FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 330:1062-1071 April 14, 1994 Number 15 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text Purchase this article Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

Many postmenopausal women have been treated with ovarian hormones in an attempt to alleviate the symptoms of menopause and, more recently, in the hope of preventing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of ischemic heart disease. The postmenopausal period has been simplistically considered an endocrine-deficiency state, and replacement therapy has been seen as restoring the premenopausal endocrine milieu, but none of the available hormone-replacement regimens mimic the pattern of hormone secretion in premenopausal women. The most frequently used and most studied replacement regimen has been estrogen alone; the recent addition of progestogen provides a more nearly physiologic replacement regimen, but this . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Hormone Regimens

Oral Estrogen

Parenteral Estrogen

Combined Estrogen and Progestogen Preparations

Relief of the Symptoms of Menopause

Urogenital Atrophy

Psychological Problems

Estrogen-Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease

Effects on Serum Lipid Levels and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Osteoporosis

Endometrial Carcinoma

Carcinoma of the Breast

Estrogen Therapy and Nonmalignant Conditions

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Department of Endocrinology, General Infirmary at Leeds, Great George St., Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Belchetz.

References

Related Letters:

Hormonal Treatment of Postmenopausal Women
Bittner V., Belchetz P. E.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1994; 331:550, Aug 25, 1994. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Balligand, J.-L., Feron, O., Dessy, C. (2009). eNOS Activation by Physical Forces: From Short-Term Regulation of Contraction to Chronic Remodeling of Cardiovascular Tissues. Physiol. Rev. 89: 481-534 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Atteritano, M., Marini, H., Minutoli, L., Polito, F., Bitto, A., Altavilla, D., Mazzaferro, S., D'Anna, R., Cannata, M. L., Gaudio, A., Frisina, A., Frisina, N., Corrado, F., Cancellieri, F., Lubrano, C., Bonaiuto, M., Adamo, E. B., Squadrito, F. (2007). Effects of the Phytoestrogen Genistein on Some Predictors of Cardiovascular Risk in Osteopenic, Postmenopausal Women: A Two-Year Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 3068-3075 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Juan, S.-H., Chen, J.-J., Chen, C.-H., Lin, H., Cheng, C.-F., Liu, J.-C., Hsieh, M.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Chao, H.-H., Chen, T.-H., Chan, P., Cheng, T.-H. (2004). 17{beta}-Estradiol inhibits cyclic strain-induced endothelin-1 gene expression within vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287: H1254-H1261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yesildaglar, N., Erkaya, S., Uygur, D., Gol, K., Bingol, B., Gunenc, Z. (2004). Efficacy of pulsed estrogen therapy in relatively younger patients with surgically induced menopause. Hum Reprod 19: 210-213 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, A J, Mitchell, P, Rochtchina, E, Healey, P R (2003). Female reproductive factors and open angle glaucoma: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol 87: 1324-1328 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lai, K., Harnish, D. C., Evans, M. J. (2003). Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Regulates Expression of the Orphan Receptor Small Heterodimer Partner. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 36418-36429 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harden, C. L. (2003). Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy. Neurology 61: S16-22 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jelinsky, S. A., Harris, H. A., Brown, E. L., Flanagan, K., Zhang, X., Tunkey, C., Lai, K., Lane, M. V., Simcoe, D. K., Evans, M. J. (2003). Global Transcription Profiling of Estrogen Activity: Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Regulates Gene Expression in the Kidney. Endocrinology 144: 701-710 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chambliss, K. L., Shaul, P. W. (2002). Estrogen Modulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Endocr. Rev. 23: 665-686 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schaumberg, D. A., Buring, J. E., Sullivan, D. A., Dana, M. R. (2001). Hormone Replacement Therapy and Dry Eye Syndrome. JAMA 286: 2114-2119 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jordan, V. C., Gapstur, S., Morrow, M. (2001). Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation and Reduction in Risk of Breast Cancer, Osteoporosis, and Coronary Heart Disease. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 1449-1457 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Minshall, R. D., Pavcnik, D., Halushka, P. V., Hermsmeyer, K. (2001). Progesterone regulation of vascular thromboxane A2 receptors in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 281: H1498-H1507 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Saitta, A., Altavilla, D., Cucinotta, D., Morabito, N., Frisina, N., Corrado, F., D'Anna, R., Lasco, A., Squadrito, G., Gaudio, A., Cancellieri, F., Arcoraci, V., Squadrito, F. (2001). Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on Effects of Raloxifene and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Plasma NO Concentrations, Endothelin-1 Levels, and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Postmenopausal Women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 21: 1512-1519 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Hirai, N., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H., Yasue, H. (2001). Estradiol supplementation suppresses hyperventilation-induced attacks in postmenopausal women with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 735-740 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Petri, M (2001). Exogenous estrogen in systemic lupus erythematosus: oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Lupus 10: 222-226 [Abstract]  
• Donker, G. A, Spreeuwenberg, P., Bartelds, A. I., van der Velden, K., Foets, M. (2000). Hormone replacement therapy: changes in frequency and type of prescription by Dutch GPs during the last decade of the millennium. Fam Pract 17: 508-513 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asunción, M., Calvo, R. M., San Millán, J. L., Sancho, J., Avila, S., Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2000). A Prospective Study of the Prevalence of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Unselected Caucasian Women from Spain. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 2434-2438 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Centofanti, M., Bonini, S., Manni, G., Guinetti-Neuschüler, C., Bucci, M. G, Harris, A. (2000). Do sex and hormonal status influence choroidal circulation?. Br J Ophthalmol 84: 786-787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsang, K.-L., Ho, S.-L., Lo, S.-K. (2000). Estrogen improves motor disability in parkinsonian postmenopausal women with motor fluctuations. Neurology 54: 2292-2298 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eisen, A., Rebbeck, T. R., Wood, W. C., Weber, B. L. (2000). Prophylactic Surgery in Women With a Hereditary Predisposition to Breast and Ovarian Cancer. JCO 18: 1980-1995 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, H.-S., Wang, T.-H., Soong, Y.-K. (2000). Elevation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 mRNA expression following hormone replacement therapy. Hum Reprod 15: 50-54 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McNagny, S. E. (1999). Prescribing Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopausal Symptoms. ANN INTERN MED 131: 605-616 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gapstur, S. M., Morrow, M., Sellers, T. A. (1999). Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer With a Favorable Histology: Results of the Iowa Women's Health Study. JAMA 281: 2091-2097 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baracat, E., Haidar, M., López, F. J., Pickar, J., Dey, M., Negro-Vilar, A. (1999). Estrogen Activity and Novel Tissue Selectivity of {Delta}8,9-Dehydroestrone Sulfate in Postmenopausal Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 2020-2027 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abel, T. W., Voytko, M. L., Rance, N. E. (1999). The Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Gene Expression in a Primate Model of Menopause. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 2111-2118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Keating, N. L., Cleary, P. D., Rossi, A. S., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ayanian, J. Z. (1999). Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Postmenopausal Women in the United States. ANN INTERN MED 130: 545-553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cushman, M., Meilahn, E. N., Psaty, B. M., Kuller, L. H., Dobs, A. S., Tracy, R. P. (1999). Hormone Replacement Therapy, Inflammation, and Hemostasis in Elderly Women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 19: 893-899 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jousilahti, P., Vartiainen, E., Tuomilehto, J., Puska, P. (1999). Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease : A Prospective Follow-Up Study of 14 786 Middle-Aged Men and Women in Finland. Circulation 99: 1165-1172 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Minshall, R. D., Miyagawa, K., Chadwick, C. C., Novy, M. J., Hermsmeyer, K. (1998). In vitro modulation of primate coronary vascular muscle cell reactivity by ovarian steroid hormones. FASEB J. 12: 1419-1429 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gannon, L. (1998). The Impact of Medical and Sexual Politics on Women's Health. Feminism Psychology 8: 285-302 [Abstract]  
• Vogel, R. A., Corretti, M. C. (1998). Estrogens, Progestins, and Heart Disease : Can Endothelial Function Divine the Benefit?. Circulation 97: 1223-1226 [Full Text]  
• Scarabin, P.-Y., Alhenc-Gelas, M., Plu-Bureau, G., Taisne, P., Agher, R., Aiach, M. (1997). Effects of Oral and Transdermal Estrogen/Progesterone Regimens on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Postmenopausal Women : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 17: 3071-3078 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Whitmore, S. E. (1997). Estrogen, Skin Aging, and Study Design. Arch Dermatol 133: 1460-1461 [Abstract]  
• Douketis, J. D., Ginsberg, J. S., Holbrook, A., Crowther, M., Duku, E. K., Burrows, R. F. (1997). A Reevaluation of the Risk for Venous Thromboembolism With the Use of Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy. Arch Intern Med 157: 1522-1530 [Abstract]  
• Davidson, M. H., Testolin, L. M., Maki, K. C., von Duvillard, S., Drennan, K. B. (1997). A Comparison of Estrogen Replacement, Pravastatin, and Combined Treatment for the Management of Hypercholesterolemia in Postmenopausal Women. Arch Intern Med 157: 1186-1192 [Abstract]  
• The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial, (1996). Effects of Hormone Therapy on Bone Mineral Density: Results From the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 276: 1389-1396 [Abstract]  
• Taskinen, M.-R., Puolakka, J., Pyorala, T., Luotola, H., Bjorn, M., Kaariainen, J., Lahdenpera, S., Ehnholm, C. (1996). Hormone Replacement Therapy Lowers Plasma Lp(a) Concentrations: Comparison of Cyclic Transdermal and Continuous Estrogen-Progestin Regimens. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 16: 1215-1221 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Freedman, B., Weijer, C., Glass, K. C. (1996). Placebo Orthodoxy in Clinical Research I: Empirical and Methodological Myths. J Law Med Ethics 24: 243-251  
• Shahar, E., Folsom, A. R., Salomaa, V. V., Stinson, V. L., McGovern, P. G., Shimakawa, T., Chambless, L. E., Wu, K. K. (1996). Relation of Hormone-Replacement Therapy to Measures of Plasma Fibrinolytic Activity. Circulation 93: 1970-1975 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guetta, V., Cannon, R. O. III (1996). Cardiovascular Effects of Estrogen and Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Postmenopausal Women. Circulation 93: 1928-1937 [Full Text]  
• LANE, J. M., RILEY, E. H., WIRGANOWICZ, P. Z. (1996). Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Osteoporosis: Diagnosis and Treatment*{{dagger}}. JBJS 78: 618-32 [Full Text]  
• Buyon, J. P., Belmont, H. M., Kalunian, K. C. (1995). Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. ANN INTERN MED 123: 961-961 [Full Text]  
• Paganini-Hill, A. (1995). The Benefits of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Oral Health: The Leisure World Cohort. Arch Intern Med 155: 2325-2329 [Abstract]  
• Davidson, N. E. (1995). Hormone-Replacement Therapy -- Breast versus Heart versus Bone. NEJM 332: 1638-1639 [Full Text]  
• Havel, R. J., Rapaport, E. (1995). Management of Primary Hyperlipidemia. NEJM 332: 1491-1498 [Full Text]  
• Healy, B. (1995). PEPI in Perspective: Good Answers Spawn Pressing Questions. JAMA 273: 240-241 [Abstract]  
• Bittner, V., Belchetz, P. E. (1994). Hormonal Treatment of Postmenopausal Women. NEJM 331: 550-550 [Full Text]