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Previous Volume 332:1351-1363 May 18, 1995 Number 20 Next

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Celsus described four of the five cardinal signs of inflammation 2000 years ago, and Eustachio discovered the adrenal glands almost 500 years ago, but not until 1936 did Selye note that in rats exposed to stressors, the adrenal glands were enlarged, and the thymus and lymph nodes shrunken.^1,2,3 Cortisone, the active principle of the adrenal glands, was isolated by Kendall and Reichstein in the late 1940s and shown to suppress immune organs. These scientists, along with Hench, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, after Hench and colleagues showed that cortisone could ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis.^4,5

In recent years, our . . . [Full Text of this Article]

The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis

The Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction

Effects of the HPA Axis on the Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction

Adrenocortical Hormones

Pituitary Hormones

Hypothalamic Hormones

Effects of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions on the HPA Axis

Interactions between the HPA Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation

Short- and Long-Term Adaptations

Influences of Reproductive Hormones

Disturbances in the Interaction between the HPA Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation

Defects of the HPA Axis

Defects of the Glucocorticoid Target Tissues

Therapeutic Perspectives

Discussion

Source Information

From the Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N262, Bethesda, MD 20892, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Chrousos.

References

Related Letters:

Cytokine Therapy in Septic Shock
Friedland J. S., Porter J. C., Chrousos G. P.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1995; 333:942-943, Oct 5, 1995. Correspondence

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