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Thomas R. Kuhn, in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), describes scientific progress as a series of revolutions, which he calls paradigm shifts. According to Kuhn, knowledge advances when an established system of beliefs (paradigm) can no longer explain new observations that, when viewed from within the paradigm, represent anomalies. This creates a crisis that ends with the emergence of a new paradigm the scientific revolution. Such a paradigm shift began in 1628, when Harvey's description of the heart as a pump challenged the galenic view that the heart's chief function was
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