Each year approximately 2.5 million U.S. women are hospitalizedfor cardiovascular illness, which also claims the lives of 500,000women annually; half these deaths are due to coronary heartdisease1. Despite the magnitude of this problem and its adverserepercussions on the national public health, we have insufficientinformation about preventive strategies, diagnostic testing,responses to medical and surgical therapies, and other aspectsof cardiovascular illness in women. This lack of informationis compounded by the less frequent participation of women inresearch studies; the difference has been due in part to theexclusion of women of childbearing age . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Recommendations for Clinical Practice
Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Prevention, Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis
Hormone-Replacement Therapy, Oral Contraceptive Agents, and Coronary Heart Disease
Behavioral and Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Cardiovascular Disease and Pregnanc
The Recognition and Management of Hypertensive Disease
Venous Thromboembolic Disorders
Cardiac Disease
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Noncoronary Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Stroke
Valvular Heart Disease
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Congestive Heart Failure
Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes
Recommendations for Research
General Considerations
Source Information
From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (N.K.W.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland (L.S.); and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md. (B.P.). Based on the proceedings of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute conference "Cardiovascular Health and Disease in Women: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Optimal Disease Recognition and Management," Bethesda, Md., January 22-24, 1992. The participants in the conference are listed in the Appendix.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Wenger at Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Butler St., SE, Atlanta, GA 30303.
References
Appendix
This article has been cited by other articles:
Gibson, C. L, Coomber, B., Rathbone, J.
(2009). Is Progesterone a Candidate Neuroprotective Factor for Treatment following Ischemic Stroke?. Neuroscientist
15: 324-332
[Abstract]
Abu-Taha, M., Rius, C., Hermenegildo, C., Noguera, I., Cerda-Nicolas, J.-M., Issekutz, A. C., Jose, P. J., Cortijo, J., Morcillo, E. J., Sanz, M.-J.
(2009). Menopause and Ovariectomy Cause a Low Grade of Systemic Inflammation that May Be Prevented by Chronic Treatment with Low Doses of Estrogen or Losartan. J. Immunol.
183: 1393-1402
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dey, S, Flather, M D, Devlin, G, Brieger, D, Gurfinkel, E P, Steg, P G, FitzGerald, G, Jackson, E A, Eagle, K A, for the GRACE investigators,
(2009). Sex-related differences in the presentation, treatment and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Heart
95: 20-26
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zhan, E., Keimig, T., Xu, J., Peterson, E., Ding, J., Wang, F., Yang, X.-P.
(2008). Dose-dependent cardiac effect of oestrogen replacement in mice post-myocardial infarction. Exp Physiol
93: 982-993
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hutchens, M. P., Dunlap, J., Hurn, P. D., Jarnberg, P. O.
(2008). Renal Ischemia: Does Sex Matter?. Anesth. Analg.
107: 239-249
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miller, V. M., Duckles, S. P.
(2008). Vascular Actions of Estrogens: Functional Implications. Pharmacol. Rev.
60: 210-241
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gibson, C. L., Gray, L. J., Bath, P. M. W., Murphy, S. P.
(2008). Progesterone for the treatment of experimental brain injury; a systematic review. Brain
131: 318-328
[Abstract][Full Text]
Solinas, E., Nikolsky, E., Lansky, A. J., Kirtane, A. J., Morice, M.-C., Popma, J. J., Schofer, J., Schampaert, E., Pucelikova, T., Aoki, J., Fahy, M., Dangas, G. D., Moses, J. W., Cutlip, D. E., Leon, M. B., Mehran, R.
(2007). Gender-Specific Outcomes After Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol
50: 2111-2116
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hogue, C. W. Jr, Freedland, K., Hershey, T., Fucetola, R., Nassief, A., Barzilai, B., Thomas, B., Birge, S., Dixon, D., Schechtman, K. B., Davila-Roman, V. G.
(2007). Neurocognitive Outcomes Are Not Improved by 17{beta}-Estradiol in Postmenopausal Women Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Stroke
38: 2048-2054
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goto, T., Baba, T., Ito, A., Maekawa, K., Koshiji, T.
(2007). Gender Differences in Stroke Risk Among the Elderly After Coronary Artery Surgery. Anesth. Analg.
104: 1016-1022
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ho, J. Y.-P., Chen, M.-J., Sheu, W. H.-H., Yi, Y.-C., Tsai, A. C.-W., Guu, H.-F., Ho, E. S.-C.
(2006). Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Hum Reprod
21: 2715-2720
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hendrix, S. L., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Johnson, K. C., Howard, B. V., Kooperberg, C., Rossouw, J. E., Trevisan, M., Aragaki, A., Baird, A. E., Bray, P. F., Buring, J. E., Criqui, M. H., Herrington, D., Lynch, J. K., Rapp, S. R., Torner, J., for the WHI Investigators,
(2006). Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen on Stroke in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation
113: 2425-2434
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wu, W.-H., Kang, Y.-P., Wang, N.-H., Jou, H.-J., Wang, T.-A.
(2006). Sesame Ingestion Affects Sex Hormones, Antioxidant Status, and Blood Lipids in Postmenopausal Women. J. Nutr.
136: 1270-1275
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wagner, J. A., Tennen, H., Mansoor, G. A., Abbott, G.
(2006). History of Major Depressive Disorder and Endothelial Function in Postmenopausal Women. Psychosom. Med.
68: 80-86
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wassmann, K., Wassmann, S., Nickenig, G.
(2005). Progesterone Antagonizes the Vasoprotective Effect of Estrogen on Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function. Circ. Res.
97: 1046-1054
[Abstract][Full Text]
Simpson, C.R., Wilson, C., Hannaford, P.C., Williams, D.
(2005). Evidence for Age and Sex Differences in the Secondary Prevention of Stroke in Scottish Primary Care. Stroke
36: 1771-1775
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bath, P. M W, Gray, L. J
(2005). Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent stroke: a meta-analysis. BMJ
330: 342-
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alamowitch, S., Eliasziw, M., Barnett, H. J.M., for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarte,
(2005). The Risk and Benefit of Endarterectomy in Women With Symptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Disease. Stroke
36: 27-31
[Abstract][Full Text]
Liu, D., Homan, L. L., Dillon, J. S.
(2004). Genistein Acutely Stimulates Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Vascular Endothelial Cells by a Cyclic Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Mechanism. Endocrinology
145: 5532-5539
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hockerstedt, A., Jauhiainen, M., Tikkanen, M. J.
(2004). Lecithin/Cholesterol Acyltransferase Induces Estradiol Esterification in High-Density Lipoprotein, Increasing Its Antioxidant Potential. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89: 5088-5093
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cohen, N., Ilgiyaev, E., Almoznino-Sarafian, D., Alon, I., Shteinshnaider, M., Chachashvily, S., Modai, D., Gorelik, O.
(2004). Sex-related bedside clinical variables associated with survival of older inpatients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail
6: 781-786
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rexius, H., Brandrup-Wognsen, G., Oden, A., Jeppsson, A.
(2004). Gender and mortality risk on the waiting list for coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
26: 521-527
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nienaber, C. A., Fattori, R., Mehta, R. H., Richartz, B. M., Evangelista, A., Petzsch, M., Cooper, J. V., Januzzi, J. L., Ince, H., Sechtem, U., Bossone, E., Fang, J., Smith, D. E., Isselbacher, E. M., Pape, L. A., Eagle, K. A., on Behalf of the International Registry of Acute A,
(2004). Gender-Related Differences in Acute Aortic Dissection. Circulation
109: 3014-3021
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ling, S., Dai, A., Dilley, R. J., Jones, M., Simpson, E., Komesaroff, P. A., Sudhir, K.
(2004). Endogenous Estrogen Deficiency Reduces Proliferation and Enhances Apoptosis-Related Death in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Insights From the Aromatase-Knockout Mouse. Circulation
109: 537-543
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cheanvechai, V., Harthun, N. L., Graham, L. M., Freischlag, J. A., Gahtan, V.
(2004). Incidence of peripheral vascular disease in women: Is it different from that in men?. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
127: 314-317
[Full Text]
Leng, X.-H., Hong, S. Y., Larrucea, S., Zhang, W., Li, T.-T., Lopez, J. A., Bray, P. F.
(2004). Platelets of Female Mice Are Intrinsically More Sensitive to Agonists Than Are Platelets of Males. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
24: 376-381
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ferrero, V., Ribichini, F., Matullo, G., Guarrera, S., Carturan, S., Vado, A., Vassanelli, C., Piazza, A., Uslenghi, E., Wijns, W.
(2003). Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Polymorphisms and Angiographic Outcome After Coronary Artery Stenting. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
23: 2223-2228
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martinez-Selles, M., Robles, J. A.G., Prieto, L., Munoa, M. D., Frades, E., Diaz-Castro, O., Almendral, J.
(2003). Systolic dysfunction is a predictor of long term mortality in men but not in women with heart failure. Eur Heart J
24: 2046-2053
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ahimastos, A. A., Formosa, M., Dart, A. M., Kingwell, B. A.
(2003). Gender Differences in Large Artery Stiffness Pre- and Post Puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
88: 5375-5380
[Abstract][Full Text]
Graham, M. M., Ghali, W. A., Faris, P. D., Galbraith, P. D., Norris, C. M., Knudtson, M. L.
(2003). Sex Differences in the Prognostic Importance of Diabetes in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography. Diabetes Care
26: 3142-3147
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gulati, M., Pandey, D. K., Arnsdorf, M. F., Lauderdale, D. S., Thisted, R. A., Wicklund, R. H., Al-Hani, A. J., Black, H. R.
(2003). Exercise Capacity and the Risk of Death in Women: The St James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation
108: 1554-1559
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mehilli, J., Kastrati, A., Bollwein, H., Dibra, A., Schuhlen, H., Dirschinger, J., Schomig, A.
(2003). Gender and restenosis after coronary artery stenting. Eur Heart J
24: 1523-1530
[Abstract][Full Text]
Strehlow, K., Rotter, S., Wassmann, S., Adam, O., Grohe, C., Laufs, K., Bohm, M., Nickenig, G.
(2003). Modulation of Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function by Estrogen. Circ. Res.
93: 170-177
[Abstract][Full Text]
Strehlow, K., Werner, N., Berweiler, J., Link, A., Dirnagl, U., Priller, J., Laufs, K., Ghaeni, L., Milosevic, M., Bohm, M., Nickenig, G.
(2003). Estrogen Increases Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Production and Diminishes Neointima Formation. Circulation
107: 3059-3065
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schinkel, A.F.L, Bax, J.J, Geleijnse, M.L, Boersma, E, Elhendy, A, Roelandt, J.R.T.C, Poldermans, D
(2003). Noninvasive evaluation of ischaemic heart disease: myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography?. Eur Heart J
24: 789-800
[Full Text]
Ballotta, E.
(2003). Editorial Comment--Female Sex: A Questionable Risk Factor for Carotid Endarterectomy. Stroke
34: 1124-1125
[Full Text]
Berman, D. S., Kang, X., Hayes, S. W., Friedman, J. D., Cohen, I., Abidov, A., Shaw, L. J., Amanullah, A. M., Germano, G., Hachamovitch, R.
(2003). Adenosine myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in women compared with men: Impact of diabetes mellitus on incremental prognostic value and effect on patient management. J Am Coll Cardiol
41: 1125-1133
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hetemaa, T, Keskimaki, I, Manderbacka, K, Leyland, A H, Koskinen, S
(2003). How did the recent increase in the supply of coronary operations in Finland affect socioeconomic and gender equity in their use?. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
57: 178-185
[Abstract][Full Text]
Noel Bairey Merz, C., Johnson, B. D., Sharaf, B. L., Bittner, V., Berga, S. L., Braunstein, G. D., Hodgson, T. K., Matthews, K. A., Pepine, C. J., Reis, S. E., Reichek, N., Rogers, W. J., Pohost, G. M., Kelsey, S. F., Sopko, G., WISE Study Group,
(2003). Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol
41: 413-419
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stangl, V., Baumann, G., Stangl, K.
(2002). Coronary atherogenic risk factors in women. Eur Heart J
23: 1738-1752
[Full Text]
Roger, V. L., Jacobsen, S. J., Weston, S. A., Pellikka, P. A., Miller, T. D., Bailey, K. R., Gersh, B. J.
(2002). Sex Differences in Evaluation and Outcome After Stress Testing. Mayo Clin Proc.
77: 638-645
[Abstract]
Pare, G., Krust, A., Karas, R. H., Dupont, S., Aronovitz, M., Chambon, P., Mendelsohn, M. E.
(2002). Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Mediates the Protective Effects of Estrogen Against Vascular Injury. Circ. Res.
90: 1087-1092
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hirshoren, N., Tzoran, I., Makrienko, I., Edoute, Y., Plawner, M. M., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Jacob, G.
(2002). Menstrual Cycle Effects on the Neurohumoral and Autonomic Nervous Systems Regulating the Cardiovascular System. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
87: 1569-1575
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dimitrova, K. R., DeGroot, K. W., Pacquing, A. M., Suyderhoud, J. P., Pirovic, E. A., Munro, T. J., Wieneke, J. A., Myers, A. K., Kim, Y. D.
(2002). Estradiol prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial injury in male rats. Cardiovasc Res
53: 589-596
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nickenig, G., Harrison, D. G.
(2002). The AT1-Type Angiotensin Receptor in Oxidative Stress and Atherogenesis: Part II: AT1 Receptor Regulation. Circulation
105: 530-536
[Full Text]
Schulman, S. P., Thiemann, D. R., Ouyang, P., Chandra, N. C., Schulman, D. S., Reis, S. E., Terrin, M., Forman, S., Piva de Albuquerque, C., Bahr, R. D., Townsend, S. N., Cosgriff, R., Gerstenblith, G.
(2002). Effects of acute hormone therapy on recurrent ischemia in postmenopausal women with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol
39: 231-237
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nilsen, J., Brinton, R. D.
(2002). Impact of Progestins on Estrogen-Induced Neuroprotection: Synergy by Progesterone and 19-Norprogesterone and Antagonism by Medroxyprogesterone Acetate. Endocrinology
143: 205-212
[Abstract][Full Text]
Williams, M. R. I., Westerman, R. A., Kingwell, B. A., Paige, J., Blombery, P. A., Sudhir, K., Komesaroff, P. A.
(2001). Variations in Endothelial Function and Arterial Compliance during the Menstrual Cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
86: 5389-5395
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miller, T. D., Roger, V. L., Hodge, D. O., Hopfenspirger, M. R., Bailey, K. R., Gibbons, R. J.
(2001). Gender differences and temporal trends in clinical characteristics, stress test results and use of invasive procedures in patients undergoing evaluation for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol
38: 690-697
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chan, N. N., MacAllister, R. J., Colhoun, H. M., Vallance, P., Hingorani, A. D.
(2001). Changes in Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation and {{alpha}}-Adrenergic Responses in Resistance Vessels during the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
86: 2499-2504
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wamala, S. P, Lynch, J., Kaplan, G. A
(2001). Women's exposure to early and later life socioeconomic disadvantage and coronary heart disease risk: the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Int J Epidemiol
30: 275-284
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dubey, R. K., Jackson, E. K.
(2001). Estrogen-induced cardiorenal protection: potential cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
280: F365-F388
[Abstract][Full Text]
Welty, F. K.
(2001). Cardiovascular Disease and Dyslipidemia in Women. Arch Intern Med
161: 514-522
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wassmann, S., Baumer, A. T., Strehlow, K., van Eickels, M., Grohe, C., Ahlbory, K., Rosen, R., Bohm, M., Nickenig, G.
(2001). Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress During Estrogen Deficiency in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Circulation
103: 435-441
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rossberg, M. I., Murphy, S. J., Traystman, R. J., Hurn, P. D., Kontos, H. A.
(2000). LY353381.HCl, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, and Experimental Stroke Editorial Comment. Stroke
31: 3041-3046
[Abstract][Full Text]
Park, J. S., Jung, H. H., Yang, W. S., Kim, S. B., Min, W. K., Chi, H. S.
(2000). Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on lipid and haemostatic factors in post-menopausal ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant
15: 1835-1840
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mehilli, J., Kastrati, A., Dirschinger, J., Bollwein, H., Neumann, F.-J., Schomig, A.
(2000). Differences in Prognostic Factors and Outcomes Between Women and Men Undergoing Coronary Artery Stenting. JAMA
284: 1799-1805
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nickenig, G., Strehlow, K., Wassmann, S., Baumer, A. T., Albory, K., Sauer, H., Bohm, M.
(2000). Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on AT1 Receptor Gene Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circulation
102: 1828-1833
[Abstract][Full Text]
Remennick, L. I., Raanan, O.
(2000). Institutional and Attitudinal Factors Involved in Higher Mortality of Israeli Women after Coronary Bypass Surgery: Another Case of Gender Bias. Health (London)
4: 455-478
[Abstract]
Geary, G. G., Krause, D. N., Duckles, S. P.
(2000). Estrogen reduces mouse cerebral artery tone through endothelial NOS- and cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
279: H511-H519
[Abstract][Full Text]
Horsten, M, Mittleman, M.A, Wamala, S.P, Schenck-Gustafsson, K, Orth-Gomer, K
(2000). Depressive symptoms and lack of social integration in relation to prognosis of CHD in middle-aged women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Eur Heart J
21: 1072-1080
[Abstract]
Murphy, S. J., Traystman, R. J., Hurn, P. D., Duckles, S. P.
(2000). Progesterone Exacerbates Striatal Stroke Injury in Progesterone-Deficient Female Animals Editorial Comment. Stroke
31: 1173-1178
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hayward, C. S., Kelly, R. P., Collins, P.
(2000). The roles of gender, the menopause and hormone replacement on cardiovascular function. Cardiovasc Res
46: 28-49
[Full Text]
Safstrom, K, Swahn, E
(2000). Early symptom-limited exercise test for risk stratification in post menopausal women with unstable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J
21: 230-238
[Abstract]
Fukuda, K., Yao, H., Ibayashi, S., Nakahara, T., Uchimura, H., Fujishima, M., Hall, E. D.
(2000). Ovariectomy Exacerbates and Estrogen Replacement Attenuates Photothrombotic Focal Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats Editorial Comment. Stroke
31: 155-160
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carswell, H. V. O., Dominiczak, A. F., Macrae, I. M.
(2000). Estrogen status affects sensitivity to focal cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
278: H290-H294
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rochon, P. A., Anderson, G. M., Tu, J. V., Clark, J. P., Gurwitz, J. H., Szalai, J. P., Lau, P.
(1999). Use of {beta}-blocker therapy in older patients after acute myocardial infarction in Ontario. CMAJ
161: 1403-1408
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zhang, Y., Davidge, S. T.
(1999). Effect of Estrogen Replacement on Vasoconstrictor Responses in Rat Mesenteric Arteries. Hypertension
34: 1117-1122
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rusa, R., Alkayed, N. J., Crain, B. J., Traystman, R. J., Kimes, A. S., London, E. D., Klaus, J. A., Hurn, P. D., Iadecola, C.
(1999). 17{beta}-Estradiol Reduces Stroke Injury in Estrogen-Deficient Female Animals • Editorial Comment. Stroke
30: 1665-1670
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vaccarino, V., Parsons, L., Every, N. R., Barron, H. V., Krumholz, H. M., The National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 P,
(1999). Sex-Based Differences in Early Mortality after Myocardial Infarction. NEJM
341: 217-225
[Abstract][Full Text]
Franks, A. L., Steinberg, K. K.
(1999). Encouraging News From the SERM Frontier. JAMA
281: 2243-2244
[Full Text]
Petrie, M. C., Dawson, N. F., Murdoch, D. R., Davie, A. P., McMurray, J. J. V.
(1999). Failure of Women's Hearts. Circulation
99: 2334-2341
[Full Text]
Zancan, V., Santagati, S., Bolego, C., Vegeto, E., Maggi, A., Puglisi, L.
(1999). 17{beta}-Estradiol Decreases Nitric Oxide Synthase II Synthesis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Endocrinology
140: 2004-2009
[Abstract][Full Text]
Videm, V., Mollnes, T. E., Fosse, E., Mohr, MD, B., Bergh, K., Hagve, T.-A., Aasen, A. O., Svennevig, J. L.
(1999). HEPARIN-COATED CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS EQUIPMENT. I. BIOCOMPATIBILITY MARKERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLICATIONS IN A HIGH-RISK POPULATION. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
117: 794-802
[Abstract][Full Text]
Knot, H. J., Lounsbury, K. M., Brayden, J. E., Nelson, M. T.
(1999). Gender differences in coronary artery diameter reflect changes in both endothelial Ca2+ and ecNOS activity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
276: H961-H969
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schulman, K. A., Berlin, J. A., Harless, W., Kerner, J. F., Sistrunk, S., Gersh, B. J., Dube, R., Taleghani, C. K., Burke, J. E., Williams, S., Eisenberg, J. M., Escarce, J. J., Ayers, W.
(1999). The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization. NEJM
340: 618-626
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dubey, R. K., Tyurina, Y. Y., Tyurin, V. A., Gillespie, D. G., Branch, R. A., Jackson, E. K., Kagan, V. E.
(1999). Estrogen and Tamoxifen Metabolites Protect Smooth Muscle Cell Membrane Phospholipids Against Peroxidation and Inhibit Cell Growth. Circ. Res.
84: 229-239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bousser, M.-G.
(1999). Stroke in Women : The 1997 Paul Dudley White International Lecture. Circulation
99: 463-467
[Full Text]
Dubey, R. K., Gillespie, D. G., Imthurn, B., Rosselli, M., Jackson, E. K., Keller, P. J.
(1999). Phytoestrogens Inhibit Growth and MAP Kinase Activity in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Hypertension
33: 177-182
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alexander, K. P., Shaw, L. J., DeLong, E. R., Mark, D. B., Peterson, E. D.
(1998). Value of exercise treadmill testing in women. J Am Coll Cardiol
32: 1657-1664
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gebara, O C E, Mittleman, M A, Walsh, B W, Lipinska, I, Welty, F K, Bellotti, G, Muller, J E, Sacks, F K, Tofler, G H
(1998). Fibrinolytic potential is significantly increased by oestrogen treatment in postmenopausal women with mild dyslipidaemia. Heart
80: 235-239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindner, V., Kim, S. K., Karas, R. H., Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Gustafsson, J.-A., Mendelsohn, M. E.
(1998). Increased Expression of Estrogen Receptor-ß mRNA in Male Blood Vessels After Vascular Injury. Circ. Res.
83: 224-229
[Abstract][Full Text]
Winkleby, M. A., Kraemer, H. C., Ahn, D. K., Varady, A. N.
(1998). Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Findings for Women From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. JAMA
280: 356-362
[Abstract][Full Text]
Leijon, M., Hensing, G., Alexanderson, K.
(1998). Gender trends in sick-listing with musculoskeletal symptoms in a Swedish county during a period of rapid increase in sickness absence. Scand J Public Health
26: 204-213
[Abstract]
Hussain, K.M.A., Kogan, A., Estrada, A.Q., Kostandy, G., Foschi, A.
(1998). Referral Pattern and Outcome in Men and Women Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Critical Review. ANGIOLOGY
49: 243-250
[Abstract]
Minshall, R. D., Stanczyk, F. Z., Miyagawa, K., Uchida, B., Axthelm, M., Novy, M., Hermsmeyer, K.
(1998). Ovarian Steroid Protection against Coronary Artery Hyperreactivity in Rhesus Monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
83: 649-659
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kleinert, H., Wallerath, T., Euchenhofer, C., Ihrig-Biedert, I., Li, H., Forstermann, U.
(1998). Estrogens Increase Transcription of the Human Endothelial NO Synthase Gene : Analysis of the Transcription Factors Involved. Hypertension
31: 582-588
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alkayed, N. J., Harukuni, I., Kimes, A. S., London, E. D., Traystman, R. J., Hurn, P. D., Grady, P. A.
(1998). Gender-Linked Brain Injury in Experimental Stroke • Editorial Comment. Stroke
29: 159-166
[Abstract][Full Text]
Col, N. F., Eckman, M. H., Karas, R. H., Pauker, S. G., Goldberg, R. J., Ross, E. M., Orr, R. K., Wong, J. B.
(1997). Patient-Specific Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women. JAMA
277: 1140-1147
[Abstract]
Imthurn, B., Rosselli, M., Jaeger, A. W., Keller, P. J., Dubey, R. K.
(1997). Differential Effects of Hormone-Replacement Therapy on Endogenous Nitric Oxide (Nitrite/Nitrate) Levels in Postmenopausal Women Substituted with 17{beta}-Estradiol Valerate and Cyproterone Acetate or Medroxyprogesterone Acetate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
82: 388-394
[Abstract][Full Text]
Young, T., Hutton, R., Finn, L., Badr, S., Palta, M.
(1996). The Gender Bias in Sleep Apnea Diagnosis: Are Women Missed Because They Have Different Symptoms?. Arch Intern Med
156: 2445-2451
[Abstract]
Chou, T. M., Sudhir, K., Hutchison, S. J., Ko, E., Amidon, T. M., Collins, P., Chatterjee, K.
(1996). Testosterone Induces Dilation of Canine Coronary Conductance and Resistance Arteries In Vivo. Circulation
94: 2614-2619
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kurlansky, P. A., Dorman, M. J., Galbut, D. L., Moreno, N. L., Traad, E. A., Carrillo, R. G., Zucker, M., Sanchez, L., Ebra, G.
(1996). Bilateral Internal Mammary Artery Grafting in Women: A 21-Year Experience. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
62: 63-69
[Abstract][Full Text]
Waters, D., Higginson, L., Gladstone, P., Boccuzzi, S. J., Cook, T., Lesperance, J.
(1995). Effects of Cholesterol Lowering on the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Women : A Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) Substudy. Circulation
92: 2404-2410
[Abstract][Full Text]