Activating Mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Underlying Responsiveness of NonSmall-Cell Lung Cancer to Gefitinib
Thomas J. Lynch, M.D., Daphne W. Bell, Ph.D., Raffaella Sordella, Ph.D., Sarada Gurubhagavatula, M.D., Ross A. Okimoto, B.S., Brian W. Brannigan, B.A., Patricia L. Harris, M.S., Sara M. Haserlat, B.A., Jeffrey G. Supko, Ph.D., Frank G. Haluska, M.D., Ph.D., David N. Louis, M.D., David C. Christiani, M.D., Jeff Settleman, Ph.D., and Daniel A. Haber, M.D., Ph.D.
Background Most patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancerhave no response to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib,which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However,about 10 percent of patients have a rapid and often dramaticclinical response. The molecular mechanisms underlying sensitivityto gefitinib are unknown.
Methods We searched for mutations in the EGFR gene in primarytumors from patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer whohad a response to gefitinib, those who did not have a response,and those who had not been exposed to gefitinib. The functionalconsequences of identified mutations were evaluated after themutant proteins were expressed in cultured cells.
Results Somatic mutations were identified in the tyrosine kinasedomain of the EGFR gene in eight of nine patients with gefitinib-responsivelung cancer, as compared with none of the seven patients withno response (P<0.001). Mutations were either small, in-framedeletions or amino acid substitutions clustered around the ATP-bindingpocket of the tyrosine kinase domain. Similar mutations weredetected in tumors from 2 of 25 patients with primary nonsmall-celllung cancer who had not been exposed to gefitinib (8 percent).All mutations were heterozygous, and identical mutations wereobserved in multiple patients, suggesting an additive specificgain of function. In vitro, EGFR mutants demonstrated enhancedtyrosine kinase activity in response to epidermal growth factorand increased sensitivity to inhibition by gefitinib.
Conclusions A subgroup of patients with nonsmall-celllung cancer have specific mutations in the EGFR gene, whichcorrelate with clinical responsiveness to the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor gefitinib. These mutations lead to increased growthfactor signaling and confer susceptibility to the inhibitor.Screening for such mutations in lung cancers may identify patientswho will have a response to gefitinib.
Source Information
From the Cancer Center (T.J.L., D.W.B., R.S., S.G., R.A.O., B.W.B., P.L.H., S.M.H., J.G.S., F.G.H., D.N.L., D.C.C., J.S., D.A.H.) and the Departments of Medicine (T.J.L., D.W.B., J.G.S., F.G.H., D.C.C., J.S., D.A.H.) and Pathology (D.N.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and the Harvard School of Public Health (S.G., D.C.C.) all in Boston. Drs. Lynch, Bell, and Sordella contributed equally to the article. This article was published at www.nejm.org on April 29, 2004.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Haber at MGH Cancer Center, Bldg. 149, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, or at haber{at}helix.mgh.harvard.edu.
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Tanaka, T., Munshi, A., Brooks, C., Liu, J., Hobbs, M. L., Meyn, R. E.
(2008). Gefitinib Radiosensitizes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Suppressing Cellular DNA Repair Capacity. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Tyner, J. W., Walters, D. K., Willis, S. G., Luttropp, M., Oost, J., Loriaux, M., Erickson, H., Corbin, A. S., O'Hare, T., Heinrich, M. C., Deininger, M. W., Druker, B. J.
(2008). RNAi screening of the tyrosine kinome identifies therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood
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Yun, C.-H., Mengwasser, K. E., Toms, A. V., Woo, M. S., Greulich, H., Wong, K.-K., Meyerson, M., Eck, M. J.
(2008). The T790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity for ATP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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Ogawa, E., Takenaka, K., Katakura, H., Adachi, M., Otake, Y., Toda, Y., Kotani, H., Manabe, T., Wada, H., Tanaka, F.
(2008). Perimembrane Aurora-A Expression is a Significant Prognostic Factor in Correlation with Proliferative Activity in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Ann. Surg. Oncol.
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Lin, W. M., Baker, A. C., Beroukhim, R., Winckler, W., Feng, W., Marmion, J. M., Laine, E., Greulich, H., Tseng, H., Gates, C., Hodi, F. S., Dranoff, G., Sellers, W. R., Thomas, R. K., Meyerson, M., Golub, T. R., Dummer, R., Herlyn, M., Getz, G., Garraway, L. A.
(2008). Modeling Genomic Diversity and Tumor Dependency in Malignant Melanoma. Cancer Res.
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Cavazzoni, A., Alfieri, R. R., Carmi, C., Zuliani, V., Galetti, M., Fumarola, C., Frazzi, R., Bonelli, M., Bordi, F., Lodola, A., Mor, M., Petronini, P. G.
(2008). Dual mechanisms of action of the 5-benzylidene-hydantoin UPR1024 on lung cancer cell lines. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
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Wang, S., Guo, P., Wang, X., Zhou, Q., Gallo, J. M.
(2008). Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models of gefitinib and the design of equivalent dosing regimens in EGFR wild-type and mutant tumor models. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
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Contessa, J. N., Hamstra, D. A.
(2008). Revoking the Privilege: Targeting HER2 in the Central Nervous System. Mol. Pharmacol.
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Gridelli, C., Maione, P., Rossi, A.
(2008). The Potential Role of mTOR Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. The Oncologist
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Kuwai, T., Nakamura, T., Kim, S.-J., Sasaki, T., Kitadai, Y., Langley, R. R., Fan, D., Hamilton, S. R., Fidler, I. J.
(2008). Intratumoral Heterogeneity for Expression of Tyrosine Kinase Growth Factor Receptors in Human Colon Cancer Surgical Specimens and Orthotopic Tumors. Am. J. Pathol.
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Fan, Y.-X., Wong, L., Ding, J., Spiridonov, N. A., Johnson, R. C., Johnson, G. R.
(2008). Mutational Activation of ErbB2 Reveals a New Protein Kinase Autoinhibition Mechanism. J. Biol. Chem.
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Wong, D. J., Nuyten, D. S.A., Regev, A., Lin, M., Adler, A. S., Segal, E., van de Vijver, M. J., Chang, H. Y.
(2008). Revealing Targeted Therapy for Human Cancer by Gene Module Maps. Cancer Res.
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Gilmer, T. M., Cable, L., Alligood, K., Rusnak, D., Spehar, G., Gallagher, K. T., Woldu, E., Carter, H. L., Truesdale, A. T., Shewchuk, L., Wood, E. R.
(2008). Impact of Common Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and HER2 Variants on Receptor Activity and Inhibition by Lapatinib. Cancer Res.
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Sawai, A., Chandarlapaty, S., Greulich, H., Gonen, M., Ye, Q., Arteaga, C. L., Sellers, W., Rosen, N., Solit, D. B.
(2008). Inhibition of Hsp90 Down-regulates Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Expression and Sensitizes EGFR Mutant Tumors to Paclitaxel. Cancer Res.
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Guo, A., Villen, J., Kornhauser, J., Lee, K. A., Stokes, M. P., Rikova, K., Possemato, A., Nardone, J., Innocenti, G., Wetzel, R., Wang, Y., MacNeill, J., Mitchell, J., Gygi, S. P., Rush, J., Polakiewicz, R. D., Comb, M. J.
(2008). Signaling networks assembled by oncogenic EGFR and c-Met. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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Tanabe, K. K., Lemoine, A., Finkelstein, D. M., Kawasaki, H., Fujii, T., Chung, R. T., Lauwers, G. Y., Kulu, Y., Muzikansky, A., Kuruppu, D., Lanuti, M., Goodwin, J. M., Azoulay, D., Fuchs, B. C.
(2008). Epidermal Growth Factor Gene Functional Polymorphism and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis. JAMA
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Sarkaria, I. S., Zakowski, M. F., Pham, D., Hezel, M., Ebright, M. I., Chuai, S., Venkatraman, E. S., Kris, M. G., Rusch, V. W., Singh, B.
(2008). Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Adenocarcinomas With Bronchioloalveolar Components. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
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Reznik, T. E., Sang, Y., Ma, Y., Abounader, R., Rosen, E. M., Xia, S., Laterra, J.
(2008). Transcription-Dependent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation by Hepatocyte Growth Factor. Mol Cancer Res
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Duffy, A., Kortmansky, J., Schwartz, G. K., Capanu, M., Puleio, S., Minsky, B., Saltz, L., Kelsen, D. P., O'Reilly, E. M.
(2008). A phase I study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in locally advanced, non-operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol
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Gow, C.-H., Chien, C.-R., Chang, Y.-L., Chiu, Y.-H., Kuo, S.-H., Shih, J.-Y., Chang, Y.-C., Yu, C.-J., Yang, C.-H., Yang, P.-C.
(2008). Radiotherapy in Lung Adenocarcinoma with Brain Metastases: Effects of Activating Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations on Clinical Response. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Bunn, P. A. Jr., Thatcher, N.
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de Marinis, F., Grossi, F.
(2008). Clinical Evidence for Second- and Third-Line Treatment Options in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. The Oncologist
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Bean, J., Brennan, C., Shih, J.-Y., Riely, G., Viale, A., Wang, L., Chitale, D., Motoi, N., Szoke, J., Broderick, S., Balak, M., Chang, W.-C., Yu, C.-J., Gazdar, A., Pass, H., Rusch, V., Gerald, W., Huang, S.-F., Yang, P.-C., Miller, V., Ladanyi, M., Yang, C.-H., Pao, W.
(2007). MET amplification occurs with or without T790M mutations in EGFR mutant lung tumors with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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Butts, C. A., Bodkin, D., Middleman, E. L., Englund, C. W., Ellison, D., Alam, Y., Kreisman, H., Graze, P., Maher, J., Ross, H. J., Ellis, P. M., McNulty, W., Kaplan, E., Pautret, V., Weber, M. R., Shepherd, F. A.
(2007). Randomized Phase II Study of Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin or Carboplatin, With or Without Cetuximab, As First-Line Therapy for Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JCO
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Yoshida, Y., Kokubu, A., Suzuki, K., Kuribayashi, H., Tsuta, K., Matsuno, Y., Kusumoto, M., Kanai, Y., Asamura, H., Hirohashi, S., Shibata, T.
(2007). Molecular Markers and Changes of Computed Tomography Appearance in Lung Adenocarcinoma with Ground-grass Opacity. Jpn J Clin Oncol
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Deng, J., Shimamura, T., Perera, S., Carlson, N. E., Cai, D., Shapiro, G. I., Wong, K.-K., Letai, A.
(2007). Proapoptotic BH3-Only BCL-2 Family Protein BIM Connects Death Signaling from Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition to the Mitochondrion. Cancer Res.
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