Heart failure is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality andmorbidity, resulting in more than 1 million hospitalizationsper year, and is the most common hospital-discharge diagnosisamong patients older than 65 years.1 In recent years, much hasbeen learned about the pathophysiology of heart failure, particularlyin the area of fluid and electrolyte metabolism, and this willbe the focus of the present review.
Regulation of Body-Fluid Volume
There is considerable evidence in support of a unifying hypothesisof the regulation of body-fluid volume that is applicable topatients with edematous disorders such as cardiac failure, topatients with cirrhosis, and to normal . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Arterial Underfilling
The Sympathetic Nervous System
The Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
Nonosmotic Release of Arginine Vasopressin
Natriuretic Peptides
Endothelial Hormones
Conclusions
Source Information
From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver (R.W.S.); and the Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (W.T.A.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Schrier at the Department of Medicine, Box B-178, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, or at robertschrier@uchsc.edu.
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