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Previous Volume 336:196-204 January 16, 1997 Number 3 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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At least five different viruses cause hepatitis in humans. Two — hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) — are nonenveloped RNA viruses that are spread predominantly by fecal–oral transmission and cause acute self-limited disease.^1,2 The others — hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) — are enveloped viruses with various tendencies to cause persistent infection, chronic hepatitis, and, in the case of HBV and HCV, hepatocellular carcinoma.^3,4,5 Fecal–oral transmission does not occur with these viruses, because their lipid envelopes preclude the passage of viable virus from the liver through the biliary . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Hepatitis B Vaccine

Biology

Vaccine Formulations

Adverse Events

Immunogenicity

Efficacy

Recommended Use

Problems

Hepatitis A Vaccine

Biology

Vaccine Formulations

Adverse Events

Immunogenicity

Efficacy

Recommended Use

Problems

Vaccines for Other Hepatitis Viruses: HCV, HDV, and HEV

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (S.M.L.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (D.L.T.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Lemon at CB#7030, 547 Burnett-Womack, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7030.

References

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• McNelis, K. (2006). Management of Hepatitis C Infection in the HIV-Infected Patient. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 19: 37-52 [Abstract]  
• Lugoboni, F., Quaglio, G., Pajusco, B., Foroni, M., Blengio, G., Talamini, G., Mezzelani, P., Des Jarlais, D. C. (2005). Prevalence of hepatitis A among drug users in north-eastern Italy: Is vaccination necessary in low prevalence areas?. Eur J Public Health 15: 464-466 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kasapcopur, O, Cullu, F, Kamburothlu-Goksel, A, Cam, H, Akdenizli, E, Calykan, S, Sever, L, Arysoy, N (2004). Hepatitis B vaccination in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 1128-1130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sulkowski, M. S., Thomas, D. L. (2003). Hepatitis C in the HIV-Infected Person. ANN INTERN MED 138: 197-207 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fleischmann, E. H., Kruppenbacher, J., Bock, H. L., Weber, M. (2002). Active immunization against hepatitis A in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17: 1825-1828 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yi, M., Lemon, S. M. (2002). Replication of Subgenomic Hepatitis A Virus RNAs Expressing Firefly Luciferase Is Enhanced by Mutations Associated with Adaptation of Virus to Growth in Cultured Cells. J. Virol. 76: 1171-1180 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Köck, J., Nassal, M., MacNelly, S., Baumert, T. F., Blum, H. E., von Weizsäcker, F. (2001). Efficient Infection of Primary Tupaia Hepatocytes with Purified Human and Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus. J. Virol. 75: 5084-5089 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• ASHKENAZI, M., CHODIK, G., LITTNER, M., ALONI, H., LERMAN, Y. (2001). The presence of hepatitis A antibodies in dental workers: A seroepidemiologic study. Journal of the American Dental Association 132: 492-498 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Seiler, P., Senn, B. M., Klenerman, P., Kalinke, U., Hengartner, H., Zinkernagel, R. M. (2000). Additive Effect of Neutralizing Antibody and Antiviral Drug Treatment in Preventing Virus Escape and Persistence. J. Virol. 74: 5896-5901 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Barash, C., Conn, M. I., DiMarino, A. J. Jr, Marzano, J., Allen, M. L. (1999). Serologic Hepatitis B Immunity in Vaccinated Health Care Workers. Arch Intern Med 159: 1481-1483 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Halsey, N. A., Moulton, L. H., O'Donovan, J. C., Walcher, J. R., Thoms, M. L., Margolis, H. S., Krause, D. S. (1999). Hepatitis B Vaccine Administered to Children and Adolescents at Yearly Intervals. Pediatrics 103: 1243-1247 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raychaudhuri, G., Govindarajan, S., Shapiro, M., Purcell, R. H., Emerson, S. U. (1998). Utilization of Chimeras between Human (HM-175) and Simian (AGM-27) Strains of Hepatitis A Virus To Study the Molecular Basis of Virulence. J. Virol. 72: 7467-7475 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Seiler, P., Kalinke, U., Rulicke, T., Bucher, E. M., Bose, C., Zinkernagel, R. M., Hengartner, H. (1998). Enhanced Virus Clearance by Early Inducible Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Immunoglobulin-Transgenic Mice. J. Virol. 72: 2253-2258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Galperin, C., Gershwin, M. E. (1997). Immunopathogenesis of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Diseases. JAMA 278: 1946-1955 [Abstract]  
• McDonnell, W. M., Askari, F. K. (1997). Immunization. JAMA 278: 2000-2007 [Abstract]  
• Worman, H. J. (1997). Molecular biological methods in diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases. Clin. Chem. 43: 1476-1486 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lemon, S. M. (1997). Type A viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Clin. Chem. 43: 1494-1499 [Abstract] [Full Text]