Sepsis is an infection-induced syndrome defined as the presenceof two or more of the following features of systemic inflammation:fever or hypothermia, leukocytosis or leukopenia, tachycardia,and tachypnea or a supranormal minute ventilation.1 When anorgan system begins to fail because of sepsis, the sepsis isconsidered severe. Each year, sepsis develops in more than 500,000patients in the United States, and only 55 to 65 percent survive.2,3Fortunately, the death rates in some subgroups of patients withsepsis-induced organ failure have decreased, even though thereis no specific therapy for sepsis.3,4 The reduced mortalitymay be due to . . . [Full Text of this Article]
The Inflammatory Cascade
Infection Site and Microbiologic Considerations
Antimicrobial Therapy
Organ Failure
Pulmonary Dysfunction
Cardiovascular Failure
Renal Dysfunction
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Nutrition
Other Organ Systems
General Supportive Care
Summary
Source Information
From the Center for Lung Research and the Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Bernard at T-1208 Medical Center No., Nashville, TN 37232-2650, or at gordon.bernard@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu.
References
Related Letters:
Treating Patients with Severe Sepsis
Meier-Hellmann A., Bredle D. L., Reinhart K., Luan F. L., Felbinger T. W., Suchner U., Goetz A. E., Wheeler A. P., Bernard G. R.
Extract |
Full Text
N Engl J Med 1999;
341:56-57, Jul 1, 1999.
Correspondence
This article has been cited by other articles:
van Zoelen, M. A. D., Vogl, T., Foell, D., Van Veen, S. Q., van Till, J. W. O., Florquin, S., Tanck, M. W., Wittebole, X., Laterre, P.-F., Boermeester, M. A., Roth, J., van der Poll, T.
(2009). Expression and Role of Myeloid-related Protein-14 in Clinical and Experimental Sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
180: 1098-1106
[Abstract][Full Text]
Feingold, K. R., Moser, A., Patzek, S. M., Shigenaga, J. K., Grunfeld, C.
(2009). Infection decreases fatty acid oxidation and nuclear hormone receptors in the diaphragm. J. Lipid Res.
50: 2055-2063
[Abstract][Full Text]
Buys, E. S., Cauwels, A., Raher, M. J., Passeri, J. J., Hobai, I., Cawley, S. M., Rauwerdink, K. M., Thibault, H., Sips, P. Y., Thoonen, R., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Ichinose, F., Brouckaert, P., Bloch, K. D.
(2009). sGC{alpha}1{beta}1 attenuates cardiac dysfunction and mortality in murine inflammatory shock models. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
297: H654-H663
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lagler, H., Sharif, O., Haslinger, I., Matt, U., Stich, K., Furtner, T., Doninger, B., Schmid, K., Gattringer, R., de Vos, A. F., Knapp, S.
(2009). TREM-1 Activation Alters the Dynamics of Pulmonary IRAK-M Expression In Vivo and Improves Host Defense during Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J. Immunol.
183: 2027-2036
[Abstract][Full Text]
Huang, X., Venet, F., Wang, Y. L., Lepape, A., Yuan, Z., Chen, Y., Swan, R., Kherouf, H., Monneret, G., Chung, C.-S., Ayala, A.
(2009). PD-1 expression by macrophages plays a pathologic role in altering microbial clearance and the innate inflammatory response to sepsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
106: 6303-6308
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kato, R., Yamashita, S., Moriguchi, J., Nakagawa, M., Tsukura, Y., Uchida, K., Amano, F., Hirotani, Y., Ijiri, Y., Tanaka, K.
(2008). Changes of midazolam pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats treated with lipopolysaccharide: relationship between total CYP and CYP3A2. Innate Immunity
14: 291-297
[Abstract]
Toltl, L. J., Beaudin, S., Liaw, P. C., and the Canadian Critical Care Translational Biolo,
(2008). Activated Protein C Up-Regulates IL-10 and Inhibits Tissue Factor in Blood Monocytes. J. Immunol.
181: 2165-2173
[Abstract][Full Text]
Calbo, E., Alsina, M., Rodriguez-Carballeira, M., Lite, J., Garau, J.
(2008). Systemic Expression of Cytokine Production in Patients with Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia: Effects of Treatment with a {beta}-Lactam versus a Fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
52: 2395-2402
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hsu, D.-Z., Chien, S.-P., Li, Y.-H., Liu, M.-Y.
(2008). Sesame Oil Does Not Show Accumulatively Enhanced Protection Against Oxidative Stress-Associated Hepatic Injury in Septic Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
32: 276-280
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, Y., Novotny, M., Quaiserova-Mocko, V., Swain, G. M., Wang, D. H.
(2008). TRPV1-mediated protection against endotoxin-induced hypotension and mortality in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
294: R1517-R1523
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yasuda, H., Leelahavanichkul, A., Tsunoda, S., Dear, J. W., Takahashi, Y., Ito, S., Hu, X., Zhou, H., Doi, K., Childs, R., Klinman, D. M., Yuen, P. S. T., Star, R. A.
(2008). Chloroquine and inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 protect from sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
294: F1050-F1058
[Abstract][Full Text]
Knuefermann, P., Schwederski, M., Velten, M., Krings, P., Ehrentraut, H., Rudiger, M., Boehm, O., Fink, K., Dreiner, U., Grohe, C., Hoeft, A., Baumgarten, G., Koch, A., Zacharowski, K., Meyer, R.
(2008). Bacterial DNA induces myocardial inflammation and reduces cardiomyocyte contractility: role of Toll-like receptor 9. Cardiovasc Res
78: 26-35
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lagan, A. L., Melley, D. D., Evans, T. W., Quinlan, G. J.
(2008). Pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory syndrome and acute lung injury: role of iron mobilization and decompartmentalization. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.
294: L161-L174
[Abstract][Full Text]
Neuberger, A., Oren, I., Sprecher, H.
(2008). Clinical Impact of a PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Blood Cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 377-379
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kellum, J. A., Kong, L., Fink, M. P., Weissfeld, L. A., Yealy, D. M., Pinsky, M. R., Fine, J., Krichevsky, A., Delude, R. L., Angus, D. C., for the GenIMS Investigators,
(2007). Understanding the Inflammatory Cytokine Response in Pneumonia and Sepsis: Results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study. Arch Intern Med
167: 1655-1663
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nguyen, M., Pace, A. J., Koller, B. H.
(2007). Mice lacking NKCC1 are protected from development of bacteremia and hypothermic sepsis secondary to bacterial pneumonia. JEM
204: 1383-1393
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chua, D., Tsang, R. S, Kuo, I f.
(2007). The Role of Statin Therapy in Sepsis. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
41: 647-652
[Abstract][Full Text]
Markel, T. A., Crisostomo, P. R., Wang, M., Herring, C. M., Meldrum, K. K., Lillemoe, K. D., Meldrum, D. R.
(2007). The struggle for iron: gastrointestinal microbes modulate the host immune response during infection. J. Leukoc. Biol.
81: 393-400
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sesso, H. D., Wang, L., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M, Gaziano, J. M.
(2007). Comparison of Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein for the Risk of Developing Hypertension in Women. Hypertension
49: 304-310
[Abstract][Full Text]
Feng, X., Hu, Y., Ding, J., Ge, Y., Song, J., Ai, Q., Zhang, Z., Xu, J.
(2007). Early Treatment with Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 Causes Greater Inhibition of Pulmonary Capillary Leakage and Inflammatory Response than Treatment Instituted Later in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Rats. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science
37: 49-56
[Abstract][Full Text]
Anisimov, A. P., Amoako, K. K.
(2006). Treatment of plague: promising alternatives to antibiotics.. J Med Microbiol
55: 1461-1475
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koenig, S. M., Truwit, J. D.
(2006). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
19: 637-657
[Abstract][Full Text]
Peng, Z.-Y., Hamiel, C. R., Banerjee, A., Wischmeyer, P. E., Friese, R. S., Wischmeyer, P.
(2006). Glutamine Attenuation of Cell Death and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Following Inflammatory Cytokine-Induced Injury Is Dependent on Heat Shock Factor-1 Expression. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
30: 400-407
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stephenson, D. A., Toltl, L. J., Beaudin, S., Liaw, P. C.
(2006). Modulation of Monocyte Function by Activated Protein C, a Natural Anticoagulant. J. Immunol.
177: 2115-2122
[Abstract][Full Text]
Renckens, R., Roelofs, J. J. T. H., Florquin, S., de Vos, A. F., Pater, J. M., Lijnen, H. R., Carmeliet, P., van 't Veer, C., van der Poll, T.
(2006). Endogenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Is Protective during Escherichia coli-Induced Abdominal Sepsis in Mice. J. Immunol.
177: 1189-1196
[Abstract][Full Text]
Picard, K. M., O'Donoghue, S. C., Young-Kershaw, D. A., Russell, K. J.
(2006). Development and implementation of a multidisciplinary sepsis protocol.. Crit Care Nurse
26: 43-54
[Full Text]
Cirioni, O., Giacometti, A., Ghiselli, R., Bergnach, C., Orlando, F., Silvestri, C., Mocchegiani, F., Licci, A., Skerlavaj, B., Rocchi, M., Saba, V., Zanetti, M., Scalise, G.
(2006). LL-37 Protects Rats against Lethal Sepsis Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 1672-1679
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zacharowski, K., Zacharowski, P. A., Koch, A., Baban, A., Tran, N., Berkels, R., Papewalis, C., Schulze-Osthoff, K., Knuefermann, P., Zahringer, U., Schumann, R. R., Rettori, V., McCann, S. M., Bornstein, S. R.
(2006). Toll-like receptor 4 plays a crucial role in the immune-adrenal response to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
103: 6392-6397
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chen, C-C, Chong, C-F, Liu, Y-L, Chen, K-C, Wang, T-L
(2006). Risk stratification of severe sepsis patients in the emergency department.. Emerg. Med. J.
23: 281-285
[Abstract][Full Text]
Renckens, R., Roelofs, J. J. T. H., Florquin, S., de Vos, A. F., Lijnen, H. R., van't Veer, C., van der Poll, T.
(2006). Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Deficiency Impairs Host Defense against Abdominal Sepsis. J. Immunol.
176: 3735-3741
[Abstract][Full Text]
Niederbichler, A. D., Hoesel, L. M., Westfall, M. V., Gao, H., Ipaktchi, K. R., Sun, L., Zetoune, F. S., Su, G. L., Arbabi, S., Sarma, J. V., Wang, S. C., Hemmila, M. R., Ward, P. A.
(2006). An essential role for complement C5a in the pathogenesis of septic cardiac dysfunction. JEM
203: 53-61
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rudis, M. I., Rowland, K. L.
(2005). Current Concepts in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Journal of Pharmacy Practice
18: 351-362
[Abstract]
Martin, G. S.
(2005). Temporal Changes in Clinical Outcomes With ARDS. Chest
128: 479-481
[Full Text]
Ittner, K. P., Roth, G., Gruber, M., Pawlik, M., Taeger, K.
(2005). Clearance of moxifloxacin during continuous haemofiltration (CVVHF) in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother
56: 360-364
[Abstract][Full Text]
De Trez, C., Pajak, B., Brait, M., Glaichenhaus, N., Urbain, J., Moser, M., Lauvau, G., Muraille, E.
(2005). TLR4 and Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing IFN-{beta}, but Not MyD88, Regulate Escherichia coli-Induced Dendritic Cell Maturation and Apoptosis In Vivo. J. Immunol.
175: 839-846
[Abstract][Full Text]
Johnson, A. J., Mendez-Fernandez, Y., Moyer, A. M., Sloma, C. R., Pirko, I., Block, M. S., Rodriguez, M., Pease, L. R.
(2005). Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells Mediate a Peptide-Induced Fatal Syndrome. J. Immunol.
174: 6854-6862
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wong, F, Bernardi, M, Balk, R, Christman, B, Moreau, R, Garcia-Tsao, G, Patch, D, Soriano, G, Hoefs, J, Navasa, M, on behalf of the International Ascites Club,
(2005). Sepsis in cirrhosis: report on the 7th meeting of the International Ascites Club. Gut
54: 718-725
[Full Text]
Guidet, B., Aegerter, P., Gauzit, R., Meshaka, P., Dreyfuss, D., on behalf of the CUB-Rea Study Group,
(2005). Incidence and Impact of Organ Dysfunctions Associated With Sepsis. Chest
127: 942-951
[Abstract][Full Text]
Liaw, P. C. Y., Esmon, C. T., Kahnamoui, K., Schmidt, S., Kahnamoui, S., Ferrell, G., Beaudin, S., Julian, J. A., Weitz, J. I., Crowther, M., Loeb, M., Cook, D.
(2004). Patients with severe sepsis vary markedly in their ability to generate activated protein C. Blood
104: 3958-3964
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tazbir, J.
(2004). Sepsis and the Role of Activated Protein C. Crit Care Nurse
24: 40-45
[Full Text]
(2004). Evidence-based Colloid Use in the Critically Ill: American Thoracic Society Consensus Statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
170: 1247-1259
[Full Text]
Franscini, N., Bachli, E. B., Blau, N., Leikauf, M.-S., Schaffner, A., Schoedon, G.
(2004). Gene Expression Profiling of Inflamed Human Endothelial Cells and Influence of Activated Protein C. Circulation
110: 2903-2909
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ware, L. B., Eisner, M. D., Thompson, B. T., Parsons, P. E., Matthay, M. A.
(2004). Significance of Von Willebrand Factor in Septic and Nonseptic Patients with Acute Lung Injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
170: 766-772
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baron, R. M., Carvajal, I. M., Liu, X., Okabe, R. O., Fredenburgh, L. E., Macias, A. A., Chen, Y.-H., Ejima, K., Layne, M. D., Perrella, M. A.
(2004). Reduction of Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Expression by Distamycin A Improves Survival from Endotoxemia. J. Immunol.
173: 4147-4153
[Abstract][Full Text]
Giacometti, A., Ghiselli, R., Cirioni, O., Mocchegiani, F., D'Amato, G., Orlando, F., Sisti, V., Kamysz, W., Silvestri, C., Naldoski, P., Lukasiak, J., Saba, V., Scalise, G.
(2004). Therapeutic efficacy of the magainin analogue MSI-78 in different intra-abdominal sepsis rat models. J Antimicrob Chemother
54: 654-660
[Abstract][Full Text]
Levi, M.
(2004). Cell surface-targeted anticoagulation in systemic infection and inflammation. Blood
104: 1231-1232
[Full Text]
Almog, Y., Shefer, A., Novack, V., Maimon, N., Barski, L., Eizinger, M., Friger, M., Zeller, L., Danon, A.
(2004). Prior Statin Therapy Is Associated With a Decreased Rate of Severe Sepsis. Circulation
110: 880-885
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lake, P., DeLeo, J., Cerasoli, F., Logdberg, L., Weetall, M., Handley, D.
(2004). Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Neutralization of Endotoxin by PMX622 in Mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
48: 2987-2992
[Abstract][Full Text]
Burry, L. D, Wax, R. S
(2004). Role of Corticosteroids in Septic Shock. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
38: 464-472
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carrillo, A., Monreal, Y., Ramirez, P., Marin, L., Parrilla, P., Oliver, F. J., Yelamos, J.
(2004). Transcription regulation of TNF-{alpha}-early response genes by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in murine heart endothelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res
32: 757-766
[Abstract][Full Text]
Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Ghiselli, R., Mocchegiani, F., D'Amato, G., Circo, R., Orlando, F., Skerlavaj, B., Silvestri, C., Saba, V., Zanetti, M., Scalise, G.
(2004). Cathelicidin Peptide Sheep Myeloid Antimicrobial Peptide-29 Prevents Endotoxin-induced Mortality in Rat Models of Septic Shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
169: 187-194
[Abstract][Full Text]
Teng, S., Kurata, S., Katoh, I., Georgieva, G. S., Nosaka, T., Mitaka, C., Imai, T.
(2004). Cytokine mRNA expression in unilateral ischemic-reperfused rat lung with salt solution supplemented with low-endotoxin or standard bovine serum albumin. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.
286: L137-L142
[Abstract][Full Text]
Matsukawa, A., Takeda, K., Kudo, S., Maeda, T., Kagayama, M., Akira, S.
(2003). Aberrant Inflammation and Lethality to Septic Peritonitis in Mice Lacking STAT3 in Macrophages and Neutrophils. J. Immunol.
171: 6198-6205
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dettenmeier, P., Swindell, B., Stroud, M., Arkins, N., Howard, A.
(2003). Role of Activated Protein C in the Pathophysiology of Severe Sepsis. Am J Crit Care
12: 518-524
[Abstract][Full Text]
Levi, M., Keller, T. T, van Gorp, E., ten Cate, H.
(2003). Infection and inflammation and the coagulation system. Cardiovasc Res
60: 26-39
[Abstract][Full Text]
Feezor, R. J., Oberholzer, C., Baker, H. V., Novick, D., Rubinstein, M., Moldawer, L. L., Pribble, J., Souza, S., Dinarello, C. A., Ertel, W., Oberholzer, A.
(2003). Molecular Characterization of the Acute Inflammatory Response to Infections with Gram-Negative versus Gram-Positive Bacteria. Infect. Immun.
71: 5803-5813
[Abstract][Full Text]
Iwata, A., Stevenson, V. M., Minard, A., Tasch, M., Tupper, J., Lagasse, E., Weissman, I., Harlan, J. M., Winn, R. K.
(2003). Over-Expression of Bcl-2 Provides Protection in Septic Mice by a trans Effect. J. Immunol.
171: 3136-3141
[Abstract][Full Text]
Almog, Y.
(2003). Statins, Inflammation, and Sepsis: Hypothesis. Chest
124: 740-743
[Abstract][Full Text]
Annane, D., Aegerter, P., Jars-Guincestre, M. C., Guidet, B.
(2003). Current Epidemiology of Septic Shock: The CUB-Rea Network. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
168: 165-172
[Abstract][Full Text]
Van Amersfoort, E. S., Van Berkel, T. J. C., Kuiper, J.
(2003). Receptors, Mediators, and Mechanisms Involved in Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
16: 379-414
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bihl, F., Salez, L., Beaubier, M., Torres, D., Lariviere, L., Laroche, L., Benedetto, A., Martel, D., Lapointe, J.-M., Ryffel, B., Malo, D.
(2003). Overexpression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Amplifies the Host Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Provides a Survival Advantage in Transgenic Mice. J. Immunol.
170: 6141-6150
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kleinpell, R.
(2003). Advances in Treating Patients With Severe Sepsis: Role of Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated). Crit Care Nurse
23: 16-29
[Full Text]
Gold, J. A., Parsey, M., Hoshino, Y., Hoshino, S., Nolan, A., Yee, H., Tse, D. B., Weiden, M. D.
(2003). CD40 Contributes to Lethality in Acute Sepsis: In Vivo Role for CD40 in Innate Immunity. Infect. Immun.
71: 3521-3528
[Abstract][Full Text]
Giacometti, A, Cirioni, O, Ghiselli, R, Mocchegiani, F, D'Amato, G, Del Prete, M S., Orlando, F, Kamysz, W, Lukasiak, J, Saba, V, Scalise, G
(2003). Administration of protegrin peptide IB-367 to prevent endotoxin induced mortality in bile duct ligated rats. Gut
52: 874-878
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mayer, K., Gokorsch, S., Fegbeutel, C., Hattar, K., Rosseau, S., Walmrath, D., Seeger, W., Grimminger, F.
(2003). Parenteral Nutrition with Fish Oil Modulates Cytokine Response in Patients with Sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
167: 1321-1328
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eggimann, P., Harbarth, S., Ricou, B., Hugonnet, S., Ferriere, K., Suter, P., Pittet, D.
(2003). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Bacteremic Sepsis Does Not Increase Mortality. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
167: 1210-1214
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sessler, C. N.
(2003). Steroids for Septic Shock: Back From the Dead? (Con). Chest
123
: 482S-489S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin, G. S., Mannino, D. M., Eaton, S., Moss, M.
(2003). The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. NEJM
348: 1546-1554
[Abstract][Full Text]
Morris, P. E.
(2003). Meeting Unmet Needs in Patients With Sepsis: the Role of Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated). Am J Crit Care
12: 94-97
[Full Text]
Ely, E. W., Kleinpell, R. M., Goyette, R. E.
(2003). Advances in the Understanding of Clinical Manifestations and Therapy of Severe Sepsis: An Update for Critical Care Nurses. Am J Crit Care
12: 120-133
[Abstract][Full Text]
Watson, R. S., Carcillo, J. A., Linde-Zwirble, W. T., Clermont, G., Lidicker, J., Angus, D. C.
(2003). The Epidemiology of Severe Sepsis in Children in the United States. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
167: 695-701
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hotchkiss, R. S., Karl, I. E.
(2003). The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Sepsis. NEJM
348: 138-150
[Full Text]
Maquelin, K., Kirschner, C., Choo-Smith, L.-P., Ngo-Thi, N. A., van Vreeswijk, T., Stammler, M., Endtz, H. P., Bruining, H. A., Naumann, D., Puppels, G. J.
(2003). Prospective Study of the Performance of Vibrational Spectroscopies for Rapid Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens Recovered from Blood Cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 324-329
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pastores, S M
(2003). Drotrecogin alfa (activated): a novel therapeutic strategy for severe sepsis. Postgrad. Med. J.
79: 5-10
[Abstract][Full Text]
Scott, M. J., Godshall, C. J., Cheadle, W. G.
(2002). Jaks, STATs, Cytokines, and Sepsis. CVI
9: 1153-1159
[Full Text]
Hintz, K. A., Rassias, A. J., Wardwell, K., Moss, M. L., Morganelli, P. M., Pioli, P. A., Givan, A. L., Wallace, P. K., Yeager, M. P., Guyre, P. M.
(2002). Endotoxin induces rapid metalloproteinase-mediated shedding followed by up-regulation of the monocyte hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163. J. Leukoc. Biol.
72: 711-717
[Abstract][Full Text]
Davidson, B. L., Geerts, W. H., Lensing, A. W.A.
(2002). Low-Dose Heparin for Severe Sepsis. NEJM
347: 1036-1037
[Full Text]
Annane, D., Sebille, V., Charpentier, C., Bollaert, P.-E., Francois, B., Korach, J.-M., Capellier, G., Cohen, Y., Azoulay, E., Troche, G., Chaumet-Riffaut, P., Bellissant, E.
(2002). Effect of Treatment With Low Doses of Hydrocortisone and Fludrocortisone on Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock. JAMA
288: 862-871
[Abstract][Full Text]
Trapnell, B. C.
(2002). Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor Augmentation Therapy in Sepsis: Is There a Role?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
166: 129-130
[Full Text]
Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Ghiselli, R., Mocchegiani, F., Del Prete, M. S., Viticchi, C., Kamysz, W., Lempicka, E., Saba, V., Scalise, G.
(2002). Potential Therapeutic Role of Cationic Peptides in Three Experimental Models of Septic Shock. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 2132-2136
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mayer, K., Schmidt, R., Muhly-Reinholz, M., Bogeholz, T., Gokorsch, S., Grimminger, F., Seeger, W.
(2002). In vitro mimicry of essential fatty acid deficiency in human endothelial cells by TNF{alpha} impact of {omega}-3 versus {omega}-6 fatty acids. J. Lipid Res.
43: 944-951
[Abstract][Full Text]
Coopersmith, C. M., Stromberg, P. E., Dunne, W. M., Davis, C. G., Amiot II, D. M., Buchman, T. G., Karl, I. E., Hotchkiss, R. S.
(2002). Inhibition of Intestinal Epithelial Apoptosis and Survival in a Murine Model of Pneumonia-Induced Sepsis. JAMA
287: 1716-1721
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hornef, M. W., Frisan, T., Vandewalle, A., Normark, S., Richter-Dahlfors, A.
(2002). Toll-like Receptor 4 Resides in the Golgi Apparatus and Colocalizes with Internalized Lipopolysaccharide in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. JEM
195: 559-570
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cirioni, O., Giacometti, A., Ghiselli, R., Mocchegiani, F., Fineo, A., Orlando, F., Del Prete, M. S., Rocchi, M., Saba, V., Scalise, G.
(2002). Single-Dose Intraperitoneal Magainins Improve Survival in a Gram-Negative-Pathogen Septic Shock Rat Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 101-104
[Abstract][Full Text]
Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Ghiselli, R., Mocchegiani, F., Paggi, A. M., Orlando, F., Kamysz, W., Kasprzykowski, F., Mackiewicz, Z., Scalise, G., Saba, V.
(2002). Therapeutic efficacy of intraperitoneal polymyxin B and polymyxin-like peptides alone or combined with levofloxacin in rat models of septic shock. J Antimicrob Chemother
49: 193-196
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zweigner, J., Gramm, H.-J., Singer, O. C., Wegscheider, K., Schumann, R. R.
(2001). High concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in serum of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock inhibit the lipopolysaccharide response in human monocytes. Blood
98: 3800-3808
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schuster, D. P., Kozlowski, J. K., McCarthy, T., Morrow, J., Stephenson, A.
(2001). Effect of endotoxin on oleic acid lung injury does not depend on priming. J. Appl. Physiol.
91: 2047-2054
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chinnaiyan, A. M., Huber-Lang, M., Kumar-Sinha, C., Barrette, T. R., Shankar-Sinha, S., Sarma, V. J., Padgaonkar, V. A., Ward, P. A.
(2001). Molecular Signatures of Sepsis : Multiorgan Gene Expression Profiles of Systemic Inflammation. Am. J. Pathol.
159: 1199-1209
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, E., Ouellet, N., Simard, M., Fillion, I., Bergeron, Y., Beauchamp, D., Bergeron, M. G.
(2001). Pulmonary and Systemic Host Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia in Normal and Immunosuppressed Mice. Infect. Immun.
69: 5294-5304
[Abstract][Full Text]
WATERER, G. W., QUASNEY, M. W., CANTOR, R. M., WUNDERINK, R. G.
(2001). Septic Shock and Respiratory Failure in Community-acquired Pneumonia Have Different TNF Polymorphism Associations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
163: 1599-1604
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sewnath, M. E., Olszyna, D. P., Birjmohun, R., ten Kate, F. J. W., Gouma, D. J., van der Poll, T.
(2001). IL-10-Deficient Mice Demonstrate Multiple Organ Failure and Increased Mortality During Escherichia coli Peritonitis Despite an Accelerated Bacterial Clearance. J. Immunol.
166: 6323-6331
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meeran, H., Messent, M.
(2001). The systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Trauma
3: 89-100
[Abstract]
Schultz, H., Weiss, J., Carroll, S. F., Gross, W. L.
(2001). The endotoxin-binding bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI): a target antigen of autoantibodies. J. Leukoc. Biol.
69: 505-512
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cowan, D. B., Noria, S., Stamm, C., Garcia, L. M., Poutias, D. N., del Nido, P. J., McGowan, F. X. Jr
(2001). Lipopolysaccharide Internalization Activates Endotoxin-Dependent Signal Transduction in Cardiomyocytes. Circ. Res.
88: 491-498
[Abstract][Full Text]
Matthay, M. A.
(2001). Severe Sepsis -- A New Treatment with Both Anticoagulant and Antiinflammatory Properties. NEJM
344: 759-762
[Full Text]
Morinelli, T. A., Webb, J. G., Jaffa, A. A., Privitera, P. J., Margolius, H. S.
(2001). A Metabolic Fragment of Bradykinin, Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, Protects against the Deleterious Effects of Lipopolysaccharide in Rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
296: 71-76
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
