To the Editor: The term "minimally invasive surgery" is currentlyused for several procedures in cardiac surgery.1,2,3 Coronary-arterybypass surgery on the beating heart without extracorporeal circulation,using a small lateral approach through the fourth intercostalspace, is one form of minimally invasive surgery.3
We used this technique successfully in 19 patients with isolatedproximal stenoses of the left anterior descending artery andin 3 patients with isolated stenoses of the right coronary artery.By means of a 7-to-9-cm anterolateral incision and thoracotomythrough the fourth intercostal space, the internal thoracicartery was taken down from the chest wall with . . . [Full Text of this Article]
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