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Henry K. Beecher chose "The Powerful Placebo" as the title for his influential paper published in 1955 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (vol. 159, pp. 16021606). In it he recounted the effects of placebos in 15 clinical trials involving a variety of diseases. Improvement ranged from 21 to 58 percent, the average being 35 percent. This figure has since been foolishly transmuted into a magical percentage of improvement to be expected from a placebo in any disease.
Recently, in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (1997, vol. 50, pp. 13111318), Kienle and Kiene have criticized Beecher's paper, concluding
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