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The number of vertebrate animals used in research rose sharply in the United States after World War II, with the establishment of the National Institutes of Health. In 1983 it was estimated that between 17 million and 20 million vertebrate animals were used in research, testing, and education. Although some argue that the 1983 figure underestimates actual use and others believe the numbers of animals used have decreased since the late 1970s, the fact remains that vertebrate animals continue to have an important role in research, education, and safety evaluation.
The animal-protection movement has played an important part in public
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