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How do scientists explain disease? In trying to find an example from the recent past to answer this question, one could hardly do better than the fascinating history of how scientists have explained peptic ulcers. As readers of the Journal are surely aware, most ulcers were once thought to be caused by excess production of acid. But over the past two decades, scientists and physicians have come to believe instead that most ulcers are caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. It would be something of an understatement to say that the theory of bacterial causation of peptic ulcer was
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