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Previous Volume 339:1905-1913 December 24, 1998 Number 26 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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Survival in a hostile environment requires the ability to mount a protective immune response while avoiding a reaction of the immune system against the self. We propose that the migration and localization of antigen are the governing factors in immunologic responsiveness or unresponsiveness against infections, tumors, and self and against xenografts and allografts. This conclusion is based largely on studies of experimental viral infection^1,2,3 and of the small numbers of donor leukocytes found in the blood and tissues of human and animal recipients of organ allografts (microchimerism).^4,5,6 Under both circumstances, an immune response can be construed as a balance between . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Characteristics of the Immune Response

Immune Responses against Microorganisms

            Cytopathic Microorganisms

            Noncytopathic Microorganisms

Immune Reactions against Transplants

            Xenografts

            Allografts

Migratory Routes of Antigen

Microorganisms

Allografts

Mechanisms of Immunologic Nonreactivity

Tolerance Induced by Clonal Deletion

            Noncytopathic Microorganisms

            Allografts

Indifference of the Immune System

            Noncytopathic Microorganisms

            Allografts

Clinical Correlations

Noncytopathic Microorganisms

Allografts

            Organ Transplants

            Bone Marrow Transplants

Other Mechanisms of Tolerance

Additional Implications

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.E.S.); and the Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland (R.M.Z.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Starzl at Falk Clinic 5C, 3601 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213.

References

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