The endogenous catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine are involved in the regulation of virtually every organsystem. Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter at certainsites in the central nervous system and in the sympathetic nervoussystem at postganglionic neuroeffector junctions. Epinephrineis primarily a circulating hormone produced by the adrenal medullaand other chromaffin tissue. Because norepinephrine comes fromchromaffin tissue and overflows from sympathetic-nerve synapses,plasma concentrations of norepinephrine exceed those of epinephrine.Hence, norepinephrine can also act as a circulating hormone.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine act through adrenergic receptors(also termed adrenoceptors). In this review, I will summarize. . . [Full Text of this Article]
Types and Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic Receptors and Regulation of Target-Cell Function
Target-Cell Regulation of Adrenergic Receptors
Clinical Settings in Which Alterations in Adrenergic Receptors Contribute to Pathophysiology
Conclusions
Discussion
Source Information
From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Insel at the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093.
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