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Venous thromboembolism and arterial thromboembolism are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed countries. During the past two decades, there has been substantial progress in understanding the mechanisms of thromboembolism, in clinical management, and in prophylaxis. Oral anticoagulants have been used for more than 50 years, but their role in treating and preventing thromboembolism has recently been greatly expanded. There are two reasons for this: excellent randomized clinical trials that have shown the efficacy of these drugs in, for example, reducing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, and the development of standardized methods to measure
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