Background Recent outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) in poultrythroughout Asia have had major economic and health repercussions.Human infections with this virus were identified in Vietnamin January 2004.
Methods We report the clinical features and preliminary epidemiologicfindings among 10 patients with confirmed cases of avian influenzaA (H5N1) who presented to hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City andHanoi, Vietnam, in December 2003 and January 2004.
Results In all 10 cases, the diagnosis of influenza A (H5N1)was confirmed by means of viral culture or reverse transcriptase–polymerasechain reaction with primers specific for H5 and N1. None ofthe 10 patients (mean age, 13.7 years) had preexisting medicalconditions. Nine of them had a clear history of direct contactwith poultry (median time before onset of illness, three days).All patients presented with fever (temperature, 38.5 to 40.0°C),respiratory symptoms, and clinically significant lymphopenia(median lymphocyte count, 700 per cubic millimeter). The medianplatelet count was 75,500 per cubic millimeter. Seven patientshad diarrhea. In all patients, there were marked abnormalitieson chest radiography. There was no definitive evidence of human-to-humantransmission. Eight patients died, one patient has recovered,and one is recovering.
Conclusions Influenza A (H5N1) infection, characterized by fever,respiratory symptoms, and lymphopenia, carries a high risk ofdeath. Although in all 10 cases the infection appears to havebeen acquired directly from infected poultry, the potentialexists for genetic reassortment with human influenzavirusesand the evolution of human-to-human transmission. Containmentof influenza A (H5N1) in poultry throughout Asia is thereforeurgently required.
Source Information
From the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (T.T.H., N.T.D., P.P.M., N.V.C., D.B.K., N.T. Truong) and the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (C.D., T.T.T., M.J., C.S., J.F.); Pediatric Hospital Number Two (V.C.D.); Health Service of Ho Chi Minh City (L.T.G.); the Pasteur Institute (N.T.K.T., L.H.S., L.V.T.); and the Preventive Medicine Center (N.D.T., L.H.N.) — all in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; the National Pediatric Hospital (N.T.L., L.T.S., P.T.S., N.T. Thi, L.P.P., C.V.T.); and the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (H.T.L., L.T.Q.M.) — both in Hanoi, Vietnam; the Government Virus Unit, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China (P.C., W.L.); and the Vietnam Office, World Health Organization, Hanoi, Vietnam (P.H.). This article was published at www.nejm.org on February 25, 2004.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Farrar at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, or at jeremyjf{at}hcm.vnn.vn.
Handel, A., Longini, I. M. Jr, Antia, R.
(2010). Towards a quantitative understanding of the within-host dynamics of influenza A infections. J R Soc Interface
7: 35-47
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kumar, A., Zarychanski, R., Pinto, R., Cook, D. J., Marshall, J., Lacroix, J., Stelfox, T., Bagshaw, S., Choong, K., Lamontagne, F., Turgeon, A. F., Lapinsky, S., Ahern, S. P., Smith, O., Siddiqui, F., Jouvet, P., Khwaja, K., McIntyre, L., Menon, K., Hutchison, J., Hornstein, D., Joffe, A., Lauzier, F., Singh, J., Karachi, T., Wiebe, K., Olafson, K., Ramsey, C., Sharma, S., Dodek, P., Meade, M., Hall, R., Fowler, R. A., for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group H1N1 C,
(2009). Critically Ill Patients With 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Infection in Canada. JAMA
302: 1872-1879
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schmolke, M., Viemann, D., Roth, J., Ludwig, S.
(2009). Essential Impact of NF-{kappa}B Signaling on the H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Induced Transcriptome. J. Immunol.
183: 5180-5189
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marshall, H., Ryan, P., Roberton, D., Street, J., Watson, M.
(2009). Pandemic Influenza and Community Preparedness. AJPH
99: S365-S371
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hui, D. S., Chow, B. K., Ng, S. S., Chu, L. C. Y., Hall, S. D., Gin, T., Sung, J. J. Y., Chan, M. T. V.
(2009). Exhaled Air Dispersion Distances During Noninvasive Ventilation via Different Respironics Face Masks. Chest
136: 998-1005
[Abstract][Full Text]
Suzuki, K., Okada, H., Itoh, T., Tada, T., Mase, M., Nakamura, K., Kubo, M., Tsukamoto, K.
(2009). Association of Increased Pathogenicity of Asian H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens with Highly Efficient Viral Replication Accompanied by Early Destruction of Innate Immune Responses. J. Virol.
83: 7475-7486
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, P., Sorcar, P., Um, S., Chung, H., Lee, Y. S.
(2009). Effects of episodic variations in web-based avian influenza education: influence of fear and humor on perception, comprehension, retention and behavior. Health Educ Res
24: 369-380
[Abstract][Full Text]
Szretter, K. J., Gangappa, S., Belser, J. A., Zeng, H., Chen, H., Matsuoka, Y., Sambhara, S., Swayne, D. E., Tumpey, T. M., Katz, J. M.
(2009). Early Control of H5N1 Influenza Virus Replication by the Type I Interferon Response in Mice. J. Virol.
83: 5825-5834
[Abstract][Full Text]
Xu, T., Qiao, J., Zhao, L., He, G., Li, K., Wang, J., Tian, Y., Wang, H.
(2009). Effect of dexamethasone on acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by the H5N1 virus in mice. Eur Respir J
33: 852-860
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gray, G. C., Kayali, G.
(2009). Facing pandemic influenza threats: The importance of including poultry and swine workers in preparedness plans. Poult. Sci.
88: 880-884
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, J., Oberley-Deegan, R., Wang, S., Nikrad, M., Funk, C. J., Hartshorn, K. L., Mason, R. J.
(2009). Differentiated Human Alveolar Type II Cells Secrete Antiviral IL-29 (IFN-{lambda}1) in Response to Influenza A Infection. J. Immunol.
182: 1296-1304
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maxmen, A.
(2009). Jeremy Farrar: When disaster strikes. JEM
206: 4-5
[Full Text]
Herold, S., Steinmueller, M., von Wulffen, W., Cakarova, L., Pinto, R., Pleschka, S., Mack, M., Kuziel, W. A., Corazza, N., Brunner, T., Seeger, W., Lohmeyer, J.
(2008). Lung epithelial apoptosis in influenza virus pneumonia: the role of macrophage-expressed TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. JEM
205: 3065-3077
[Abstract][Full Text]
Droebner, K., Reiling, S. J., Planz, O.
(2008). Role of Hypercytokinemia in NF-{kappa}B p50-Deficient Mice after H5N1 Influenza A Virus Infection. J. Virol.
82: 11461-11466
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, J.-K., Seiler, P., Forrest, H. L., Khalenkov, A. M., Franks, J., Kumar, M., Karesh, W. B., Gilbert, M., Sodnomdarjaa, R., Douangngeun, B., Govorkova, E. A., Webster, R. G.
(2008). Pathogenicity and Vaccine Efficacy of Different Clades of Asian H5N1 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Domestic Ducks. J. Virol.
82: 11374-11382
[Abstract][Full Text]
Singh, A., Sterk, P. J.
(2008). Noninvasive ventilation and the potential risk of transmission of infection. Eur Respir J
32: 816-816
[Full Text]
Kongchanagul, A., Suptawiwat, O., Kanrai, P., Uiprasertkul, M., Puthavathana, P., Auewarakul, P.
(2008). Positive selection at the receptor-binding site of haemagglutinin H5 in viral sequences derived from human tissues. J. Gen. Virol.
89: 1805-1810
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rayner, C. R., Chanu, P., Gieschke, R., Boak, L. M., Jonsson, E. N.
(2008). Population Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir When Coadministered With Probenecid. J Clin Pharmacol
48: 935-947
[Abstract][Full Text]
LeBouder, F., Morello, E., Rimmelzwaan, G. F., Bosse, F., Pechoux, C., Delmas, B., Riteau, B.
(2008). Annexin II Incorporated into Influenza Virus Particles Supports Virus Replication by Converting Plasminogen into Plasmin. J. Virol.
82: 6820-6828
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sandrock, C., Stollenwerk, N.
(2008). Acute Febrile Respiratory Illness in the ICU: Reducing Disease Transmission. Chest
133: 1221-1231
[Abstract][Full Text]
Korteweg, C., Gu, J.
(2008). Pathology, Molecular Biology, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans. Am. J. Pathol.
172: 1155-1170
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nicoll, A
(2008). Children, avian influenza H5N1 and preparing for the next pandemic. Arch. Dis. Child.
93: 433-438
[Abstract][Full Text]
Song, M.-S., Oh, T.-K., Moon, H. J., Yoo, D.-W., Lee, E. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, C.-J., Yoo, G.-J., Kim, H., Choi, Y.-K.
(2008). Ecology of H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials. J. Gen. Virol.
89: 949-957
[Abstract][Full Text]
Puro, V. MD, Fusco, F. M. MD, Pittalis, S. MD, Lanini, S. MD, Ippolito, G. MD
(2008). Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. CMAJ
178: 597-598
[Full Text]
Zeng, H., Goldsmith, C., Thawatsupha, P., Chittaganpitch, M., Waicharoen, S., Zaki, S., Tumpey, T. M., Katz, J. M.
(2007). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Elicit an Attenuated Type I Interferon Response in Polarized Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. J. Virol.
81: 12439-12449
[Abstract][Full Text]
Saijo, M., Georges-Courbot, M.-C., Marianneau, P., Romanowski, V., Fukushi, S., Mizutani, T., Georges, A.-J., Kurata, T., Kurane, I., Morikawa, S.
(2007). Development of Recombinant Nucleoprotein-Based Diagnostic Systems for Lassa Fever. CVI
14: 1182-1189
[Abstract][Full Text]
Twu, K. Y., Kuo, R.-L., Marklund, J., Krug, R. M.
(2007). The H5N1 Influenza Virus NS Genes Selected after 1998 Enhance Virus Replication in Mammalian Cells. J. Virol.
81: 8112-8121
[Abstract][Full Text]
Salomon, R., Hoffmann, E., Webster, R. G.
(2007). Inhibition of the cytokine response does not protect against lethal H5N1 influenza infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
104: 12479-12481
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carter, M. J.
(2007). A rationale for using steroids in the treatment of severe cases of H5N1 avian influenza. J Med Microbiol
56: 875-883
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ellis, J. S., Smith, J. W., Braham, S., Lock, M., Barlow, K., Zambon, M. C.
(2007). Design and Validation of an H5 TaqMan Real-Time One-Step Reverse Transcription-PCR and Confirmatory Assays for Diagnosis and Verification of Influenza A Virus H5 Infections in Humans. J. Clin. Microbiol.
45: 1535-1543
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chen, W., He, B., Li, C., Zhang, X., Wu, W., Yin, X., Fan, B., Fan, X., Wang, J.
(2007). Real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 avian influenza A virus detection. J Med Microbiol
56: 603-607
[Abstract][Full Text]
Peiris, J. S. M., de Jong, M. D., Guan, Y.
(2007). Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1): a Threat to Human Health. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
20: 243-267
[Abstract][Full Text]
MATEO, R. I., XIAO, S.-Y., LEI, H., DA ROSA, A. P. A. T., TESH, R. B.
(2007). DHORI VIRUS (ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE: THOGOTOVIRUS) INFECTION IN MICE: A MODEL OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERE ORTHOMYXOVIRUS INFECTION. Am J Trop Med Hyg
76: 785-790
[Abstract][Full Text]
Govorkova, E. A., Ilyushina, N. A., Boltz, D. A., Douglas, A., Yilmaz, N., Webster, R. G.
(2007). Efficacy of Oseltamivir Therapy in Ferrets Inoculated with Different Clades of H5N1 Influenza Virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
51: 1414-1424
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cooper, L. T. Jr, Mensah, G. A., Baddour, L. M., Dunbar, S. B., Kaplan, E. L., Wilson, W. R., Shah, P. K.
(2007). Task Force III: Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Complications of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Potential Biological Terrorism Agents and Diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 1398-1406
[Full Text]
Szretter, K. J., Gangappa, S., Lu, X., Smith, C., Shieh, W.-J., Zaki, S. R., Sambhara, S., Tumpey, T. M., Katz, J. M.
(2007). Role of Host Cytokine Responses in the Pathogenesis of Avian H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Mice. J. Virol.
81: 2736-2744
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thomas, J. K., Noppenberger, J.
(2007). Avian influenza: A review. Am J Health Syst Pharm
64: 149-165
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lim, W S
(2007). Pandemic flu: clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic. Thorax
62: 1-46
[Full Text]
Oner, A. F., Bay, A., Arslan, S., Akdeniz, H., Sahin, H. A., Cesur, Y., Epcacan, S., Yilmaz, N., Deger, I., Kizilyildiz, B., Karsen, H., Ceyhan, M.
(2006). Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Eastern Turkey in 2006.. NEJM
355: 2179-2185
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kandun, I. N., Wibisono, H., Sedyaningsih, E. R., Yusharmen, , Hadisoedarsuno, W., Purba, W., Santoso, H., Septiawati, C., Tresnaningsih, E., Heriyanto, B., Yuwono, D., Harun, S., Soeroso, S., Giriputra, S., Blair, P. J., Jeremijenko, A., Kosasih, H., Putnam, S. D., Samaan, G., Silitonga, M., Chan, K.H., Poon, L. L.M., Lim, W., Klimov, A., Lindstrom, S., Guan, Y., Donis, R., Katz, J., Cox, N., Peiris, M., Uyeki, T. M.
(2006). Three Indonesian Clusters of H5N1 Virus Infection in 2005.. NEJM
355: 2186-2194
[Abstract][Full Text]
Majury, A., Ash, J., Toye, B., Evans, G., Mazzulli, T., Winter, A.-L., Gamble, G.
(2006). Laboratory diagnosis of human infection with avian influenza.. CMAJ
175: 1371-1371
[Full Text]
Democratis, J., Pareek, M., Stephenson, I.
(2006). Use of neuraminidase inhibitors to combat pandemic influenza. J Antimicrob Chemother
58: 911-915
[Abstract][Full Text]
Xu, T., Qiao, J., Zhao, L., Wang, G., He, G., Li, K., Tian, Y., Gao, M., Wang, J., Wang, H., Dong, C.
(2006). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
174: 1011-1017
[Abstract][Full Text]
Luke, T. C., Kilbane, E. M., Jackson, J. L., Hoffman, S. L.
(2006). Meta-Analysis: Convalescent Blood Products for Spanish Influenza Pneumonia: A Future H5N1 Treatment?. ANN INTERN MED
145: 599-609
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gillim-Ross, L., Subbarao, K.
(2006). Emerging Respiratory Viruses: Challenges and Vaccine Strategies. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
19: 614-636
[Abstract][Full Text]
Allen, P. J.
(2006). The world awaits the next pandemic: will it be H5N1, the 'bird flu'?. J Child Health Care
10: 178-187
Hui, D. S., Hall, S. D., Chan, M. T.V., Chow, B. K., Tsou, J. Y., Joynt, G. M., Sullivan, C. E., Sung, J. J.Y.
(2006). Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation: an experimental model to assess air and particle dispersion.. Chest
130: 730-740
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hui, D. S., Ip, M., Tang, J. W., Wong, A. L.N., Chan, M. T.V., Hall, S. D., Chan, P. K.S., Sung, J. J.Y.
(2006). Airflows around oxygen masks: a potential source of infection?. Chest
130: 822-826
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thompson, C. I., Barclay, W. S., Zambon, M. C., Pickles, R. J.
(2006). Infection of human airway epithelium by human and avian strains of influenza a virus.. J. Virol.
80: 8060-8068
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bartlett, J. G.
(2006). Planning for Avian Influenza. ANN INTERN MED
145: 141-144
[Abstract][Full Text]
Monto, A. S., McKimm-Breschkin, J. L., Macken, C., Hampson, A. W., Hay, A., Klimov, A., Tashiro, M., Webster, R. G., Aymard, M., Hayden, F. G., Zambon, M.
(2006). Detection of Influenza Viruses Resistant to Neuraminidase Inhibitors in Global Surveillance during the First 3 Years of Their Use.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 2395-2402
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hsieh, S.-M., Chang, S.-C.
(2006). Cutting Edge: Insufficient Perforin Expression in CD8+ T Cells in Response to Hemagglutinin from Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus.. J. Immunol.
176: 4530-4533
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fedorko, D. P., Nelson, N. A., McAuliffe, J. M., Subbarao, K.
(2006). Performance of Rapid Tests for Detection of Avian Influenza A Virus Types H5N1 and H9N2. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 1596-1597
[Full Text]
Treanor, J. J., Campbell, J. D., Zangwill, K. M., Rowe, T., Wolff, M.
(2006). Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subvirion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine.. NEJM
354: 1343-1351
[Abstract][Full Text]
Salomon, R., Franks, J., Govorkova, E. A., Ilyushina, N. A., Yen, H.-L., Hulse-Post, D. J., Humberd, J., Trichet, M., Rehg, J. E., Webby, R. J., Webster, R. G., Hoffmann, E.
(2006). The polymerase complex genes contribute to the high virulence of the human H5N1 influenza virus isolate A/Vietnam/1203/04. JEM
203: 689-697
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thorson, A., Petzold, M., Chuc, N. T. K., Ekdahl, K.
(2006). Is Exposure to Sick or Dead Poultry Associated With Flulike Illness?: A Population-Based Study From a Rural Area in Vietnam With Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Arch Intern Med
166: 119-123
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bartlett, J. G.
(2006). Update in Infectious Diseases. ANN INTERN MED
144: 49-56
[Full Text]
Wong, S. S. Y., Yuen, K.-y.
(2006). Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Humans. Chest
129: 156-168
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rimmelzwaan, G. F., van Riel, D., Baars, M., Bestebroer, T. M., van Amerongen, G., Fouchier, R. A.M., Osterhaus, A. D.M.E., Kuiken, T.
(2006). Influenza A Virus (H5N1) Infection in Cats Causes Systemic Disease with Potential Novel Routes of Virus Spread within and between Hosts. Am. J. Pathol.
168: 176-183
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Jong, M. D., Thanh, T. T., Khanh, T. H., Hien, V. M., Smith, G. J.D., Chau, N. V., Cam, B. V., Qui, P. T., Ha, D. Q., Guan, Y., Peiris, J.S. M., Hien, T. T., Farrar, J.
(2005). Oseltamivir Resistance during Treatment of Influenza A (H5N1) Infection. NEJM
353: 2667-2672
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kou, Z., Lei, F. M., Yu, J., Fan, Z. J., Yin, Z. H., Jia, C. X., Xiong, K. J., Sun, Y. H., Zhang, X. W., Wu, X. M., Gao, X. B., Li, T. X.
(2005). New Genotype of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Tree Sparrows in China. J. Virol.
79: 15460-15466
[Abstract][Full Text]
Beigel, J. H.
(2005). Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans.. NEJM
353: 1374-1385
[Full Text]
Maines, T. R., Lu, X. H., Erb, S. M., Edwards, L., Guarner, J., Greer, P. W., Nguyen, D. C., Szretter, K. J., Chen, L.-M., Thawatsupha, P., Chittaganpitch, M., Waicharoen, S., Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, H. H. T., Kim, J.-H., Hoang, L. T., Kang, C., Phuong, L. S., Lim, W., Zaki, S., Donis, R. O., Cox, N. J., Katz, J. M., Tumpey, T. M.
(2005). Avian Influenza (H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans in Asia in 2004 Exhibit Increased Virulence in Mammals. J. Virol.
79: 11788-11800
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, Z., Chen, H., Jiao, P., Deng, G., Tian, G., Li, Y., Hoffmann, E., Webster, R. G., Matsuoka, Y., Yu, K.
(2005). Molecular Basis of Replication of Duck H5N1 Influenza Viruses in a Mammalian Mouse Model. J. Virol.
79: 12058-12064
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sturm-Ramirez, K. M., Hulse-Post, D. J., Govorkova, E. A., Humberd, J., Seiler, P., Puthavathana, P., Buranathai, C., Nguyen, T. D., Chaisingh, A., Long, H. T., Naipospos, T. S. P., Chen, H., Ellis, T. M., Guan, Y., Peiris, J. S. M., Webster, R. G.
(2005). Are Ducks Contributing to the Endemicity of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Asia?. J. Virol.
79: 11269-11279
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, D. C. W., Cheung, C.-Y., Law, A. H. Y., Mok, C. K. P., Peiris, M., Lau, A. S. Y.
(2005). p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Hyperinduction of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Expression in Response to Avian Influenza Virus H5N1. J. Virol.
79: 10147-10154
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shinya, K., Hatta, M., Yamada, S., Takada, A., Watanabe, S., Halfmann, P., Horimoto, T., Neumann, G., Kim, J. H., Lim, W., Guan, Y., Peiris, M., Kiso, M., Suzuki, T., Suzuki, Y., Kawaoka, Y.
(2005). Characterization of a Human H5N1 Influenza A Virus Isolated in 2003. J. Virol.
79: 9926-9932
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nguyen, D. C., Uyeki, T. M., Jadhao, S., Maines, T., Shaw, M., Matsuoka, Y., Smith, C., Rowe, T., Lu, X., Hall, H., Xu, X., Balish, A., Klimov, A., Tumpey, T. M., Swayne, D. E., Huynh, L. P. T., Nghiem, H. K., Nguyen, H. H. T., Hoang, L. T., Cox, N. J., Katz, J. M.
(2005). Isolation and Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses, Including Highly Pathogenic H5N1, from Poultry in Live Bird Markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2001. J. Virol.
79: 4201-4212
[Abstract][Full Text]
Matsuda, K., Shibata, T., Sakoda, Y., Kida, H., Kimura, T., Ochiai, K., Umemura, T.
(2005). In vitro demonstration of neural transmission of avian influenza A virus. J. Gen. Virol.
86: 1131-1139
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Jong, M. D., Cam, B. V., Qui, P. T., Hien, V. M., Thanh, T. T., Hue, N. B., Beld, M., Phuong, L. T., Khanh, T. H., Chau, N. V. V., Hien, T. T., Ha, D. Q., Farrar, J.
(2005). Fatal Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in a Child Presenting with Diarrhea Followed by Coma. NEJM
352: 686-691
[Abstract][Full Text]
Govorkova, E. A., Rehg, J. E., Krauss, S., Yen, H.-L., Guan, Y., Peiris, M., Nguyen, T. D., Hanh, T. H., Puthavathana, P., Long, H. T., Buranathai, C., Lim, W., Webster, R. G., Hoffmann, E.
(2005). Lethality to Ferrets of H5N1 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Humans and Poultry in 2004. J. Virol.
79: 2191-2198
[Abstract][Full Text]
Puthavathana, P., Auewarakul, P., Charoenying, P. C., Sangsiriwut, K., Pooruk, P., Boonnak, K., Khanyok, R., Thawachsupa, P., Kijphati, R., Sawanpanyalert, P.
(2005). Molecular characterization of the complete genome of human influenza H5N1 virus isolates from Thailand. J. Gen. Virol.
86: 423-433
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ungchusak, K., Auewarakul, P., Dowell, S. F., Kitphati, R., Auwanit, W., Puthavathana, P., Uiprasertkul, M., Boonnak, K., Pittayawonganon, C., Cox, N. J., Zaki, S. R., Thawatsupha, P., Chittaganpitch, M., Khontong, R., Simmerman, J. M., Chunsutthiwat, S.
(2005). Probable Person-to-Person Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H5N1). NEJM
352: 333-340
[Abstract][Full Text]
Poon, L. L. M., Leung, C. S. W., Chan, K. H., Lee, J. H. C., Yuen, K. Y., Guan, Y., Peiris, J. S. M.
(2005). Detection of Human Influenza A Viruses by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 427-430
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hien, T. T., de Jong, M., Farrar, J.
(2004). Avian Influenza -- A Challenge to Global Health Care Structures. NEJM
351: 2363-2365
[Full Text]
Maki, D. G.
(2004). SARS Revisited: The Challenge of Controlling Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Local, Regional, Federal, and Global Levels. Mayo Clin Proc.
79: 1359-1366
(2004). Update: Influenza Activity--United States and Worldwide, 2003-04 Season, and Composition of the 2004-05 Influenza Vaccine. JAMA
292: 1420-1423
[Full Text]
Trampuz, A., Prabhu, R. M., Smith, T. F., Baddour, L. M.
(2004). Avian Influenza: A New Pandemic Threat?. Mayo Clin Proc.
79: 523-530
[Abstract]
Previous
