Approximately 1 million people in the United States have permanentpacemakers, and 426 new pacemakers were implanted per millionmembers of the population in 19931,2 (and Bernstein AD, ParsonnetV: personal communication). Since the late 1950s, when the firstasynchronous single-chamber permanent pacemakers were placedin patients,3-5 cardiac pacing has become a complex and self-containedsubspecialty within cardiology that requires special training.6However, primary care providers commonly encounter patientsin whom permanent pacemakers have been implanted and evaluatepatients to determine the need for permanent pacing. For thisreason, it is essential that all physicians understand how pacemakersfunction, particularly . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Indications
Sinus-Node Dysfunction
Atrioventricular Block
Fascicular Block
Neurocardiogenic Syncope
Cardiomyopathy
Programmable Pacemakers
Pacing Modes
Ddd Pacing
Inhibited Pacing of the Atrium and Ventricle (DDI)
Rate-Adaptive Pacemakers (AAIR, VVIR, DDIR, and DDDR)
Sensors
Programmability
Choice of Pacing Mode
Conclusions and Future Directions
Source Information
From the Electrophysiology and Pacing Service, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Lovelace Medical Center, Albuquerque, N.M. (F.M.K.); and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco General Hospital (N.G.), both in San Francisco.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Kusumoto at the Electrophysiology and Pacing Service, Cardiology Division, Lovelace Medical Center, 5400 Gibson Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108.
References
This article has been cited by other articles:
Proclemer, A., Ghidina, M., Gregori, D., Facchin, D., Rebellato, L., Zakja, E., Gulizia, M., Esente, P.
(2009). Trend of the main clinical characteristics and pacing modality in patients treated by pacemaker: data from the Italian Pacemaker Registry for the quinquennium 2003-07. Europace
0: eup346v1-eup346
[Abstract][Full Text]
Le Scouarnec, S., Bhasin, N., Vieyres, C., Hund, T. J., Cunha, S. R., Koval, O., Marionneau, C., Chen, B., Wu, Y., Demolombe, S., Song, L.-S., Le Marec, H., Probst, V., Schott, J.-J., Anderson, M. E., Mohler, P. J.
(2008). Dysfunction in ankyrin-B-dependent ion channel and transporter targeting causes human sinus node disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
105: 15617-15622
[Abstract][Full Text]
Epstein, A. E., DiMarco, J. P., Ellenbogen, K. A., Estes, N.A. M. III, Freedman, R. A., Gettes, L. S., Gillinov, A. M., Gregoratos, G., Hammill, S. C., Hayes, D. L., Hlatky, M. A., Newby, L. K., Page, R. L., Schoenfeld, M. H., Silka, M. J., Stevenson, L. W., Sweeney, M. O.
(2008). ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices) Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: e1-e62
[Full Text]
Epstein, A. E., DiMarco, J. P., Ellenbogen, K. A., Mark Estes, N.A. III, Freedman, R. A., Gettes, L. S., Gillinov, A. M., Gregoratos, G., Hammill, S. C., Hayes, D. L., Hlatky, M. A., Newby, L. K., Page, R. L., Schoenfeld, M. H., Silka, M. J., Stevenson, L. W., Sweeney, M. O.
(2008). ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices) Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 2085-2105
[Full Text]
Writing Committee Members, , Epstein, A. E., DiMarco, J. P., Ellenbogen, K. A., Estes, N.A. M. III, Freedman, R. A., Gettes, L. S., Gillinov, A. M., Gregoratos, G., Hammill, S. C., Hayes, D. L., Hlatky, M. A., Newby, L. K., Page, R. L., Schoenfeld, M. H., Silka, M. J., Stevenson, L. W., Sweeney, M. O.
(2008). ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation
117: 2820-2840
[Full Text]
Writing Committee Members, , Epstein, A. E., DiMarco, J. P., Ellenbogen, K. A., Estes, N.A. M. III, Freedman, R. A., Gettes, L. S., Gillinov, A. M., Gregoratos, G., Hammill, S. C., Hayes, D. L., Hlatky, M. A., Newby, L. K., Page, R. L., Schoenfeld, M. H., Silka, M. J., Stevenson, L. W., Sweeney, M. O.
(2008). ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation
117: e350-e408
[Full Text]
Yankelson, L., Feld, Y., Bressler-Stramer, T., Itzhaki, I., Huber, I., Gepstein, A., Aronson, D., Marom, S., Gepstein, L.
(2008). Cell Therapy for Modification of the Myocardial Electrophysiological Substrate. Circulation
117: 720-731
[Abstract][Full Text]
Authors/Task Force Members, , Vardas, P. E., Auricchio, A., Blanc, J.-J., Daubert, J.-C., Drexler, H., Ector, H., Gasparini, M., Linde, C., Morgado, F. B., Oto, A., Sutton, R., Trusz-Gluza, M., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), , Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Funck-Brentano, C., Filippatos, G., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S. D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Zamorano, J. L., Document Reviewers, , Priori, S. G., Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Brignole, M., Terradellas, J. B., Camm, J., Castellano, P., Cleland, J., Farre, J., Fromer, M., Le Heuzey, J.-Y., Lip, G. Y., Merino, J. L., Montenero, A. S., Ritter, P., Schalij, M. J., Stellbrink, C.
(2007). Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace
9: 959-998
[Full Text]
Authors/Task Force Members, , Vardas, P. E., Auricchio, A., Blanc, J.-J., Daubert, J.-C., Drexler, H., Ector, H., Gasparini, M., Linde, C., Morgado, F. B., Oto, A., Sutton, R., Trusz-Gluza, M., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), , Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Funck-Brentano, C., Filippatos, G., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S. D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Zamorano, J. L., Document Reviewers, , Priori, S. G., Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Brignole, M., Terradellas, J. B., Camm, J., Castellano, P., Cleland, J., Farre, J., Fromer, M., Le Heuzey, J.-Y., Lip, G. Y., Merino, J. L., Montenero, A. S., Ritter, P., Schalij, M. J., Stellbrink, C.
(2007). Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J
28: 2256-2295
[Full Text]
Fragakis, N., Iliadis, I., Sidopoulos, E., Lambrou, A., Tsaritsaniotis, E., Katsaris, G.
(2007). The value of adenosine test in the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome: susceptibility of sinus and atrioventricular node to adenosine in patients with sick sinus syndrome and unexplained syncope. Europace
9: 559-562
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gizurarson, S., Lorentzon, M., Ramunddal, T., Waagstein, F., Bergfeldt, L., Omerovic, E.
(2007). Effects of complete heart block on myocardial function, morphology, and energy metabolism in the rat. Europace
9: 411-416
[Abstract][Full Text]
Haqqani, H. M., Kalman, J. M.
(2007). Aging and Sinoatrial Node Dysfunction: Musings on the Not-So-Funny Side. Circulation
115: 1178-1179
[Full Text]
Tveskov, C., Skytthe, A., Arnsbo, P., Vaupel, J. W., Møller, M., Christensen, K.
(2005). Twins with implanted pacemakers: Is there an increased mortality risk for the co-twin? A follow-up study based on the Danish Twin Registry and the Danish Pacemaker Register. Europace
7: 598-603
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gepstein, L., Feld, Y., Yankelson, L.
(2004). Somatic gene and cell therapy strategies for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
286: H815-H822
[Full Text]
Mueller, P. S., Hook, C. C., Hayes, D. L.
(2003). Ethical Analysis of Withdrawal of Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Support at the End of Life. Mayo Clin Proc.
78: 959-963
[Abstract]
Committee Members, , Gregoratos, G., Abrams, J., Epstein, A. E., Freedman, R. A., Hayes, D. L., Hlatky, M. A., Kerber, R. E., Naccarelli, G. V., Schoenfeld, M. H., Silka, M. J., Winters, S. L., Task Force Members, , Gibbons, R. J., Antman, E. M., Alpert, J. S., Gregoratos, G., Hiratzka, L. F., Faxon, D. P., Jacobs, A. K., Fuster, V., Smith, S. C. Jr.
(2002). ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines) . J Am Coll Cardiol
40: 1703-1719
[Full Text]
Gregoratos, G., Abrams, J., Epstein, A. E., Freedman, R. A., Hayes, D. L., Hlatky, M. A., Kerber, R. E., Naccarelli, G. V., Schoenfeld, M. H., Silka, M. J., Winters, S. L., Gibbons, R. J., Antman, E. M., Alpert, J. S., Gregoratos, G., Hiratzka, L. F., Faxon, D. P., Jacobs, A. K., Fuster, V., Smith, S. C. Jr, Committee Members, , Task Force Members,
(2002). ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices: Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). Circulation
106: 2145-2161
[Full Text]
Gale, C. P, Mulley, G. P
(2002). Pacemaker explosions in crematoria: problems and possible solutions. JRSM
95: 353-355
[Abstract][Full Text]
MARBAN, E., NUSS, H.B., DONAHUE, J.K.
(2002). Gene Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol
67: 527-532
[Abstract]
Proclemer, A., Della Bella, P., Facchin, D., Fattore, L., Carbucicchio, C., Tondo, C., Lunati, M., Vecchi, M. R., Petz, E., Zecchin, M.
(2001). Indications for dual-chamber cardioverter defibrillators at implant and at 1 year follow-up: a retrospective analysis in the single-chamber defibrillator era. Europace
3: 132-135
[Abstract]
Kusumoto, F. M., Goldschlager, N.
(2000). Pacemakers: Types, Function, and Indications. SEMIN CARDIOTHORAC VASC ANESTH
4: 122-137
Lewalter, T., Schimpf, R., Kulik, D., Wolpert, C., Jung, W., Luderitz, B.
(2000). Comparison of spontaneous atrial fibrillation electrogram potentials with the P-wave electrogram amplitude in dual chamber pacing with unipolar atrial sensing. Europace
2: 136-140
[Abstract]
Gordon, R. S., Ivanov, J., Cohen, G., Ralph-Edwards, A. L.
(1998). Permanent cardiac pacing after a cardiac operation: Predicting the use of permanent pacemakers. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
66: 1698-1704
[Abstract][Full Text]
Barold, S. S., Kusumoto, F., Goldschlager, N.
(1996). Cardiac Pacing. NEJM
334: 1476-1477
[Full Text]