach, S., Walsh, M., Culleton, B. F., for the Alberta Kidney Disease Network,
(2007). Association between Multidisciplinary Care and Survival for Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
18: 993-999
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vanuzzo, D., Pilotto, L., Lombardi, R., Lazzerini, G., Carluccio, M., Diviacco, S., Quadrifoglio, F., Danek, G., Gregori, D., Fioretti, P., Cattaneo, M., De Caterina, R.
(2007). Both vitamin B6 and total homocysteine plasma levels predict long-term atherothrombotic events in healthy subjects. Eur Heart J
28: 484-491
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, R.
(2007). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the risk of dementia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
85: 329-330
[Full Text]
Bathum, L., Hjelmborg, J. v. B., Christiansen, L., McGue, M., Jeune, B., Christensen, K.
(2007). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C>T and Methionine Synthase 2756A>G Mutations: No Impact on Survival, Cognitive Functioning, or Cognitive Decline in Nonagenarians. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.
62: 196-201
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hao, L., Ma, J., Zhu, J., Stampfer, M. J., Tian, Y., Willett, W. C., Li, Z.
(2007). High Prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Chinese Adults Is Associated with Low Folate, Vitamin B-12, and Vitamin B-6 Status. J. Nutr.
137: 407-413
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hajer, G. R, van der Graaf, Y., Olijhoek, J. K, Verhaar, M. C, Visseren, F. L J, for the SMART Study Group,
(2007). Levels of homocysteine are increased in metabolic syndrome patients but are not associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, in contrast to patients without the metabolic syndrome. Heart
93: 216-220
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goldstein, L. B., Rothwell, P. M.
(2007). Primary Prevention and Health Services Delivery. Stroke
38: 222-224
[Full Text]
Joshi, P., Islam, S., Pais, P., Reddy, S., Dorairaj, P., Kazmi, K., Pandey, M. R., Haque, S., Mendis, S., Rangarajan, S., Yusuf, S.
(2007). Risk Factors for Early Myocardial Infarction in South Asians Compared With Individuals in Other Countries. JAMA
297: 286-294
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nasir, K., Tsai, M., Rosen, B. D., Fernandes, V., Bluemke, D. A., Folsom, A. R., Lima, J. A.C.
(2007). Elevated Homocysteine Is Associated With Reduced Regional Left Ventricular Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation
115: 180-187
[Abstract][Full Text]
Traber, M. G
(2007). Heart disease and single-vitamin supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
85: 293S-299S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Colgan, S. M., Austin, R. C.
(2007). Homocysteinylation of Metallothionein Impairs Intracellular Redox Homeostasis: The Enemy Within!. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
27: 8-11
[Full Text]
Suliman, M., Stenvinkel, P., Qureshi, A. R., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Barany, P., Heimburger, O., Vonesh, E. F., Lindholm, B.
(2007). The reverse epidemiology of plasma total homocysteine as a mortality risk factor is related to the impact of wasting and inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 209-217
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boger, C. A., Stubanus, M., Haak, T., Gotz, A. K., Christ, J., Hoffmann, U., Riegger, G. A. J., Kramer, B. K., for the GENDIAN Study Group,
(2007). Effect of MTHFR C677T genotype on survival in type 2 diabetes patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 154-162
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gillies, P. J., Krul, E. S.
(2007). Using Genetic Variation to Optimize Nutritional Preemption. J. Nutr.
137: 270S-274S
[Abstract][Full Text]
den Heijer, M., Willems, H. P. J., Blom, H. J., Gerrits, W. B. J., Cattaneo, M., Eichinger, S., Rosendaal, F. R., Bos, G. M. J.
(2007). Homocysteine lowering by B vitamins and the secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Blood
109: 139-144
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2006). No Secondary-Prevention Benefit of Vitamin B Pills. Journal Watch Cardiology
2006: 10-10
[Full Text]
Bazzano, L. A., Reynolds, K., Holder, K. N., He, J.
(2006). Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA
296: 2720-2726
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pour, H. R. N., Grobbee, D. E, Muller, M., Emmelot-Vonk, M., van der Schouw, Y. T
(2006). Serum sex hormone and plasma homocysteine levels in middle-aged and elderly men. Eur J Endocrinol
155: 887-893
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wald, D. S, Wald, N. J, Morris, J. K, Law, M.
(2006). Folic acid, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease: judging causality in the face of inconclusive trial evidence. BMJ
333: 1114-1117
[Full Text]
Rahmani, M., Cruz, R. P., Granville, D. J., McManus, B. M.
(2006). Allograft vasculopathy versus atherosclerosis.. Circ. Res.
99: 801-815
[Abstract][Full Text]
McCormick, D. B
(2006). The dubious use of vitamin-mineral supplements in relation to cardiovascular disease.. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 680-681
[Full Text]
Kim, Y-I
(2006). Folate: a magic bullet or a double edged sword for colorectal cancer prevention?. Gut
55: 1387-1389
[Full Text]
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., Karanja, N., Lefevre, M., Rudel, L., Sacks, F., Van Horn, L., Winston, M., Wylie-Rosett, J.
(2006). Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
26: 2186-2191
[Full Text]
Groner, J. A., Joshi, M., Bauer, J. A.
(2006). Pediatric Precursors of Adult Cardiovascular Disease: Noninvasive Assessment of Early Vascular Changes in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics
118: 1683-1691
[Abstract][Full Text]
Barter, P. J., Rye, K.-A.
(2006). Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: is HDL the link?. Circ. Res.
99: 565-566
[Full Text]
Antoniades, C., Shirodaria, C., Warrick, N., Cai, S., de Bono, J., Lee, J., Leeson, P., Neubauer, S., Ratnatunga, C., Pillai, R., Refsum, H., Channon, K. M.
(2006). 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Rapidly Improves Endothelial Function and Decreases Superoxide Production in Human Vessels: Effects on Vascular Tetrahydrobiopterin Availability and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Coupling. Circulation
114: 1193-1201
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kaul, S., Zadeh, A. A., Shah, P. K.
(2006). Homocysteine Hypothesis for Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease: Not Validated. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 914-923
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fisher, M., Lees, K., Spence, J. D.
(2006). Nutrition and Stroke Prevention. Stroke
37: 2430-2435
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shenkin, A
(2006). Micronutrients in health and disease.. Postgrad. Med. J.
82: 559-567
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shekelle, P.
(2006). Lowering homocysteine with folic acid and B vitamins did not prevent vascular events after myocardial infarction. Evid. Based Med.
11: 105-105
[Full Text]
Rosenberg, I. H., Mulrow, C. D.
(2006). Trials that matter: should we routinely measure homocysteine levels and "treat" mild hyperhomocysteinemia?. ANN INTERN MED
145: 226-227
[Full Text]
Previous
