FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 354:1567-1577 April 13, 2006 Number 15 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Supplementary Material Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited E-mail When Letters Appear PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background In observational studies, lower homocysteine levels are associated with lower rates of coronary heart disease and stroke. Folic acid and vitamins B₆ and B₁₂ lower homocysteine levels. We assessed whether supplementation reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with vascular disease.

Methods We randomly assigned 5522 patients 55 years of age or older who had vascular disease or diabetes to daily treatment either with the combination of 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B₆, and 1 mg of vitamin B₁₂ or with placebo for an average of five years. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

Results Mean plasma homocysteine levels decreased by 2.4 µmol per liter (0.3 mg per liter) in the active-treatment group and increased by 0.8 µmol per liter (0.1 mg per liter) in the placebo group. Primary outcome events occurred in 519 patients (18.8 percent) assigned to active therapy and 547 (19.8 percent) assigned to placebo (relative risk, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.07; P=0.41). As compared with placebo, active treatment did not significantly decrease the risk of death from cardiovascular causes (relative risk, 0.96; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.13), myocardial infarction (relative risk, 0.98; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.14), or any of the secondary outcomes. Fewer patients assigned to active treatment than to placebo had a stroke (relative risk, 0.75; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.97). More patients in the active-treatment group were hospitalized for unstable angina (relative risk, 1.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.49).

Conclusions Supplements combining folic acid and vitamins B₆ and B₁₂ did not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with vascular disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00106886 [ClinicalTrials.gov] ; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN14017017 [controlled-trials.com] .)

Source Information

The Writing Group (Eva Lonn, M.D., and Salim Yusuf, D.Phil., M.B., B.S., Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ont.; Malcolm J. Arnold, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Western Ontario, London; Patrick Sheridan, M.Sc., Janice Pogue, M.Sc., and Mary Micks, C.T.R.C., Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Matthew J. McQueen, M.D., Ph.D., Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Jeffrey Probstfield, M.D., University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; George Fodor, M.D., Ph.D., University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa; Claes Held, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and Jacques Genest, Jr., M.D., Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Center and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal) assumes responsibility for the overall content and integrity of the manuscript.

This article was published at www.nejm.org on March 12, 2006.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Lonn at the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada, or at lonnem{at}mcmaster.ca.

Full Text of this Article

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Schwartzfarb, E. M., Romanelli, P. (2008). Hyperhomocysteinemia and Lower Extremity Wounds. INT J LOW EXTREM WOUNDS 7: 126-136 [Abstract]  
• Kim, Y.-I. (2008). Folic Acid Supplementation and Cancer Risk: Point. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17: 2220-2225 [Full Text]  
• Lightfoot, T. J., Barrett, J. H., Bishop, T., Northwood, E. L., Smith, G., Wilkie, M. J.V., Steele, R. J.C., Carey, F. A., Key, T. J., Wolf, R., Forman, D. (2008). Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotype Modifies the Chemopreventive Effect of Folate in Colorectal Adenoma, but not Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17: 2421-2430 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dayal, S., Lentz, S. R. (2008). Murine Models of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Their Vascular Phenotypes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 28: 1596-1605 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ebbing, M., Bleie, O., Ueland, P. M., Nordrehaug, J. E., Nilsen, D. W., Vollset, S. E., Refsum, H., Ringdal Pedersen, E. K., Nygard, O. (2008). Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Treated With Homocysteine-Lowering B Vitamins After Coronary Angiography: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 300: 795-804 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Park, S. K., O'Neill, M. S., Vokonas, P. S., Sparrow, D., Spiro, A. III, Tucker, K. L., Suh, H., Hu, H., Schwartz, J. (2008). Traffic-related Particles Are Associated with Elevated Homocysteine: The VA Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178: 283-289 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shimano, M., Inden, Y., Tsuji, Y., Kamiya, H., Uchikawa, T., Shibata, R., Murohara, T. (2008). Circulating homocysteine levels in patients with radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Europace 10: 961-966 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vos, E. (2008). Homocysteine Levels, Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity, and Cardiovascular Risk. JAMA 300: 168-169 [Full Text]  
• Yang, Q.-H., Botto, L. D, Gallagher, M., Friedman, J., Sanders, C. L, Koontz, D., Nikolova, S., Erickson, J D., Steinberg, K. (2008). Prevalence and effects of gene-gene and gene-nutrient interactions on serum folate and serum total homocysteine concentrations in the United States: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey DNA Bank. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 232-246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moat, S. J (2008). Plasma total homocysteine: instigator or indicator of cardiovascular disease?. Ann Clin Biochem 45: 345-348 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guttuso, T., McDermott, M. P., Su, H., Kieburtz, K. (2008). Effects of L-Isoleucine and L-Valine on Hot Flushes and Serum Homocysteine: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 112: 109-115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Urquhart, B. L., Freeman, D. J., Cutler, M. J., Mainra, R., Spence, J. D., House, A. A. (2008). Mesna for Treatment of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Hemodialysis Patients: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial. CJASN 3: 1041-1047 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodionov, R. N., Lentz, S. R. (2008). The Homocysteine Paradox. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 28: 1031-1033 [Full Text]  
• Stopper, H., Treutlein, A.-T., Bahner, U., Schupp, N., Schmid, U., Brink, A., Perna, A., Heidland, A. (2008). Reduction of the genomic damage level in haemodialysis patients by folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 0: gfn254v1-gfn254 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Albert, C. M., Cook, N. R., Gaziano, J. M., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J., Danielson, E., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E. (2008). Effect of Folic Acid and B Vitamins on Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Total Mortality Among Women at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Trial. JAMA 299: 2027-2036 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lonn, E. (2008). Homocysteine-Lowering B Vitamin Therapy in Cardiovascular Prevention--Wrong Again?. JAMA 299: 2086-2087 [Full Text]  
• Larsson, S. C., Mannisto, S., Virtanen, M. J., Kontto, J., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J. (2008). Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Methionine Intakes and Risk of Stroke Subtypes in Male Smokers. Am J Epidemiol 167: 954-961 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tian, R., Ingwall, J. S. (2008). How Does Folic Acid Cure Heart Attacks?. Circulation 117: 1772-1774 [Full Text]  
• Ryan-Harshman, M., Aldoori, W. (2008). Vitamin B12 and health. cfp 54: 536-541 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smith, A D., Kim, Y.-I., Refsum, H. (2008). Is folic acid good for everyone?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 517-533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Atkinson, W., Elmslie, J., Lever, M., Chambers, S. T, George, P. M (2008). Dietary and supplementary betaine: acute effects on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations under standard and postmethionine load conditions in healthy male subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 577-585 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baragetti, I., Raselli, S., Stucchi, A., Terraneo, V., Furiani, S., Buzzi, L., Garlaschelli, K., Alberghini, E., Catapano, A.L., Buccianti, G. (2008). Reply. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 1069-1071 [Full Text]  
• Crowe, F. L., Skeaff, C. M., McMahon, J. A., Williams, S. M., Green, T. J. (2008). Lowering Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations of Older Men and Women with Folate, Vitamin B-12, and Vitamin B-6 Does Not Affect the Proportion of (n-3) Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Plasma Phosphatidylcholine. J. Nutr. 138: 551-555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aasheim, E. T, Hofso, D., Hjelmesaeth, J., Birkeland, K. I, Bohmer, T. (2008). Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 362-369 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ishihara, J., Iso, H., Inoue, M., Iwasaki, M., Okada, K., Kita, Y., Kokubo, Y., Okayama, A., Tsugane, S., for the JPHC Study Group, (2008). Intake of Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 and the Risk of CHD: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort I. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 27: 127-136 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, T. J., Pencina, M. J., Booth, S. L., Jacques, P. F., Ingelsson, E., Lanier, K., Benjamin, E. J., D'Agostino, R. B., Wolf, M., Vasan, R. S. (2008). Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 117: 503-511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wagner, C., Koury, M. J (2007). S-Adenosylhomocysteine a better indicator of vascular disease than homocysteine?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1581-1585 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kessler, M., Zannad, F., Lehert, P., Grunfeld, J. P., Thuilliez, C., Leizorovicz, A., Lechat, P., for the FOSIDIAL Investigators, (2007). Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease: an analysis from the Fosinopril in Dialysis study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 3573-3579 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jadoul, M. (2007). Towards the prevention of bone fractures in dialysed patients?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 3377-3380 [Full Text]  
• Lijfering, W. M., Veeger, N. J.G.M., Brouwer, J.-L. P., van der Meer, J. (2007). The risk of venous and arterial thrombosis in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects may be a result of elevated factor VIII levels. haematol 92: 1703-1706 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Getz, G. S., Reardon, C. A. (2007). Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 27: 2499-2506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, R., Lagakos, S. W., Ware, J. H., Hunter, D. J., Drazen, J. M. (2007). Statistics in Medicine -- Reporting of Subgroup Analyses in Clinical Trials. NEJM 357: 2189-2194 [Full Text]  
• Hoey, L., McNulty, H., Askin, N., Dunne, A., Ward, M., Pentieva, K., Strain, J., Molloy, A. M, Flynn, C. A, Scott, J. M (2007). Effect of a voluntary food fortification policy on folate, related B vitamin status, and homocysteine in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1405-1413 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McCully, K. S (2007). Homocysteine, vitamins, and vascular disease prevention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1563S-1568S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lazzerini, P.E., Capecchi, P.L., Selvi, E., Lorenzini, S., Bisogno, S., Galeazzi, M., Laghi Pasini, F. (2007). Hyperhomocysteinemia: a cardiovascular risk factor in autoimmune diseases?. Lupus 16: 852-862 [Abstract]  
• Ray, J.G., Lonn, E., Yi, Q., Rathe, A., Sheridan, P., Kearon, C., on behalf of the HOPE-2 investigators, (2007). Venous thromboembolism in association with features of the metabolic syndrome. QJM 100: 679-684 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weikert, C., Dierkes, J., Hoffmann, K., Berger, K., Drogan, D., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Spranger, J., Mohlig, M., Luley, C., Boeing, H. (2007). B Vitamin Plasma Levels and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in a German Cohort. Stroke 38: 2912-2918 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sawka, A. M., Ray, J. G., Yi, Q., Josse, R. G., Lonn, E. (2007). Randomized Clinical Trial of Homocysteine Level Lowering Therapy and Fractures. Arch Intern Med 167: 2136-2139 [Full Text]  
• Martinez-Berriotxoa, A., Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Egurbide, M.-V., Garmendia, M., Gabriel Erdozain, J., Villar, I., Aguirre, C. (2007). Transiently positive anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 16: 810-816 [Abstract]  
• Carluccio, M. A., Ancora, M. A., Massaro, M., Carluccio, M., Scoditti, E., Distante, A., Storelli, C., De Caterina, R. (2007). Homocysteine induces VCAM-1 gene expression through NF-{kappa}B and NAD(P)H oxidase activation: protective role of Mediterranean diet polyphenolic antioxidants. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293: H2344-H2354 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferreira, G. A., Navarro, T. P., Telles, R. W., Andrade, L. E. C., Sato, E. I. (2007). Atorvastatin therapy improves endothelial-dependent vasodilation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an 8 weeks controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46: 1560-1565 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jamison, R. L., Hartigan, P., Kaufman, J. S., Goldfarb, D. S., Warren, S. R., Guarino, P. D., Gaziano, J. M., For the Veterans Affairs Site Investigators, (2007). Effect of Homocysteine Lowering on Mortality and Vascular Disease in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and End-stage Renal Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 298: 1163-1170 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baigent, C., Clarke, R. (2007). B Vitamins for the Prevention of Vascular Disease: Insufficient Evidence to Justify Treatment. JAMA 298: 1212-1214 [Full Text]  
• de Bree, A., van Mierlo, L. A, Draijer, R. (2007). Folic acid improves vascular reactivity in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 610-617 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hron, G., Lombardi, R., Eichinger, S., Lecchi, A., Kyrle, P. A., Cattaneo, M. (2007). Low vitamin B6 levels and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. haematol 92: 1250-1253 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chertow, G. M., Pupim, L. B., Block, G. A., Correa-Rotter, R., Drueke, T. B., Floege, J., Goodman, W. G., London, G. M., Mahaffey, K. W., Moe, S. M., Wheeler, D. C., Albizem, M., Olson, K., Klassen, P., Parfrey, P. (2007). Evaluation of Cinacalcet Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE): Rationale and Design Overview. CJASN 2: 898-905 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van den Donk, M., Pellis, L., Crott, J. W., van Engeland, M., Friederich, P., Nagengast, F. M., van Bergeijk, J. D., de Boer, S. Y., Mason, J. B., Kok, F. J., Keijer, J., Kampman, E. (2007). Folic Acid and Vitamin B-12 Supplementation Does Not Favorably Influence Uracil Incorporation and Promoter Methylation in Rectal Mucosa DNA of Subjects with Previous Colorectal Adenomas. J. Nutr. 137: 2114-2120 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ludvigsson, J F, de Faire, U, Ekbom, A, Montgomery, S M (2007). Vascular disease in a population-based cohort of individuals hospitalised with coeliac disease. Heart 93: 1111-1115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E. Jr, Chavey, W. E. II, Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., Lincoff, A. M., Peterson, E. D., Theroux, P., Wenger, N. K., Wright, R. S., Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Antman, E. M., Halperin, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Krumholz, H. M., Kushner, F. G., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B. (2007). ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: e1-e157 [Full Text]  
• Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E. Jr, Chavey, W. E. II, Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., Lincoff, A. M., Peterson, E. D., Theroux, P., Wenger, N. K., Wright, R. S., Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Antman, E. M., Halperin, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Krumholz, H. M., Kushner, F. G., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B. (2007). ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: 652-726 [Full Text]  
• Urquhart, B. L., Freeman, D. J., Spence, J. D., House, A. A. (2007). Mesna as a Nonvitamin Intervention to Lower Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentration: Implications for Assessment of the Homocysteine Theory of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Pharmacol 47: 991-997 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harrington, D. W., Munekata, M. T. (2007). Update in General Internal Medicine. ANN INTERN MED 147: 104-116 [Full Text]  
• Harriss, L. R, English, D. R, Powles, J., Giles, G. G, Tonkin, A. M, Hodge, A. M, Brazionis, L., O'Dea, K. (2007). Dietary patterns and cardiovascular mortality in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 221-229 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zittan, E., Preis, M., Asmir, I., Cassel, A., Lindenfeld, N., Alroy, S., Halon, D. A., Lewis, B. S., Shiran, A., Schliamser, J. E., Flugelman, M. Y. (2007). High frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in asymptomatic individuals homozygous to MTHFR C677T mutation is associated with endothelial dysfunction and homocysteinemia. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293: H860-H865 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wald, N. J, Oakley, G. P (2007). Should folic acid fortification be mandatory? Yes. BMJ 334: 1252-1252 [Full Text]  
• Hubner, R. A, Houlston, R. D, Muir, K. R (2007). Should folic acid fortification be mandatory? No. BMJ 334: 1253-1253 [Full Text]  
• Cole, B. F., Baron, J. A., Sandler, R. S., Haile, R. W., Ahnen, D. J., Bresalier, R. S., McKeown-Eyssen, G., Summers, R. W., Rothstein, R. I., Burke, C. A., Snover, D. C., Church, T. R., Allen, J. I., Robertson, D. J., Beck, G. J., Bond, J. H., Byers, T., Mandel, J. S., Mott, L. A., Pearson, L. H., Barry, E. L., Rees, J. R., Marcon, N., Saibil, F., Ueland, P. M., Greenberg, E. R., for the Polyp Prevention Study Group, (2007). Folic Acid for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 297: 2351-2359 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ray, J. G., Kearon, C., Yi, Q., Sheridan, P., Lonn, E., for the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 2 (HO, (2007). Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy and Risk for Venous Thromboembolism: A Randomized Trial. ANN INTERN MED 146: 761-767 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Folstein, M., Liu, T., Peter, I., Buel, J., Arsenault, L., Scott, T., Qiu, W. W. (2007). The Homocysteine Hypothesis of Depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 164: 861-867 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tardif, J.-C., Carrier, M., Kandzari, D. E., Emery, R., Cote, R., Heinonen, T., Zettler, M., Hasselblad, V., Guertin, M.-C., Harrington, R. A., MEND-CABG Investigators, (2007). Effects of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (MC-1) in patients undergoing high-risk coronary artery bypass surgery: Results of the MEND-CABG randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 133: 1604-1611 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chwatko, G., Boers, G. H. J., Strauss, K. A., Shih, D. M., Jakubowski, H. (2007). Mutations in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or cystathionine {beta}-syntase gene, or a high-methionine diet, increase homocysteine thiolactone levels in humans and mice. FASEB J. 21: 1707-1713 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martin, H., Lindblad, B., Norman, M. (2007). Endothelial Function in Newborn Infants Is Related to Folate Levels and Birth Weight. Pediatrics 119: 1152-1158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, Q.-H., Carter, H. K, Mulinare, J., Berry, R., Friedman, J., Erickson, J D. (2007). Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States after folic acid fortification: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2002. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 1409-1416 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ueland, P. M., Clarke, R. (2007). Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Risk: Considering the Evidence in the Context of Study Design, Folate Fortification, and Statistical Power. Clin. Chem. 53: 807-809 [Full Text]  
• Stern, R. S. (2007). Methotrexate and Risk for Lymphoma--Reply. Arch Dermatol 143: 664-664 [Full Text]  
• Zee, R. Y.L., Mora, S., Cheng, S., Erlich, H. A., Lindpaintner, K., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M (2007). Homocysteine, 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C>T Polymorphism, Nutrient Intake, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in 24 968 Initially Healthy Women. Clin. Chem. 53: 845-851 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shirodaria, C., Antoniades, C., Lee, J., Jackson, C. E., Robson, M. D., Francis, J. M., Moat, S. J., Ratnatunga, C., Pillai, R., Refsum, H., Neubauer, S., Channon, K. M. (2007). Global Improvement of Vascular Function and Redox State With Low-Dose Folic Acid: Implications for Folate Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation 115: 2262-2270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kuo, H.-K., Liao, K.-C., Leveille, S. G., Bean, J. F., Yen, C.-J., Chen, J.-H., Yu, Y.-H., Tai, T.-Y. (2007). Relationship of Homocysteine Levels to Quadriceps Strength, Gait Speed, and Late-Life Disability in Older Adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62: 434-439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kaul, S., Zadeh, A. A., Shah, P. K. (2007). Reply. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 1371-1371 [Full Text]  
• Akhtar, N. (2007). Is Homocysteine a Risk Factor for Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease?. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 1370-1371 [Full Text]  
• Bezemer, I. D., Doggen, C. J. M., Vos, H. L., Rosendaal, F. R. (2007). No Association Between the Common MTHFR 677C->T Polymorphism and Venous Thrombosis: Results From the MEGA Study. Arch Intern Med 167: 497-501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Libby, P. (2007). Fat Fuels the Flame: Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Arterial Inflammation. Circ. Res. 100: 299-301 [Full Text]  
• Vanuzzo, D., Pilotto, L., Lombardi, R., Lazzerini, G., Carluccio, M., Diviacco, S., Quadrifoglio, F., Danek, G., Gregori, D., Fioretti, P., Cattaneo, M., De Caterina, R. (2007). Both vitamin B6 and total homocysteine plasma levels predict long-term atherothrombotic events in healthy subjects. Eur Heart J 28: 484-491 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clarke, R. (2007). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the risk of dementia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 329-330 [Full Text]  
• Haan, M. N, Miller, J. W, Aiello, A. E, Whitmer, R. A, Jagust, W. J, Mungas, D. M, Allen, L. H, Green, R. (2007). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment: results from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 511-517 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bathum, L., Hjelmborg, J. v. B., Christiansen, L., McGue, M., Jeune, B., Christensen, K. (2007). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C>T and Methionine Synthase 2756A>G Mutations: No Impact on Survival, Cognitive Functioning, or Cognitive Decline in Nonagenarians. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62: 196-201 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hao, L., Ma, J., Zhu, J., Stampfer, M. J., Tian, Y., Willett, W. C., Li, Z. (2007). High Prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Chinese Adults Is Associated with Low Folate, Vitamin B-12, and Vitamin B-6 Status. J. Nutr. 137: 407-413 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hajer, G. R, van der Graaf, Y., Olijhoek, J. K, Verhaar, M. C, Visseren, F. L J, for the SMART Study Group, (2007). Levels of homocysteine are increased in metabolic syndrome patients but are not associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, in contrast to patients without the metabolic syndrome. Heart 93: 216-220 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goldstein, L. B., Rothwell, P. M. (2007). Primary Prevention and Health Services Delivery. Stroke 38: 222-224 [Full Text]  
• Joshi, P., Islam, S., Pais, P., Reddy, S., Dorairaj, P., Kazmi, K., Pandey, M. R., Haque, S., Mendis, S., Rangarajan, S., Yusuf, S. (2007). Risk Factors for Early Myocardial Infarction in South Asians Compared With Individuals in Other Countries. JAMA 297: 286-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nasir, K., Tsai, M., Rosen, B. D., Fernandes, V., Bluemke, D. A., Folsom, A. R., Lima, J. A.C. (2007). Elevated Homocysteine Is Associated With Reduced Regional Left Ventricular Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 115: 180-187 [Abstract] [Full Text]