Contrary to common belief, the association between diabetesmellitus and increased susceptibility to infection in generalis not supported by strong evidence.1,2 However, many specificinfections are more common in diabetic patients, and some occuralmost exclusively in them. Other infections occur with increasedseverity and are associated with an increased risk of complicationsin patients with diabetes.
Several aspects of immunity are altered in patients with diabetes.Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function is depressed, particularlywhen acidosis is also present. Leukocyte adherence, chemotaxis,and phagocytosis may be affected.3,4,5 Antioxidant systems involvedin bactericidal activity may also be impaired.6 The clinicaldata . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Common Infections in Patients with Diabetes
Respiratory Tract Infections
Urinary Tract Infections
Soft-Tissue Infections
Infections Occurring Principally in Patients with Diabetes
Invasive Otitis Externa
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis
Emphysematous Infections
Cholecystitis
Pyelonephritis and Cystitis
Microorganisms Strongly Associated with Infections in Patients with Diabetes
Source Information
From Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pa. (N.J., G.M.C., M.R.W.); and Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.W.K.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Joshi at Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Suite UPC 4100, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, P.O. Box 850, MC-HU15, Hershey, PA 17033.
Martens, G. W., Arikan, M. C., Lee, J., Ren, F., Greiner, D., Kornfeld, H.
(2007). Tuberculosis Susceptibility of Diabetic Mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.
37: 518-524
[Abstract][Full Text]
Han, S. H., Lee, S. C., Ahn, S. V., Lee, J. E., Kim, D. K., Lee, T. H., Moon, S. J., Kim, B. S., Kang, S.-W., Choi, K. H., Lee, H. Y., Han, D.-S.
(2007). Reduced residual renal function is a risk of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 2653-2658
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goretti, C., Mazzurco, S., Nobili, L. A., Macchiarini, S., Tedeschi, A., Palumbo, F., Scatena, A., Rizzo, L., Piaggesi, A.
(2007). Clinical Outcomes of Wide Postsurgical Lesions in the Infected Diabetic Foot Managed With 2 Different Local Treatment Regimes Compared Using a Quasi-Experimental Study Design: A Preliminary Communication. INT J LOW EXTREM WOUNDS
6: 22-27
[Abstract]
Duval, X., Alla, F., Doco-Lecompte, T., Le Moing, V., Delahaye, F., Mainardi, J.-L., Plesiat, P., Celard, M., Hoen, B., Leport, C., for the Association pour l'Etude et la Prevention,
(2007). Diabetes mellitus and infective endocarditis: the insulin factor in patient morbidity and mortality. Eur Heart J
28: 59-64
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rodacki, M., Svoren, B., Butty, V., Besse, W., Laffel, L., Benoist, C., Mathis, D.
(2007). Altered Natural Killer Cells in Type 1 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes
56: 177-185
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, J-Y, Hsueh, P-R, Jan, I-S, Lee, L-N, Liaw, Y-S, Yang, P-C, Luh, K-T
(2006). Empirical treatment with a fluoroquinolone delays the treatment for tuberculosis and is associated with a poor prognosis in endemic areas. Thorax
61: 903-908
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cheng, N.-C., Chang, S.-C., Kuo, Y.-S., Wang, J.-L., Tang, Y.-B.
(2006). Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Resulting in Death. A Report of Three Cases. JBJS
88: 1107-1110
[Full Text]
Ahmadi, M. E., Morrison, W. B., Carrino, J. A., Schweitzer, M. E., Raikin, S. M., Ledermann, H. P.
(2006). Neuropathic Arthropathy of the Foot with and without Superimposed Osteomyelitis: MR Imaging Characteristics. Radiology
238: 622-631
[Abstract][Full Text]
Greenberg, R. N., Mullane, K., van Burik, J.-A. H., Raad, I., Abzug, M. J., Anstead, G., Herbrecht, R., Langston, A., Marr, K. A., Schiller, G., Schuster, M., Wingard, J. R., Gonzalez, C. E., Revankar, S. G., Corcoran, G., Kryscio, R. J., Hare, R.
(2006). Posaconazole as Salvage Therapy for Zygomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 126-133
[Abstract][Full Text]
Falguera, M., Pifarre, R., Martin, A., Sheikh, A., Moreno, A.
(2005). Etiology and Outcome of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. Chest
128: 3233-3239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lipsky, B. A., Berendt, A. R., Deery, H. G., Embil, J. M., Joseph, W. S., Karchmer, A. W., LeFrock, J. L., Lew, D. P., Mader, J. T., Norden, C., Tan, J. S.
(2005). Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc.
95: 183-210
[Full Text]
Singh, N., Armstrong, D. G., Lipsky, B. A.
(2005). Preventing Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes. JAMA
293: 217-228
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fadini, G. P., Tiengo, A., Avogaro, A.
(2005). First Isolation of Burkholderia cepacia from a Deep Neck Abscess in a Diabetic Patient Successfully Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 529-529
[Full Text]
Ikejima, S., Sasaki, S., Sashinami, H., Mori, F., Ogawa, Y., Nakamura, T., Abe, Y., Wakabayashi, K., Suda, T., Nakane, A.
(2005). Impairment of Host Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes Infection in Liver of db/db and ob/ob Mice. Diabetes
54: 182-189
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aburawi, E., Liuba, P., Pesonen, E., Yla-Herttuala, S., Sjoblad, S.
(2004). Acute Respiratory Viral Infections Aggravate Arterial Endothelial Dysfunction in Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
27: 2733-2735
[Full Text]
Zhang, C., Yang, J., Jennings, L. K.
(2004). Leukocyte-Derived Myeloperoxidase Amplifies High-Glucose--Induced Endothelial Dysfunction Through Interaction With High-Glucose--Stimulated, Vascular Non--Leukocyte-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species. Diabetes
53: 2950-2959
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vaccaro, O., Eberly, L. E., Neaton, J. D., Yang, L., Riccardi, G., Stamler, J., for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial R,
(2004). Impact of Diabetes and Previous Myocardial Infarction on Long-term Survival: 25-Year Mortality Follow-up of Primary Screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Arch Intern Med
164: 1438-1443
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mo, L., Zhu, X.-H., Huang, H.-Y., Shapiro, E., Hasty, D. L., Wu, X.-R.
(2004). Ablation of the Tamm-Horsfall protein gene increases susceptibility of mice to bladder colonization by type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
286: F795-F802
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clement, S., Braithwaite, S. S., Magee, M. F., Ahmann, A., Smith, E. P., Schafer, R. G., Hirsch, I. B.
(2004). Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitals. Diabetes Care
27: 553-591
[Full Text]
Thomsen, R. W., Hundborg, H. H., Lervang, H.-H., Johnsen, S. P., Sorensen, H. T., Schonheyder, H. C.
(2004). Diabetes and Outcome of Community-Acquired Pneumococcal Bacteremia: A 10-year population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care
27: 70-76
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pressler, B. M., Vaden, S. L., Lane, I. F., Cowgill, L. D., Dye, J. A.
(2003). Candida spp. Urinary Tract Infections in 13 Dogs and Seven Cats: Predisposing Factors, Treatment, and Outcome. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
39: 263-270
[Abstract][Full Text]
Philips, B., Baker, E.
(2003). Editorial III: Hyperglycaemia and the lung. Br J Anaesth
90: 430-433
[Full Text]
Shah, B. R., Hux, J. E.
(2003). Quantifying the Risk of Infectious Diseases for People With Diabetes. Diabetes Care
26: 510-513
[Abstract][Full Text]
FOUAD, A. F., BURLESON, J.
(2003). The effect of diabetes mellitus on endodontic treatment outcome: Data from an electronic patient record. Journal of the American Dental Association
134: 43-51
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ladhani, S, Phillips, S D, Allgrove, J
(2002). Low back pain at presentation in a newly diagnosed diabetic. Arch. Dis. Child.
87: 543-544
[Abstract][Full Text]
Erkens, J.A., Klungel, O.H., Herings, R.M.C., Stolk, R.P., Spoelstra, J.A., Grobbee, D.E., Leufkens, H.G.M.
(2002). Use of fluorquinolones is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. Eur Heart J
23: 1575-1579
[Abstract][Full Text]
Napolitano, G., Bucci, I., Giuliani, C., Massafra, C., Di Petta, C., Devangelio, E., Singer, D. S., Monaco, F., Kohn, L. D.
(2002). High Glucose Levels Increase Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Gene Expression in Thyroid Cells and Amplify Interferon-{gamma} Action. Endocrinology
143: 1008-1017
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schaberg, D. S., Norwood, J. M.
(2002). Case Study: Infections in Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Spectr.
15: 37-40
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brown, J. S., Vittinghoff, E., Kanaya, A. M., Agarwal, S. K., Hulley, S., Foxman, B.
(2001). Urinary Tract Infections in Postmenopausal Women: Effect of Hormone Therapy and Risk Factors. Obstet Gynecol
98: 1045-1052
[Abstract][Full Text]
Giannopoulos, A., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Adamakis, I., Georgopoulou, I., Petrikkos, G., Katsilambros, N.
(2001). Epididymitis Caused by Candida glabrata: A novel infection in diabetic patients?. Diabetes Care
24: 2003-2004
[Full Text]
Bertoni, A. G., Saydah, S., Brancati, F. L.
(2001). Diabetes and the Risk of Infection-Related Mortality in the U.S.. Diabetes Care
24: 1044-1049
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sumpio, B. E.
(2000). Foot Ulcers. NEJM
343: 787-793
[Full Text]
SCHÖMIG, M., RITZ, E., STANDL, E., ALLENBERG, J.
(2000). The Diabetic Foot in the Dialyzed Patient. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
11: 1153-1159
[Full Text]
Curtis, J. W., Mangan, D., Selwitz, R. H., Genco, R., Joshi, N., Caputo, G. M.
(2000). Infections Associated with Diabetes Mellitus. NEJM
342: 895-896
[Full Text]