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Discoveries in the fields of endocrinology, vascular physiology, neurology, and pharmacology during the past decade have been responsible for the evolution of the subspecialty of male erectile dysfunction. These scientific findings have demonstrated that in the majority of patients, erectile dysfunction has physiologic (vascular, hormonal, neurologic, or a combination of these) rather than psychological causes. This new knowledge led to the development of invasive and noninvasive tests to help determine the cause or causes of the dysfunction. Simultaneously, it was found that some drugs can act locally within the penis to induce an erection when injected into the corpora cavernosa.
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