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Internists considered cardiology difficult when they had to base their diagnosis on auscultation and electrocardiograms. Therapy was difficult as well, since the drugs available were limited more or less to digitalis, nitrates, and diuretics; operations before the advent of extracorporeal circulation were confined to a few indications, and bed rest was the chief therapeutic approach. With the development of objective diagnostic procedures, such as cardiac imaging and catheterization, most cardiac diagnoses are now considered easy to make. Therapy has also made incredible advances, and there is now a broad spectrum of answers to almost any question. Since the approaches to
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