In the past decade clinical and laboratory studies have ledto important new insights into the biology of chronic myeloidleukemia (CML). Basic science has defined the molecular pathogenesisof CML as unregulated signal transduction by a tyrosine kinase.Clinical science has demonstrated that it is curable throughimmune-mediated elimination of leukemia cells by allogeneicT lymphocytes.
Clinical Features
CML is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cellsthat results in increases in not only myeloid cells but alsoerythroid cells and platelets in peripheral blood and markedmyeloid hyperplasia in the bone marrow (Figure 1A, Figure 1B,. . . [Full Text of this Article]
Molecular Pathophysiology
Mechanism of Leukemogenesis
Treatment Options
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
The Role of the Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effect in Curing CML
Interferon Alfa
Clinical Decision Making: Transplantation versus Interferon Alfa Therapy
Novel Treatments
Autografts
Molecular Therapy
Conclusions
Source Information
From the Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Sawyers at 11-934 Factor Bldg., UCLA/HematologyOncology, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, or at csawyers@med1.medsch.ucla.edu.
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Huettner, C. S., Koschmieder, S., Iwasaki, H., Iwasaki-Arai, J., Radomska, H. S., Akashi, K., Tenen, D. G.
(2003). Inducible expression of BCR/ABL using human CD34 regulatory elements results in a megakaryocytic myeloproliferative syndrome. Blood
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Hughes, T. P., Kaeda, J., Branford, S., Rudzki, Z., Hochhaus, A., Hensley, M. L., Gathmann, I., Bolton, A. E., van Hoomissen, I. C., Goldman, J. M., Radich, J. P., the International Randomised Study of Interferon v,
(2003). Frequency of Major Molecular Responses to Imatinib or Interferon Alfa plus Cytarabine in Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. NEJM
349: 1423-1432
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Goldman, J. M., Melo, J. V.
(2003). Chronic Myeloid Leukemia -- Advances in Biology and New Approaches to Treatment. NEJM
349: 1451-1464
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von Bubnoff, N., Veach, D. R., Miller, W. T., Li, W., Sanger, J., Peschel, C., Bornmann, W. G., Clarkson, B., Duyster, J.
(2003). Inhibition of Wild-Type and Mutant Bcr-Abl by Pyrido-Pyrimidine-Type Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors. Cancer Res.
63: 6395-6404
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Cheng, W.-H., von Kobbe, C., Opresko, P. L., Fields, K. M., Ren, J., Kufe, D., Bohr, V. A.
(2003). Werner Syndrome Protein Phosphorylation by Abl Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Its Activity and Distribution. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Huntly, B. J. P., Guilhot, F., Reid, A. G., Vassiliou, G., Hennig, E., Franke, C., Byrne, J., Brizard, A., Niederwieser, D., Freeman-Edward, J., Cuthbert, G., Bown, N., Clark, R. E., Nacheva, E. P, Green, A. R, Deininger, M. W. N.
(2003). Imatinib improves but may not fully reverse the poor prognosis of patients with CML with derivative chromosome 9 deletions. Blood
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Deininger, M. W. N., Druker, B. J.
(2003). Specific Targeted Therapy of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia with Imatinib. Pharmacol. Rev.
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Huntly, B. J. P., Bench, A., Green, A. R.
(2003). Double jeopardy from a single translocation: deletions of the derivative chromosome 9 in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood
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Hahn, E. A., Glendenning, G. A., Sorensen, M. V., Hudgens, S. A., Druker, B. J., Guilhot, F., Larson, R. A., O'Brien, S. G., Dobrez, D. G., Hensley, M. L., Cella, D.
(2003). Quality of Life in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia on Imatinib Versus Interferon Alfa Plus Low-Dose Cytarabine: Results From the IRIS Study. JCO
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Corbin, A. S., Rosee, P. L., Stoffregen, E. P., Druker, B. J., Deininger, M. W.
(2003). Several Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutants associated with imatinib mesylate resistance remain sensitive to imatinib. Blood
101: 4611-4614
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Ghaffari, S., Jagani, Z., Kitidis, C., Lodish, H. F., Khosravi-Far, R.
(2003). Cytokines and BCR-ABL mediate suppression of TRAIL-induced apoptosis through inhibition of forkhead FOXO3a transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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Kurzrock, R., Kantarjian, H. M., Druker, B. J., Talpaz, M.
(2003). Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Leukemias: From Basic Mechanisms to Molecular Therapeutics. ANN INTERN MED
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Yu, C., Rahmani, M., Almenara, J., Subler, M., Krystal, G., Conrad, D., Varticovski, L., Dent, P., Grant, S.
(2003). Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Promote STI571-mediated Apoptosis in STI571-sensitive and -resistant Bcr/Abl+ Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Cancer Res.
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Uno, K., Inukai, T., Kayagaki, N., Goi, K., Sato, H., Nemoto, A., Takahashi, K., Kagami, K., Yamaguchi, N., Yagita, H., Okumura, K., Koyama-Okazaki, T., Suzuki, T., Sugita, K., Nakazawa, S.
(2003). TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) frequently induces apoptosis in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia cells. Blood
101: 3658-3667
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Yang, M.-Y., Liu, T.-C., Chang, J.-G., Lin, P.-M., Lin, S.-F.
(2003). JunB gene expression is inactivated by methylation in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood
101: 3205-3211
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Marcucci, G., Perrotti, D., Caligiuri, M. A.
(2003). Understanding the Molecular Basis of Imatinib Mesylate Therapy in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia and the Related Mechanisms of Resistance: Commentary re: A. N. Mohamed et al., The Effect of Imatinib Mesylate on Patients with Philadelphia Chromosome-positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with Secondary Chromosomal Aberrations. Clin. Cancer Res., 9: 1333-1337, 2003.. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Mohamed, A. N., Pemberton, P., Zonder, J., Schiffer, C. A.
(2003). The Effect of Imatinib Mesylate on Patients with Philadelphia Chromosome-positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with Secondary Chromosomal Aberrations. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Barbouti, A., Hoglund, M., Johansson, B., Lassen, C., Nilsson, P.-G., Hagemeijer, A., Mitelman, F., Fioretos, T.
(2003). A Novel Gene, MSI2, Encoding a Putative RNA-binding Protein Is Recurrently Rearranged at Disease Progression of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Forms a Fusion Gene with HOXA9 as a Result of the Cryptic t(7;17)(p15;q23). Cancer Res.
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O'Brien, S. G., Guilhot, F., Larson, R. A., Gathmann, I., Baccarani, M., Cervantes, F., Cornelissen, J. J., Fischer, T., Hochhaus, A., Hughes, T., Lechner, K., Nielsen, J. L., Rousselot, P., Reiffers, J., Saglio, G., Shepherd, J., Simonsson, B., Gratwohl, A., Goldman, J. M., Kantarjian, H., Taylor, K., Verhoef, G., Bolton, A. E., Capdeville, R., Druker, B. J., the IRIS Investigators,
(2003). Imatinib Compared with Interferon and Low-Dose Cytarabine for Newly Diagnosed Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. NEJM
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Hole, A., Blake, D.
(2003). A review of imatinib mesilate in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours and chronic myeloid leukaemia. J Oncol Pharm Pract
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Nakajima, A., Tauchi, T., Sumi, M., Bishop, W. R., Ohyashiki, K.
(2003). Efficacy of SCH66336, a Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor, in Conjunction with Imatinib against BCR-ABL-positive Cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
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Golas, J. M., Arndt, K., Etienne, C., Lucas, J., Nardin, D., Gibbons, J., Frost, P., Ye, F., Boschelli, D. H., Boschelli, F.
(2003). SKI-606, a 4-Anilino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile Dual Inhibitor of Src and Abl Kinases, Is a Potent Antiproliferative Agent against Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells in Culture and Causes Regression of K562 Xenografts in Nude Mice. Cancer Res.
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Ramar, K., Potti, A., Mehdi, S. A.
(2003). Uncommon Syndromes and Treatment Manifestations of Malignancy: Case 4. Periorbital Edema and Imatinib Mesylate Therapy for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. JCO
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Burchert, A., Wolfl, S., Schmidt, M., Brendel, C., Denecke, B., Cai, D., Odyvanova, L., Lahaye, T., Muller, M. C., Berg, T., Gschaidmeier, H., Wittig, B., Hehlmann, R., Hochhaus, A., Neubauer, A.
(2003). Interferon-alpha , but not the ABL-kinase inhibitor imatinib (STI571), induces expression of myeloblastin and a specific T-cell response in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood
101: 259-264
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Jiang, X., Ng, E., Yip, C., Eisterer, W., Chalandon, Y., Stuible, M., Eaves, A., Eaves, C. J.
(2002). Primitive interleukin 3 null hematopoietic cells transduced with BCR-ABL show accelerated loss after culture of factor-independence in vitro and leukemogenic activity in vivo. Blood
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Gorre, M. E., Ellwood-Yen, K., Chiosis, G., Rosen, N., Sawyers, C. L.
(2002). BCR-ABL point mutants isolated from patients with imatinib mesylate-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia remain sensitive to inhibitors of the BCR-ABL chaperone heat shock protein 90. Blood
100: 3041-3044
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