FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 330:188-195 January 20, 1994 Number 3 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text Purchase this article Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

More than 100,000 Americans under the age of 18 years are estimated to have some degree of neurologic disability attributed to cerebral palsy¹. Approximately 25 percent of the people with cerebral palsy identified by registries in France and the United Kingdom are unable to walk (even with help), and 30 percent are classified as mentally retarded^2,3. In the United States, the total annual cost to society of cerebral palsy has recently been estimated by the Advisory Council of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at $5 billion. Emotional suffering and lost opportunities add immeasurably to the . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Definitions

Trends in Incidence and Prevalence

Pathological Findings, Imaging Studies, and Clinical Patterns

Full-Term Infants

Infants Born Prematurely

Risk Factors and Pathogenesis

Full-Term Infants

Infants Born Prematurely

Prevention

Conclusion

Source Information

From Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Leviton at the Neuroepidemiology Unit, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115.

References

Related Letters:

Cerebral Palsy
Granet K. M.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1760, Jun 16, 1994. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Crawford, C. L. (2007). MRI Findings and Cerebral Palsy. JAMA 297: 465-465 [Full Text]  
• Bax, M., Tydeman, C., Flodmark, O. (2006). Clinical and MRI Correlates of Cerebral Palsy: The European Cerebral Palsy Study. JAMA 296: 1602-1608 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lerer, I., Sagi, M., Meiner, V., Cohen, T., Zlotogora, J., Abeliovich, D. (2005). Deletion of the ANKRD15 gene at 9p24.3 causes parent-of-origin-dependent inheritance of familial cerebral palsy. Hum Mol Genet 14: 3911-3920 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• MacLennan, A., Nelson, K. B., Hankins, G., Speer, M. (2005). Who Will Deliver Our Grandchildren?: Implications of Cerebral Palsy Litigation. JAMA 294: 1688-1690 [Full Text]  
• Kuban, K. C. K., O'Shea, M., Allred, E., Leviton, A., Gilmore, H., DuPlessis, A., Krishnamoorthy, K., Hahn, C., Soul, J., O'Connor, S. E., Miller, K., Church, P. T., Keller, C., Bream, R., Adair, R., Miller, A., Romano, E., Bassan, H., Kerkering, K., Engelke, S., Marshall, D., Milowic, K., Wereszczak, J., Hubbard, C., Washburn, L., Dillard, R., Heller, C., Burdo-Hartman, W., Fagerman, L., Sutton, D., Karna, P., Olomu, N., Caldarelli, L., Oca, M., Lohr, K., Scheiner, A. (2005). Video and CD-ROM as a Training Tool for Performing Neurologic Examinations of 1-Year-Old Children in a Multicenter Epidemiologic Study. J Child Neurol 20: 829-831 [Abstract]  
• Stelmach, T., Pisarev, H., Talvik, T. (2005). Ante- and Perinatal Factors for Cerebral Palsy: Case-Control Study in Estonia. J Child Neurol 20: 654-661 [Abstract]  
• Wood, N S, Costeloe, K, Gibson, A T, Hennessy, E M, Marlow, N, Wilkinson, A R, for the EPICure Study Group, (2005). The EPICure study: associations and antecedents of neurological and developmental disability at 30 months of age following extremely preterm birth. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 90: F134-F140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cooley, W. C., and Committee on Children with Disabilities, (2004). Providing a Primary Care Medical Home for Children and Youth With Cerebral Palsy. Pediatrics 114: 1106-1113 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arnould, C., Penta, M., Renders, A., Thonnard, J.-L. (2004). ABILHAND-Kids: A measure of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology 63: 1045-1052 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Woods, R. J., Cervone, R. L., Fernandez, H. H. (2004). Common Neurologic Disorders Affecting the Foot. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 94: 104-117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baud, O (2004). Postnatal steroid treatment and brain development. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 89: F96-F100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wu, Y. W., Escobar, G. J., Grether, J. K., Croen, L. A., Greene, J. D., Newman, T. B. (2003). Chorioamnionitis and Cerebral Palsy in Term and Near-Term Infants. JAMA 290: 2677-2684 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tyson, J. E., Gilstrap, L. C. (2003). Hope for Perinatal Prevention of Cerebral Palsy. JAMA 290: 2730-2732 [Full Text]  
• Counsell, S. J., Kennea, N. L., Herlihy, A. H., Allsop, J. M., Harrison, M. C., Cowan, F. M., Hajnal, J. V., Edwards, B., Edwards, A. D., Rutherford, M. A. (2003). T2 Relaxation Values in the Developing Preterm Brain. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 24: 1654-1660 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Counsell, S J, Rutherford, M A, Cowan, F M, Edwards, A D (2003). Magnetic resonance imaging of preterm brain injury. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88: F269-F274 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lin, J.-P. (2003). THE CEREBRAL PALSIES: A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74: i23-29 [Full Text]  
• Kiguchi, S., Matsuda, T., Cho, K., Okuyama, K., Akahane, M., Fujimoto, S. (2002). KUR-1246, a Novel {beta}2-Adrenoceptor Agonist, as a Tocolytic Agent. Obstet Gynecol 100: 487-494 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Counsell, S. J., Maalouf, E. F., Fletcher, A. M., Duggan, P., Battin, M., Lewis, H. J., Herlihy, A. H., Edwards, A. D., Bydder, G. M., Rutherford, M. A. (2002). MR Imaging Assessment of Myelination in the Very Preterm Brain. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23: 872-881 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kadhim, H., Tabarki, B., De Prez, C., Rona, A.-M., Sebire, G. (2002). Interleukin-2 in the pathogenesis of perinatal white matter damage. Neurology 58: 1125-1128 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kumazaki, K., Nakayama, M., Sumida, Y., Ozono, K., Mushiake, S., Suehara, N., Wada, Y., Fujimura, M. (2002). Placental Features in Preterm Infants With Periventricular Leukomalacia. Pediatrics 109: 650-655 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morrell, D. S., Pearson, J. M., Sauser, D. D. (2002). Progressive Bone and Joint Abnormalities of the Spine and Lower Extremities in Cerebral Palsy. RadioGraphics 22: 257-268 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lynch, J. K., Nelson, K. B., Curry, C. J., Grether, J. K. (2001). Cerebrovascular Disorders in Children With the Factor V Leiden Mutation. J Child Neurol 16: 735-744 [Abstract]  
• Panigrahy, A., Barnes, P. D., Robertson, R. L., Back, S. A., Sleeper, L. A., Sayre, J. W., Kinney, H. C., Volpe, J. J. (2001). Volumetric Brain Differences in Children with Periventricular T2-Signal Hyperintensities: A Grouping by Gestational Age at Birth. Am. J. Roentgenol. 177: 695-702 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ketelaar, M., Vermeer, A., Hart, H., van Petegem-van Beek, E., Helders, P. J. (2001). Effects of a Functional Therapy Program on Motor Abilities of Children With Cerebral Palsy. ptjournal 81: 1534-1545 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yardimci Ilikkan, D., Yalcin, E. (2001). Changes in Skeletal Maturation and Mineralization in Children With Cerebral Palsy and Evaluation of Related Factors. J Child Neurol 16: 425-430 [Abstract]  
• Kadhim, H., Tabarki, B., Verellen, G., De Prez, C., Rona, A.-M., Sebire, G. (2001). Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia. Neurology 56: 1278-1284 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maalouf, E. F., Duggan, P. J., Counsell, S. J., Rutherford, M. A., Cowan, F., Azzopardi, D., Edwards, A. D. (2001). Comparison of Findings on Cranial Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Preterm Infants. Pediatrics 107: 719-727 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Painter, M. J., Capute, A., Accardo, P. (2001). Subspecialization in the Care of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. J Child Neurol 16: 131-133  
• Wu, Y. W., Colford, J. M. Jr (2000). Chorioamnionitis as a Risk Factor for Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-analysis. JAMA 284: 1417-1424 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bankhead, R. W., Kropp, B. P., Cheng, E. Y. (2000). Topical Review: Evaluation and Treatment of Children With Neurogenic Bladders. J Child Neurol 15: 141-149 [Abstract]  
• Crawford, M. (2000). Placental delivery of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids: implications for the lipid nutrition of preterm infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71: 275S-284S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fern, R., Moller, T. (2000). Rapid Ischemic Cell Death in Immature Oligodendrocytes: A Fatal Glutamate Release Feedback Loop. J. Neurosci. 20: 34-42 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melhem, E. R., Hoon, A. H. Jr, Ferrucci, J. T. Jr, Quinn, C. B., Reinhardt, E. M., Demetrides, S. W., Freeman, B. M., Johnston, M. V. (2000). Periventricular Leukomalacia: Relationship between Lateral Ventricular Volume on Brain MR Images and Severity of Cognitive and Motor Impairment1. Radiology 214: 199-204 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dammann, O., Leviton, A. (1999). Brain Damage in Preterm Newborns: Might Enhancement of Developmentally Regulated Endogenous Protection Open a Door for Prevention?. Pediatrics 104: 541-550 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• CANTERINO, J. C., VERMA, U. L., VISINTAINER, P. F., FIGUEROA, R., KLEIN, S. A., TEJANI, N. A. (1999). Maternal Magnesium Sulfate and the Development of Neonatal Periventricular Leucomalacia and Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 93: 396-402 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cooke, R. W I (1999). Trends in incidence of cranial ultrasound lesions and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants 1982-93. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 80: 115F-117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• SANDMAN, C. A., WADHWA, P., GLYNN, L., CHICZ-DEMET, A., PORTO, M., GARITE, T. J. (1999). Corticotrophin-releasing Hormone and Fetal Responses in Human Pregnancy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 897: 66-75 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sparling, J. W, Van Tol, J., Chescheir, N. C (1999). Fetal and Neonatal Hand Movement. ptjournal 79: 24-39 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fern, R. (1998). Intracellular Calcium and Cell Death during Ischemia in Neonatal Rat White Matter Astrocytes In Situ. J. Neurosci. 18: 7232-7243 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• O'Shea, T. M., Preisser, J. S., Klinepeter, K. L., Dillard, R. G. (1998). Trends in Mortality and Cerebral Palsy in a Geographically Based Cohort of Very Low Birth Weight Neonates Born Between 1982 to 1994. Pediatrics 101: 642-647 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fern, R., Davis, P., Waxman, S. G., Ransom, B. R. (1998). Axon Conduction and Survival in CNS White Matter During Energy Deprivation: A Developmental Study. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 95-105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sanghavi, D. M. (1997). Early Identification of Cerebral Palsy Using a Profile of Abnormal Motor Patterns. Pediatrics 100: 902-902 [Full Text]  
• McCormick, M. C. (1997). The Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Are We Asking the Right Questions?. Pediatrics 99: 869-869 [Full Text]  
• Albright, A. L. (1996). Spasticity and Movement Disorders in Cerebral Palsy. J Child Neurol 11: S1-S4  
• Granet, K. M. (1994). Cerebral Palsy. NEJM 330: 1760-1760 [Full Text]